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419 results for “mycorrhizal.”
Collection of exudates from wild type mycorrhizal and non mycorrhizal roots
<p>The aim of the experiment was to define a protocol for root exudates collection from tomato plants (<em>Solanum lycoipersicum </em>cv. M82) colonized or not with <em>Funneliformis mosseae</em>, a very common mycorrhizal fungus in nature. Mycorrhizal plants were grown on sandy soil under well-watered conditions under low nitrogen and phosphorus level alongside their not-inoculated control, non mycorrhizal, plants. Exudates were collected by washing the medium with 1 volume of sterile distilled water. Collections have been performed on mature mycorrhizas (50 days from inoculum) collecting root exudates every 4 days for 4 times. After the last collection, plants were sampled and some plant traits measured. Root exudate samples will be analysed by UNITO-DISAFA in terms of total organic carbon, organic acids, amino acids, enzymes (phosphatase and phytase) and SL content.</p>
Long reads and Hi-C sequencing illuminate the two-compartment genome of the model arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiont Rhizophagus irregularis
<p>This repository contains annotations for the strains of <em>R. irregularis</em> chromosome assemblies.</p>
Mycorrhizal effects on decomposition and soil CO2 flux depend on changes in nitrogen availability during forest succession
<p>Mycorrhizal fungi play a central role in plant nutrition and nutrient cycling, yet our understanding on their effects on free-living microbes, soil carbon (C) decomposition and soil CO2 fluxes remains limited.</p> <p>Here we used trenches lined with mesh screens of varying sizes to isolate mycorrhizal hyphal effects on soil C dynamics in subtropical successional forests.</p> <p>We found that the presence of mycorrhizal hyphae suppressed soil CO2 fluxes by 17% in early-successional forests, but enhanced CO2 losses by 20% and 32% in mid- and late-successional forests, respectively. The inhibitory effects of mycorrhizal fungi on soil CO2 fluxes in the young stands were associated with changes in soil nitrogen (N) mineralization and microbial activities, suggesting that competition between mycorrhizae and saprotrophs for N likely suppressed soil C decomposition. In the mid- and late-successional stands, mycorrhizal enhancement of CO2 release from soil likely resulted from both hyphal respiration and mycorrhizal-induced acceleration of organic matter decay.</p> <p>Synthesis. Our results highlight the sensitivity of mycorrhizal fungi-saprotroph interactions to shifts in nutrient availability and demand, with important consequences for soil carbon dynamics particularly in ecosystems with low nutrient conditions. Incorporating such interactions into models should improve the simulations of forest biogeochemical cycles under global change.</p>
Ectomycorrhizal (Dipterocarp) and arbuscular mycorrhizal (non-dipterocarp) tree
<p>The type of mycorrhizal associations (i.e. ecto- or arbuscular mycorrhizal) formed by trees is of fundamental importance for a range of soil properties and processes in forest ecosystems, yet their importance for the distribution of other important soil biota such as bacteria is still largely unknown. This is especially so in diverse tropical forests where trees of different mycorrhizal types are intermingled in a highly heterogeneous biotic and abiotic environment. Here we used an experimental common garden that helped us to assess how abiotic and biotic variation differentially influenced bacterial communities associated with trees planted in a secondary tropical forest of Borneo. We used high-throughput amplicon sequencing to characterize rhizosphere bacterial communities of 13 climax tree species (8 ectomycorrhizal and 5 arbuscular mycorrhizal) in relation to plant traits, plant neighborhood, and abiotic environment. Rhizosphere bacterial (RB) communities differed significantly between EM and AM trees but not among EM species and only marginally among AM species. Foliar nutrients, especially potassium, showed relationships with RB community composition. Rhizosphere bacterial communities were related to the density and size of neighboring ectomycorrhizal but not arbuscular mycorrhizal trees. Diversity of RB on AM trees responded positively to AM neighbors and negatively to EM neighbors but RB diversity associated with EM trees was unaffected by neighborhood. Rhizosphere bacterial communities of AM trees were more responsive to environmental variation such as light availability and position on a slope. Plant-growth-promoting taxa of RB assorted similarly to total RB but more strongly.</p> <p><strong>Synthesis</strong>: Our results suggest that the distribution of rhizosphere bacterial communities is linked to plant functional group and plant neighborhood. Because rhizosphere bacteria play important roles in nutrient cycling that influence plant species composition, it is likely that their distributional patterns are important for understanding ecosystem processes and plant demographics.</p>
Data from: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi communities shaped by host-plant affect the outcome of plant-soil feedback in dryland restoration
<p><span>1. Plant inoculation with Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can be a useful tool to overcome challenges in dry forest restoration. However, advances are still needed to guide choices regarding soil origin and inoculum production methods, since outcomes can vary due to plant-soil feedbacks (PSF). We evaluate how soil origin and host plant used for inoculum production affect AMF community and therefore the plant biomass accumulation and functional traits.</span></p> <p><span>2. In the conditioning phase, we investigated whether soils originating from a recovered area (Quarry) and a vegetation fragment (Caatinga) would have their AMF communities modified due to the growth of </span><span>Sorghum bicolor</span><span> (used for inoculum production) and </span><span>Senna uniflora</span><span> (used in Brazilian semiarid restoration). In the feedback phase, we compared the performance of four plants species growing on a degraded soil and inoculated or not by a mixture of AMF isolates in comparison to soil inoculum prepared from the conditioning phase.</span></p> <p><span>3. The inoculum from Caatinga presented seven times more AMF species compared to that from the Quarry, which presented ruderal and stress tolerant species. The soil inoculum conditioned by </span><span>S. uniflora</span><span>, regardless of origin, presented greater evenness compared to the soil inoculum produced with </span><span>S. bicolor</span><span> and promoted 33% more plant biomass compared to the control without inoculation. Root colonization by AMF increased PSF and decreased plant investment in functional traits such as specific root length (SRL) and specific leaf area (SLA).</span></p> <p><span>4. Our results demonstrate the importance of adopting strategies that preserve local adaptation of inoculants produced. The use of native plant for propagation of native AMF in the conditioning phase provided more positive responses for </span><span>Mesosphaerum suaveolens</span><span> and </span><span>Rhaphiodon echinus</span><span> than inoculated with introduced AMF isolates. This is probably due to the interaction of inoculated plants with responsive AMF present in the soil.</span></p> <p><span>5. Synthesis and applications</span><span>:</span><span> Our study shows that conditioning field-collected soil with </span><span>S. uniflora</span><span> and using it for inoculation can be a simple technique to promote biomass accumulation for other native herbaceous species. This preserves the compatibility between the soil inoculum produced with native AMF and native plants, representing an important tool for restoration programs</span><span>. </span></p>
Mycorrhizal fungi alter root exudation to cultivate a beneficial microbiome for plant growth
<p>Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi traditionally form symbioses with most plant species. Although AM fungi have critical effects on microbial communities, the pathways showing how AM fungi shape rhizosphere bacterial communities and their functions are rarely explored. Through three systematic experiments, AM fungi-bacteria interactions were first investigated in the rhizosphere of <em>Lotus</em> <em>japonicus</em>, then the interactions were confirmed by a second experiment with wild-type and a mycorrhiza-defective mutant <em>ljcbx</em> of <em>L</em>. <em>japonicus</em>. The mechanisms were presented by adding core bacteria and AM fungi to the plant rhizosphere with the third experiment. We found that AM fungi-bacteria interactions enhanced host plant growth and identified a core bacterial group that uniquely enhanced host plant growth. Adding core bacteria and AM fungi promoted host growth and nutrient acquisition compared to adding AM fungi or core bacteria independently. Allelopathic substances secreted by AM fungal colonizing host roots to recruit the rhizosphere bacteria were detected by the multi-omics joint analysis, showing that arachidonic acid was the main allelopathic substance that affected AM fungi–bacteria interactions. Our findings provide direct evidence that mycorrhizal infection simulated root exudation, such as arachidonic acid, recruited a beneficial microbiome to the host rhizosphere, increasing plant growth and soil nutrient turnover.</p>
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improve the growth and drought tolerance of Cinnamomum migao by enhancing physio-biochemical responses
<p>Drought is the main limiting factor for plant growth in karst areas with a fragile ecological environment. <em>Cinnamomum</em> <em>migao</em> H. W. Li is an endemic medicinal woody plant present in the karst areas of southwestern China, and it is endangered due to poor drought tolerance. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are known to enhance the drought tolerance of plants. However, few studies have examined the contribution of AMF in improving the drought tolerance of <em>Cinnamomum</em> <em>migao</em> seedlings. Therefore, we conducted a series of experiments to determine whether a single inoculation and coinoculation of AMF (<em>Claroideoglomus</em> <em>lamellosum</em> and <em>Claroideoglomus</em> <em>etunicatum</em>) enhanced the drought tolerance of <em>Cinnamomum</em> <em>migao</em>. Further, we compared the effects of single inoculation and coinoculation with different inoculum sizes (20, 40, 60, and 100 g; four replicates per treatment) on mycorrhizal colonization rate, plant growth, photosynthetic parameters, antioxidant enzyme activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) and osmoregulatory substance contents. The results showed that compared with nonmycorrhizal plants, AMF colonization significantly improved plant growing status; net photosynthetic rate; superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase activities; and soluble sugar, soluble protein, and proline contents. Further, AMF colonization increased relative water content and reduced MDA content in cells. These combined cumulative effects of AMF symbiosis ultimately enhanced the drought tolerance of seedlings and were closely related to the inoculum size. With an increase in inoculum size, the growth rate and drought tolerance of plants first increased and then decreased. The damage caused by drought stress could be reduced by inoculating 40–60 g of AMF, and the effect of co-inoculation was significantly better than that of single inoculation at 60 g of AMF, while the effect was opposite at 40 g of AMF. Additionally, the interaction between AMF and inoculum sizes had a significant effect on drought tolerance. In conclusion, the inoculation of the AMF <em>Claroideoglomus lamellosum</em> and <em>Claroideoglomus</em> <em>etunicatum</em> improved photosynthesis, activated antioxidant enzymes, regulated cell osmotic state, and enhanced the drought tolerance of <em>Cinnamomum</em> <em>migao</em>, enabling its growth in fragile ecological environments.</p>
Intraspecific variation in mycorrhizal response is much larger than ecological literature suggests
<p>Mycorrhizal response is the most common metric for characterizing how much benefit a plant derives from mycorrhizal symbiosis. Traditionally, ecologists have used these metrics to generalize benefit from mycorrhizal symbiosis in plant species, ignoring the potential for plant intraspecific trait variation to alter the outcome of the mutualism. In order for mean trait values to be useful as a functional trait to describe a species, as has been attempted for mycorrhizal response traits, interspecific variation must be much larger than intraspecific variation. While the variation among species has been extensively studied with respect to mycorrhizal response traits, variation within species has rarely been examined. We conducted a systematic review and analyzed how much variation for mycorrhizal growth and nutrient response typically exists within a plant species. We assessed 26 publications that included 56 individual studies testing mycorrhizal response in at least five genotypes of a plant species, and we found that intraspecific trait variation for mycorrhizal response was generally very large and highly variable depending on study design. The difference between the highest and lowest growth response in a study ranged from 10% to 350% across studies, and 37 of the studies included species for which both positive and negative growth responses to mycorrhizae were observed across different genotypes. Phosphorus concentration and content were measured in 15 studies and variation was similar to variation in growth responses. We also found that plant genotype was just as important for predicting mycorrhizal response as the effects of fungal inoculant identity. Our analysis highlights not only the potential importance of intraspecific trait variation for mycorrhizal response but also the lack of research that has been done on the scale of this variation in plant species. Including intraspecific variation in research on the interactions between plants and their symbionts can increase our understanding of plant coexistence and ecological stability.</p>
Imprint of tree species mycorrhizal association on microbial-mediated enzyme activity and stoichiometry
<p>1. Understanding the effects of tree species and their mycorrhizal association on soil processes is critical for predicting the ecosystem consequences of species shifts owing to global change and forest management decisions. While it is well established that forests dominated by different mycorrhizal types can vary in how they cycle carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), the degree to which these patterns are driven by microbial-mediated enzyme activity (EA) and ecoenzymatic stoichiometry (ES) remain elusive.</p> <p>2. Here, we synthesized the effects of mycorrhizal association on seven soil enzymes involved in microbial C, N and P acquisition and ES using data from 56 peer-reviewed papers.</p> <p>3. We found that relative to soil in ectomycorrhizal (EcM) trees, soil in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) trees exhibited greater activity of some C acquisition enzymes (e.g., beta-glucosidase; BG) and higher ecoenzymatic ratios of BG/NAG (N-acetyl-glucosaminidase) and BG/AP (acid phosphatase). These results supported that AM trees had rapid C and nutrient turnover rates, inorganic nutrient economics and high soil microbial C limitation. We also found evidence for an organic nutrient economy and greater soil microbial demand for nutrients in EcM trees compared to AM trees. In addition, the effect of mycorrhizal association on the activity of certain soil enzymes and enzymatic stoichiometry (i.e., BG and BG/NAG ratio) appeared to be associated with the differences in soil pH, phylogenetic group (i.e., conifers and broadleaves) and leaf habit (i.e., evergreen and deciduous) between AM and EcM trees.</p> <p>4. The results from the global meta-analysis suggested that soil EA and ES appear to play critical roles in shaping the differences in the nutrient economy between AM and EcM tree species, but leaf morphology and soil conditions should be considered in evaluations of soil processes in forests of different mycorrhizal associations. Given that most of the studies in the database were from the temperate and subtropical regions, further research in other biomes is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms driving the mycorrhizal effect at the global scale. </p>
Orchid-mycorrhizal fungi interactions reveal a duality in their network structure in two European regions differing in climate
<p><span>Network analysis is an effective tool to describe and quantify the ecological interactions between plants and root-associated fungi.</span><span> Mycoheterotrophic plants, such as orchids, critically rely on mycorrhizal fungi for nutrients to survive, therefore, investigating the structure of those intimate interactions brings new insights into the plant community assembly and coexistence. So far, there is little consensus on the structure of those interactions, described either as nested (generalist interactions), modular (highly specific interactions) or of both topologies. Biotic factors (e.g., mycorrhizal specificity) were shown to influence the network structure, while there is less evidence of abiotic factor effects. By</span><span> using next-generation sequencing of the orchid mycorrhizal fungal (OMF) community associated with 238 plant individuals belonging to 17 orchid species, we assessed the structure of four orchid-OMF networks in two European regions under contrasting climatic conditions (Mediterranean vs Continental).</span> <span>Each network contained four to 12 co-occurring orchid species, including up to eight species shared among the sites</span><span>. All four networks were both nested and modular, and fungal communities were different between co-occurring orchid species, despite multiple sharing of fungi across some orchids. Co-occurring orchid species growing in Mediterranean climates were associated with more dissimilar fungal communities, consistent with a greater modular structure compared to the Continental ones. The OMF diversity was comparable among orchid species since most orchids were associated with multiple rarer fungi and with only a few highly dominant ones in the roots. Our results provide useful highlights on potential factors involved in structuring plant-mycorrhizal fungi interactions in different climatic conditions.</span></p>
Data from: Effects of light quality on colonization of tomato roots by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) and implications for growth and defense
<p>Beneficial soil microbes can enhance plant growth and defense, but the extent to which this occurs depends on the availability of resources, such as water and nutrients. However, relatively little is known about the role of light quality, which is altered during shading, resulting in a low red: far-red ratio (R:FR) of light. We examined how low R:FR light influences arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF)-mediated changes in plant growth and defense using <em>Solanum lycopersicum </em>(tomato) and the insect herbivore <em>Chrysodeixis chalcites</em>. We also examined effects on third trophic level interactions with the parasitoid <em>Cotesia marginiventris</em>. Under low R:FR light, non-mycorrhizal plants activated the shade avoidance syndrome (SAS), resulting in enhanced biomass production. However, mycorrhizal inoculation decreased stem elongation in shaded plants, thus counteracting the plant's SAS response to shading. Unexpectedly, activation of SAS under low R:FR light did not increase plant susceptibility to the herbivore in either non-mycorrhizal or mycorrhizal plants. AMF did not significantly affect survival or growth of caterpillars and parasitoids but suppressed herbivore-induced expression of jasmonic acid-signaled defenses genes under low R:FR light. These results highlight the context-dependency of AMF effects on plant growth and defense and the potentially adverse effects of AMF under shading.</p>
The structure and ecological function of the interactions between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi through multilayer networks
<ol> <li>Arbuscular mycorrhizas are one of the most frequent mutualisms in terrestrial ecosystems. Although studies on plant mutualistic interaction networks suggest that they may leave their imprint on plant community structure and dynamics, this has not been explicitly assessed. Thus, in the context of plant-fungi interactions, studies explicitly linking plant-mycorrhizal fungi interaction networks with key ecological functions of plant communities, such as recruitment, are lacking. </li> <li>In this study, we analyse, in two Mediterranean forest communities of southern Iberian Peninsula, how plant-AMF networks modulate plant-plant recruitment interaction networks. We use a new approach integrating plant-AMF and plant recruitment networks into a single multilayer structure. We also develop a new metric (Interlayer Node Neighbourhood Integration, INNI) to explore the impact of a given node on the structure across layers.</li> <li>Similarity of plant species in their AMF communities is positively related to the observed frequency of recruitment interactions in the field. Results reveal that properties of plant-AMF networks, such as plant degree and centrality, contribute to explaining properties of the plant recruitment network, such as in- and out-degree (i.e. sapling bank and canopy service) and its modular structure. However, these relationships differed between the two forest communities. Finally, we identify particular AMF that contribute to integrating the neighbourhood of recruitment interactions between plants.</li> <li>This multilayer network approach is useful to explore the role of plant-AMF interactions on recruitment, a key ecosystem function enhanced by fungi. Results provide evidence that the complex structure of plant-AMF interactions impacts functional and structurally plant-plant interactions, which in turn may potentially influence plant community dynamics, through their effects on the structure of the recruitment network.</li> </ol>
Seedling performance in a dioecious tree species is similar near female and male conspecific adults despite differences in colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
<p>Plant–soil feedbacks (PSFs) are a key driver of species diversity and composition in plant communities worldwide; however, the factors that may cause feedbacks to vary within species are rarely examined. In dioecious species, the strength of feedbacks may differ near female plants that produce seed versus near male plants (which do not) because repeated inputs of seeds and high seedling densities near females may cause accumulation of host‐specific soil microbes that influence seedling performance. To test whether conspecific seedling performance is reduced near seed‐producing female trees relative to male or heterospecific trees, we conducted shadehouse and field experiments with a dioecious tropical tree species, Virola surinamensis (<em>Myristicaceae</em>), on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. The shadehouse experiment isolated the effect of soil microbial communities on seedling growth and allowed us to quantify colonization by mutualistic arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, while the field experiment allowed us to assess seedling survival and growth in the presence of nearby conspecific adults and seedlings. In both experiments, seedling performance was similar between seedlings grown in the soil microbial communities and field environments underneath female conspecific, male conspecific, and heterospecific trees. However, contrary to expectation, seedling colonization by AM fungi was higher in male conspecific soil microbial communities than in female or heterospecific soil microbial communities at the end of the shadehouse experiment. Together, our experiments show that while differences among female and male plants in dioecious species may influence the association of conspecific seedlings with AM fungi in their soils, this variation does not necessarily translate directly to differences in seedling performance, at least over the time frame of our experiments. Studies of additional dioecious species are needed to help determine differences in soil microbial communities beneath male and female plants and to assess the role of seed input versus adult root systems in driving PSFs.</p>
Depth-dependent effects of Ericoid Mycorrhizal shrubs on soil carbon and nitrogen pools are accentuated under Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Trees
<p>Plant mycorrhizal associations influence the accumulation and persistence of soil organic matter and could therefore shape ecosystem biogeochemical responses to global changes that are altering forest composition. For instance, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) tree dominance is increasing in temperate forests, and ericoid mycorrhizal (ErM) shrubs can respond positively to canopy disturbances. Yet how shifts in the co-occurrence of trees and shrubs with different mycorrhizal associations will affect soil organic matter pools remains largely unknown. We examine the effects of ErM shrubs on soil carbon and nitrogen stocks and indicators of microbial activity at different depths across gradients of AM versus ectomycorrhizal (EcM) tree dominance in three temperate forest sites. We find that ErM shrubs strongly modulate tree mycorrhizal dominance effects. In surface soils, ErM shrubs increase particulate organic matter accumulation and weaken the positive relationship between soil organic matter stocks and indicators of microbial activity. These effects are strongest under AM trees that lack fungal symbionts that can degrade organic matter. In subsurface soil organic matter pools, by contrast, tree mycorrhizal dominance effects are stronger than those of ErM shrubs. Ectomycorrhizal tree dominance has a negative influence on particulate and mineral-associated soil organic matter pools, and these effects are stronger for nitrogen than for carbon stocks. Our findings suggest that increasing co-occurrence of ErM shrubs and AM trees will enhance particulate organic matter accumulation in surface soils by suppressing microbial activity while having little influence on mineral-associated organic matter in subsurface soils. Our study highlights the importance of considering interactions between co-occurring plant mycorrhizal types, as well as their depth-dependent effects, for projecting changes in soil carbon and nitrogen stocks in response to compositional shifts in temperate forests driven by disturbances and global change.</p>
Data from: Mycorrhizal driven feedbacks and forest resilience to reduced rainfall
<p>Forests can experience negative feedbacks in the growth of tree populations but positive feedbacks within the two dominant mycorrhizal types of trees: ectomycorrhizal (EM) and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM). Positive feedbacks within mycorrhizal types may provide communities with resistance to climate change. We tested whether each mycorrhizal type led to positive feedbacks on seedling survival, while statistically controlling for the effect of congeneric trees in ambient versus rainfall reduced conditions. We explored two potential drivers; the variation in soil fungal community structure and soil chemistry. Seedlings benefited from growing in stands dominated by their own mycorrhizal type, and simultaneously, tree seedlings performed worse in the presence of adult trees of their own genus, but only in rainfall reduced conditions. We found that the composition of the EM fungal community differed between plots dominated by EM versus AM trees. These results indicated that mycorrhizal types may create positive feedbacks in dry conditions that should be considered when predicting future states.</p>
Data from: Host plant height explains the effect of nitrogen enrichment on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities
<p><span>Nitrogen (N) enrichment is widely known to affect the root-associated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) community in different ways, for example, via altering soil properties and/or shifting host plant functional traits. However, empirical knowledge of their relative importance is still lacking. </span><span>Using a long-term N addition experiment, we measured the AMF community taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity at the single plant species (roots of 15 plant species) and plant community (mixed roots) levels. We also measured four functional traits of 35 common plant species along the N addition gradient. </span></p> <p><span>We found divergent responses of AMF diversity to N addition for host plants with different innate heights (i.e., plant natural height under unfertilized treatment). Furthermore, our data showed that species-specific responses of AMF diversity to N addition were negatively related to the change in maximum plant height. When scaling up to the community level, N addition affected AMF diversity mainly by increasing the maximum plant height, rather than altering soil properties.</span></p> <p><span>Our results highlight that </span><span>plant height</span><span> drives the AMF community dynamics under nitrogen enrichment at both species and community levels, thus providing important implications for understanding the response of AMF diversity to anthropogenic nitrogen deposition.</span></p>
Data for Torppa et al. 2023 'Soil compaction effects on arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in wheat depend on host plant variety'
<p>The dataset consists of the data that supports the findings of the article 'Soil compaction effects on arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in wheat depend on host plant variety’ written by Torppa et al. and published in Plant and Soil in 2023. The data consists of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization, fatty acid and community data, as well as soil and crop nutrient and yield data.</p>
Roadside disturbance promotes plant communities with arbuscular mycorrhizal associations in mountain regions worldwide
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Orchid-mycorrhizal fungi interactions reveal a duality in their network structure in two European regions differing in climate
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Stress amelioration response of glycine betaine and Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in sorghum under Cr toxicity
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