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248 results for “native range”
Data from: Anthropogenic transport of species across native ranges: unpredictable genetic and evolutionary consequences
Human activities are responsible for the translocation of vast amounts of organisms, altering natural patterns of dispersal and gene flow. Most research to date has focused on the consequences of anthropogenic transportation of non-indigenous species within introduced ranges, with little research focusing on native species. Here, we compared genetic patterns of the sessile marine invertebrate, Ciona intestinalis, which has highly restricted dispersal capabilities. We collected individuals in a region of the species' native range where human activities that are known to facilitate the artificial spread of species are prevalent. Using microsatellite markers, we revealed highly dissimilar outcomes. First, we found low levels of genetic differentiation among sites separated by both short and large geographical distances, indicating the presence of anthropogenic transport of genotypes, and little influence of natural geographical barriers. Second, we found significant genetic differentiation in pairwise comparisons among certain sites, suggesting that other factors besides artificial transport (e.g. natural dispersal, premodern population structure) may be shaping genetic patterns. Taken together, we found dissimilar patterns of population structure in a highly urbanized region that could not be predicted by artificial transport alone. We conclude that anthropogenic activities alter genetic composition of native ranges, with unknown consequences for species' evolutionary trajectories.
Data from: Genetic structure of Pacific trout at the extreme southern end of their native range
Salmonid fishes are cold water piscivores with a native distribution spanning nearly the entire temperate and subarctic northern hemisphere. Trout in the genus Oncorhynchus are the most widespread salmonid fishes and are among the most important fish species in the world, due to their extensive use in aquaculture and valuable fisheries. Trout that inhabit northwestern Mexico are the southernmost native salmonid populations in the world, and the least studied in North America. They are unfortunately also facing threats to their continued existence. Previous work has described one endemic species, the Mexican golden trout (O. chrysogaster), and one endemic subspecies, Nelson's trout (O. mykiss nelsoni), in Mexico, but previous work indicated that there is vastly more biodiversity in this group than formally described. Here we conducted a comprehensive genetic analysis of this important group of fishes using novel genetic markers and techniques to elucidate the biodiversity of trout inhabiting northwestern Mexico, examine genetic population structure of Mexican trout and their relationships to other species of Pacific trout, and measure introgression from non-native hatchery rainbow trout. We confirmed substantial genetic diversity and extremely strong genetic differentiation present in the Mexican trout complex, not only between basins but also between some locations within basins, with at least four species-level taxa present. We also revealed significant divergence between Mexican trout and other trout species and found that introgression from non-native rainbow trout is present but limited, and that the genetic integrity of native trout is still maintained in most locations. This information will help to guide effective conservation strategies for this important group of fishes.
Data from: Two colonisation stages generate two different patterns of genetic diversity within native and invasive ranges of Ulex europaeus
Genetic diversity and the way a species is introduced influence the capacity of populations of invasive species to persist in, and adapt to, their new environment. The diversity of introduced populations affects their evolutionary potential, which is particularly important for species that have invaded a wide range of habitats and climates, such as European gorse, Ulex europaeus. This species originated in the Iberian peninsula and colonised Europe in the Neolithic; over the course of the last two centuries it was introduced to, and has become invasive in, other continents. We characterised neutral genetic diversity and its structure in the native range and in invaded regions. By coupling these results with historical data we have identified the way in which gorse populations were introduced and the consequences of introduction history on genetic diversity. Our study is based on the genotyping of individuals from 18 populations at six microsatellite loci. As Ulex europaeus is an allohexaploid species, we used recently developed tools which take into account genotypic ambiguity. Our results show that genetic diversity in gorse is very high, and mainly contained within populations. We confirm that colonisation occurred in two stages. During the first stage, gorse spread out naturally from Spain towards northern Europe, losing some genetic diversity. During the second stage, gorse was introduced by humans into different regions of the world, from northern Europe. These introductions resulted in the loss of rare alleles, but did not significantly reduce genetic diversity and thus the evolutionary potential of this invasive species.
Data from: Persistence of distinctive morphotypes in the native range of the CITES-listed Aldabra giant tortoise
Understanding the extent of morphological variation in the wild population of Aldabra giant tortoises is important for conservation, as morphological variation in captive populations has been interpreted as evidence for lingering genes from extinct tortoise lineages. If true, this could impact reintroduction programmes in the region. The population of giant tortoises on Aldabra Atoll is subdivided and distributed around several islands. Although pronounced morphological variation was recorded in the late 1960s, it was thought to be a temporary phenomenon. Early researchers also raised concerns over the future of the population, which was perceived to have exceeded its carrying capacity. We analyzed monthly monitoring data from 12 transects spanning a recent 15-year period (1998–2012) during which animals from four subpopulations were counted, measured, and sexed. In addition, we analyzed survival data from individuals first tagged during the early 1970s. The population is stable with no sign of significant decline. Subpopulations differ in density, but these differences are mostly due to differences in the prevailing vegetation type. However, subpopulations differ greatly in both the size of animals and the degree of sexual dimorphism. Comparisons with historical data reveal that phenotypic differences among the subpopulations of tortoises on Aldabra have been apparent for the last 50 years with no sign of diminishing. We conclude that the giant tortoise population on Aldabra is subject to varying ecological selection pressures, giving rise to stable morphotypes in discrete subpopulations. We suggest therefore that (1) the presence of morphological differences among captive Aldabra tortoises does not alone provide convincing evidence of genes from other extinct species; and (2) Aldabra serves as an important example of how conservation and management in situ can add to the scientific value of populations and perhaps enable them to better adapt to future ecological pressures.
Data from: Population differentiation in common walnut (Juglans regia L.) across major parts of its native range - insights from molecular and morphometric data
Juglans regia is an economically highly important species for fruit and wood production in the warm temperate and subtropical zones of the Northern Hemisphere. Besides the natural influence of climatic and geomorphological barriers, its genetic structure has been strongly modified by humans and the population history is still unclear. For this reason, we investigated mainly natural walnut populations across the Eurasian continent on a molecular (44 populations, 581 trees) and morphometric level (23 populations, 1391 ripe nuts). Population genetic diversity and differentiation were examined by using 7 microsatellite loci. Morphometric characteristics of the nuts (mainly roundness index and nut density) were used to estimate trait variation and population differentiation. Highest allelic richness Rs12 = 7.05 was observed in a Pakistani and the lowest value Rs12 = 3.04 in a Kyrgyz population. The genetic differentiation among populations was high (FST = 0.217; RST = 0.530) indicating a strong phylogeographic pattern. While variation of the roundness index within single populations was high, this trait neither differentiated geographical regions nor was it associated to genetic clusters. Approximated QST based on this trait equalled FST, while approximated QST based on nut density considerably exceeded FST, indicating selection. Nut density was moderately correlated with altitude, latitude, and longitude, and differentiated populations according to their origin. Pakistani and Indian populations showed highest nut densities. These South Asian populations contain putatively ancestral nut forms, which probably have been lost in other populations as a consequence of human selection.
Data from: Population differentiation of zander (Sander lucioperca, Linnaeus, 1758) across native and newly colonized ranges suggests increasing admixture in the course of an invasion
In addition to ecological factors, evolutionary processes can determine the invasion success of a species. In particular, genetic admixture has the potential to induce rapid evolutionary change, which can result from natural or human-assisted secondary contact between differentiated populations. We studied the recent range expansion of zander in Germany focusing on the interplay between invasion and genetic admixture. Historically, the rivers Elbe and Danube harboured the most north-western source populations from which a north-westward range expansion occurred. This was initiated by introducing zander outside its native range into rivers and lakes, and was fostered by migration through artificial canals and stocking from various sources. We analysed zander populations of the native and invaded ranges using nuclear and mitochondrial genetic markers. Three genetic lineages were identified, which were traced to ancestral ranges. Increased genetic diversity and admixture in the invaded region highlighted asymmetric gene flow towards this area. We suppose that the adaptive potential of the invading populations was promoted by genetic admixture, whereas competitive exclusion in the native areas provided a buffer against introgression by novel genotypes. These explanations would be in line with evidence that hybridization can drive evolutionary change under conditions when new niches can be exploited.
Data from: Genetic constraints of population expansion of the Carpathian lynx at the western edge of its native distribution range in Central Europe
Even though populations of many large carnivores are expanding throughout Europe, the Eurasian lynx population in the Western Carpathians seems unable to spread beyond the western boundaries of its current distributional range. Many factors, both extrinsic and intrinsic, can influence the potential for range expansion: landscape fragmentation, natal philopatry, low natural fecundity and high mortality, and low and sex-biased dispersal rates. In this study we used non-invasive genetic sampling to determine population size fluctuation, sub-structuring and social organisation of the peripheral lynx population at the Czech-Slovak border. Even though the population size has been relatively stable over the period studied (2010-2016), the individual inbreeding coefficients of residents at the end of the study were much higher than those of founders at the beginning of the study. While non-resident individuals (predominantly males) occurred regularly in the study population, only resident individuals with well-established home ranges participated in breeding and produced offspring. Almost half the offspring detected in the study (predominantly females) settled in or near the natal area. Subsequent incestuous mating resulted in production of inbred individuals, reduction of effective population size of the population, and sub-structuring of the population through formation of two distinct family lineages. Our study illustrates how social constraints, such as territoriality, breeding of residents and natal philopatry of females lead to incestuous mating in small-sized populations, especially at the periphery of their distribution. This threat should be taken into account in planning of conservation and population recovery of species with similar social structure.
Data from: The making of a rapid plant invader: genetic diversity and differentiation in the native and invaded range of Senecio inaequidens
To become invasive, exotic species have to succeed in the consecutive phases of introduction, naturalization and invasion. Each of these phases leaves traces in genetic structure, which may affect the species' success in subsequent phases. We examine this interplay of genetic structure and invasion dynamics in the South African Ragwort (Senecio inaequidens), one of Europe's fastest plant invaders. We used AFLP and microsatellite markers to analyze 19 native African and 32 invasive European populations. In combination with historic data, we distinguished invasion routes and traced them back to the native source areas. This revealed that different introduction sites had markedly different success in the three invasion phases. Notably, an observed lag-phase in Northern Germany was evidently not terminated by factors increasing the invasiveness of the resident population but by invasive spread from another introduction centre. The lineage invading Central Europe was introduced to sites in which winters are more benign than in the native source region. Subsequently, this lineage spread into areas in which winter temperatures match the native climate more closely. Genetic diversity clearly increases with population age in Europe and less clearly decreases with spread rate up to population establishment. This indicates that gene flow along well-connected invasion routes counteracted losses of genetic diversity during rapid spread. In summary, this study suggests that multiple introductions, environmental preadaptation and high gene flow along invasion routes contributed to the success of this rapid invader. More generally, it demonstrates the benefit of combining genetic, historical and climatic data for understanding biological invasions.
Introduced plants induce outbreaks of a native pest and facilitate invasion in the plants' native range: Evidence from the emerald ash borer
<p>1. Biological invasions are among the most serious threats to native forest ecosystems worldwide due to ever-increasing international trade and global change. Understanding the invasion processes and ecology of invasive pests in both newly invaded and native habitats is necessary to effectively manage the risks they pose. 2. The emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis, is one of the most devastating invasive forest insect pests in North America and has also invaded European Russia and parts of Europe. Through synthesizing historical data spanning >100 years and contemporary field observations in China, we examined EAB's distribution, occurrence, and outbreak frequency in its native range in relation to historical introductions and plantings of non-Asian ash trees in China. 3. The frequencies and levels of EAB infestations in China gradually increased from 1900 to 2021 after a time-lag of 30-50 years following introductions and widespread plantings of non-Asian ash trees from North America. Increased frequencies of EAB outbreaks following the planting of North American ash trees in China may have increased the risk of EAB invading North America and other novel regions. 4. Synthesis. Our findings demonstrated that planting susceptible non-native host plants can induce outbreaks of a native insect pest in its native range, which in turn may enhance risks of invading novel regions via human-assisted activities (e.g., international trade). In addition, our findings suggest that lag-times of several decades between planting susceptible hosts and initial pest outbreaks may pose challenges in predicting the true risk of invading novel regions. Consequently, comprehensive risk assessment for invasive insect pests should consider the role of non-native plants introduced or planted in the pest's native range.</p>
Data from: Loss of fungal symbionts at the arid limit of the distribution range in a native Patagonian grass – resource ecophysiological relations
<p>1. Crucial to our understanding of plant ecology is the consideration of the eco-physiological responses and constraints of plant-fungal symbioses throughout the native distribution range of their host.</p> <p>2. We examined key eco-physiological roles of two co-occurring fungal symbionts [Epichloë endophytes and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)] in the endemic grass Hordeum comosum across a wide bioclimatic gradient and contrasting grazing severity. We sampled H. comosum plants along four humid-to-arid transects in Patagonia, Argentina, covering its entire distribution range and determined Epichloë presence, AMF root colonization, nitrogen and phosphorus concentration, intrinsic water use-efficiency (iWUE, the ratio of photosynthesis to stomatal conductance) and 18O-enrichment of cellulose in shoots.</p> <p>3. Root colonization by AMF increased with Epichloë-presence. All plants hosted Epichloë in the humid range of the gradient, but symbioses occurrence decreased towards arid sites which also displayed severe grazing symptoms at site level.</p> <p>4. Symbiosis with Epichloë correlated positively with shoot nitrogen concentration in the centre of the distribution range, and with shoot phosphorus concentration across the entire distribution range.</p> <p>5. The site-level relationship of AMF colonization with 18O-enrichment and iWUE suggested that mycorrhiza boosted stomatal conductance in humid environments but curbed it in arid environments.</p> <p>6. While the interpretation of interactions and potential causalities from observational studies should be done with caution, this study demonstrates distinct correlations between plant-fungal symbiont associations and key resource parameters (phosphorus, nitrogen, and iWUE vs 18O-enrichment). Such correlations may suggest particular functional roles for these symbionts in the ecology of their host plant.</p>
Native range estimates for red-listed vascular plants
<p>Besides being central for understanding both global biodiversity patterns and associated anthropogenic impacts, species range maps are currently only available for a small subset of global biodiversity. Here, we provide a set of assembled spatial data for terrestrial vascular plants listed at the global IUCN red list. The dataset consists of pre-defined native regions for 47,675 species, density of available native occurrence records for 30,906 species, and standardized, large-scale Maxent predictions for 27,208 species, highlighting environmentally suitable areas within species' native regions. The data was generated in an automated approach consisting of data scraping and filtering, variable selection, model calibration and model selection. Generated Maxent predictions were validated by comparing a subset to available expert-drawn range maps from IUCN (n = 4,257), as well as by qualitatively inspecting predictions for randomly selected species. We expect this data to serve as a substitute whenever expert-drawn species range maps are not available for conducting large-scale analyses on biodiversity patterns and associated anthropogenic impacts.</p>
Genetic insights into the range expansion of the cattle egret (Pelecaniformes: Ardeidae) in Brazil and population differentiation between the native and colonized areas
<p>Gnotypes of Cattle Egrets (Bubulcus ibis) at 14 microsatellite loci amplified using the primers in Table S1 of the article. The protocols are described in Appendix S1 of the Supplementary Material of Miño et al. 2022.</p> <p>Bubulcus ibis ibis naturally expanded its range by flying over the Atlantic Ocean from Africa or Europe (native range) to South America, being first reported in Suriname towards the end of the 19th century. However, the source populations of the birds colonising South America still remains unclear. Here, to o gain insights into the possible source and routes of colonisation, we characterize the levels of diversity at nuclear microsatellites and assessed the genetic structure of populations from central and southern Africa (n = 129, 13 sites, five countries) and from different latitudes along Brazil (n = 166, six sites). We found overall high levels of genetic diversity in the colonised range, which fit the expectations for organisms with long-distance dispersal potential, rapid growth rates and feeding plasticity. Noteworthy, the results from population-genetic analyses based on different assumptions concurrently agree in indicating that cattle egrets from Brazil harbour a genetic pool distinct from populations from Africa, suggesting restricted contemporary gene flow between these ranges. The lack of genetic differentiation among the African populations did not enable us to identify the source of Brazilian cattle egrets. Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, off the Brazilian northeastern coast, had the highest proportion of the African allelic ancestry. Approximate Bayesian computation analyses supported a scenario of population growth in Africa with subsequent expansion to Brazil and migration from Africa to Brazil at the time of colonisation. We discuss our findings in light of the anthropogenic changes that may have promoted the range expansion of this egret into Brazil.</p>
Temporal dynamics of range-expander and congeneric native plant responses during and after extreme drought events
<p>Current climate change causes range shifts of many species to higher latitudes and altitudes, and enhances their exposure to extreme weather events. It has been shown that range shifting plant species may perform differently in the new soil than related natives, however, little is known about how extreme weather events influence range-shifting plants compared to related natives. Here, we used outdoor mesocosms to study how range-shifting plant species respond to extreme drought in live soil from a habitat in the new range with and without live soil from a habitat in the original range. During summer drought, shoot biomass of the range-expanders was reduced. In spite of this, in the mixed community range-expanders produced more shoot biomass than congeneric natives. In mesocosms with a history of range-expanders in the previous year, native plants produced less biomass. Plant legacy or soil origin effects did not change the response of natives or range-expanders to summer drought. During rewetting, range-expanders had less biomass than congeneric natives, but had higher drought resilience (survival) in soils from the new range where in the previous year native plant species had grown. The biomass patterns of the mixed plant communities were dominated by Centaurea species, however, not all plant species within the groups of natives and of range expanders showed the general pattern. Drought reduced litter decomposition, microbial biomass and abundances of bacterivorous, fungivorous and carnivorous nematodes. Their abundances recovered during rewetting. There was less microbial biomass, fungal biomass and there were fewer fungivorous nematodes in soils from the original range (Hungary) where range-expanders had grown in the previous year. We conclude that in mixed plant communities of range-expanders and congeneric natives, range-expanders performed better, both under ambient and drought conditions, than congeneric natives. However, when considering the responses of individual species, we observed variations among couples of congenerics, so that under the present-mixed community-conditions there was no uniformity in responses to drought of range expanders versus congeneric natives. Range-expanding plant species reduced soil fungal biomass and numbers of soil fungivorous nematodes, suggesting that effects of range-expanding plant species can trickle up in the soil food web.</p>
Subspecies and Distribution. R.t.timorensisdeBlainville,1822—TimorI. R.t.djongaVanBemmel,1949-MunaandButonIs. R.t.flovesiensisHeude,1897—Flores1. R.t.macassaricaHeude,1896—Sulawesi. R.t.moluccensisQuoy&Gaimard,1830—MoluccanIs. R.t.renschiSody,1932—Bali. R. t. russa Muller & Schlegel, 1845 — Java. Possibly it is native only to Java and Bali islands, introduced into Lombok, Flores, Sumbawa, Sumba, Timor, Sulawesi, and Moluccan Islands in ancient times. It was introduced during the last centuries in many locations, including New Guinea, Aru Islands, New Britain Is, Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, Mauritius, and Comoro Is. The map represents the native range and the oldest introductions. in Cervidae
Subspecies and Distribution. R.t.timorensisdeBlainville,1822—TimorI. R.t.djongaVanBemmel,1949-MunaandButonIs. R.t.flovesiensisHeude,1897—Flores1. R.t.macassaricaHeude,1896—Sulawesi. R.t.moluccensisQuoy&Gaimard,1830—MoluccanIs. R.t.renschiSody,1932—Bali. R. t. russa Muller & Schlegel, 1845 — Java. Possibly it is native only to Java and Bali islands, introduced into Lombok, Flores, Sumbawa, Sumba, Timor, Sulawesi, and Moluccan Islands in ancient times. It was introduced during the last centuries in many locations, including New Guinea, Aru Islands, New Britain Is, Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, Mauritius, and Comoro Is. The map represents the native range and the oldest introductions.
Distribution. Formerly Anatolia, Turkey, then has been introduced into Europe from ancient times and later into many other countries in North and South America, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and Fiji Is. The distribution map includes both the native range in Anatolia and the European continent with its old introductions. in Cervidae
Distribution. Formerly Anatolia, Turkey, then has been introduced into Europe from ancient times and later into many other countries in North and South America, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and Fiji Is. The distribution map includes both the native range in Anatolia and the European continent with its old introductions.
Subspecies and Distribution. R.m.mariannaDesmarest,1822—Luzon|andassociatedsmallerIs. R.m.barandanaHeude,1888—MindoroI. R. m. nigella Hollister, 1813 — Mindanao, Basilan, Samar, and Leyte Is. In addition to its native range, introduced populations of this species are found on the islands of Guam, Saipan and Rota in the Mariana Is and Pohnpei in the Caroline Is. The Philippine Brown Deer was also introduced to the Japanese Bonin Islands, where it later became extinct. in Cervidae
Subspecies and Distribution. R.m.mariannaDesmarest,1822—Luzon|andassociatedsmallerIs. R.m.barandanaHeude,1888—MindoroI. R. m. nigella Hollister, 1813 — Mindanao, Basilan, Samar, and Leyte Is. In addition to its native range, introduced populations of this species are found on the islands of Guam, Saipan and Rota in the Mariana Is and Pohnpei in the Caroline Is. The Philippine Brown Deer was also introduced to the Japanese Bonin Islands, where it later became extinct.
Native- vs. introduced-range Polygonum cespitosum traits
<p>In a common-garden experiment, <em>Polygonum cespitosum </em>plants (N=660) from native- and introduced-range populations were grown under uniform, favorable conditions in a glasshouse and their traits compared. Introduced-range populations were sampled from the eastern USA (N=17), and native-range populations were sampled from a climate-matched region in northern Japan (N=18). Parental growing conditions were standardized prior to the experiment.</p>
Bioclimatic data for native- and introduced-range localities of Polygonum cespitosum
<p>To characterize <em>P. cespitosum</em>'s climatic distribution, principal component analyses of temperature- and precipitation-related variables were conducted using bioclimatic data extracted (from WorldClim) for species occurrence data.</p>
FIGURE 4 in Morphological diversification of alien and native aquatic snails of the genus Physa and Aplexa (Gastropoda: Physidae) of Western and Central European range
FIGURE 4. Ranges of occurrence of species of the family Physidae. 1—P. acuta, 2—A. hypnorum, 3—P. gyrina, 4—P. fontinalis (Feliksiak 1939; Adam 1960; Backhuys 1975, Vidal Abarca & Suarez 1986; Lisický 1991; Anderson 1996, 1997;Turner et al. 1998; Cossignani & Cossignani 1995; Kerney 1999; Anderson 2003; Beran 2004; Bank 2006; Yildirim et al. 2006; Son 2007; Horsȃk et al. 2010; Glöer & Diercking 2010; CABI Data Mining 2011; Bódis et al. 2012; Laenko 2012; Van Damme et al. 2012; Welter-Schultes 2012; Glöer 2015; Vinarski et al. 2015; Raković et al. 2016; Piechocki & Wawrzyniak-Wydrowska 2016; Moroz et al. 2017; Cieplok & Spyra 2020; www.faunaeuropea.org; http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de).
FIGURE 7 in Morphological diversification of alien and native aquatic snails of the genus Physa and Aplexa (Gastropoda: Physidae) of Western and Central European range
FIGURE 7. Characteristic features of P. gyrina with special emphasis on the white lip (10.18150/WOIHYB) (Phot. M. Gawlak).
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Allen Brain Atlas
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