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Fig. 9 in High alpine sorcerers: revision of the cave wētā genus Pharmacus Pictet & de Saussure (Orthoptera: Rhaphidophoridae: Macropathinae), with the description of six new species and three new subspecies

Fig. 9. Left hind tibia of adult ♂ cave wētā in the genus Pharmacus Pictet & de Saussure, 1893, dorsal view. A. Pharmacus montanus Pictet & de Saussure, 1893, Lake Anna, Mt Franklin, Arthur's Pass (MPN CW3989). B. Pharmacus cochleatus cochleatus (Karny, 1935) comb. nov., Gertrude Saddle, Darran Mountains (MPN CW3413). C. Pharmacus cochleatus rawhiti subsp. nov., Mt Tūwhakarōria, Hector Mountains (MPN CW4431). D. Pharmacus cristatus sp. nov., Skippers Range, South Westland (NMNZ AI.052292). E. Pharmacus notabilis sp. nov., Remarkables ski-field access road (NMNZ AI.052296). F. Pharmacus senex sp. nov., Obelisk, Old Man Range (NMNZ AI.052294). G. Pharmacus concinnus sp. nov., Eyre Peak, Eyre Mountains (MPN CW4480). H. Pharmacus perfidus sp. nov., Spence Peak, Takitimu Mountains (NMNZ AI.052300). I. Pharmacus vallestris sp. nov., Matukituki River West Branch (MPN CW3700). Scale bar = 5 mm.

Fig. 5 in High alpine sorcerers: revision of the cave wētā genus Pharmacus Pictet & de Saussure (Orthoptera: Rhaphidophoridae: Macropathinae), with the description of six new species and three new subspecies

Fig. 5. Pharmacus cochleatus (Karny, 1935) comb. nov. A–D. Adult ♂. Dorsal view of terminalia. A. Holotype, from unknown location (MNHN EO-ENSIF4926). B. Paratype, from unknown location (MNHN EO-ENSIF4928). C. Original drawing by Aola Richards (1972): Pharmacus chapmanae Richards, 1972 holotype. Bevan Col, Matukituki Valley (OMNZ IV7927; prev. OMNZ A70:6). D. Mt Edgar Thomson, Ben Ohau Range (MPN CW3278). E–F. Adult ♀. Ventral view of terminalia (subgenital plate). E. Original drawing by Aola Richards (1972): Pharmacus chapmanae Richards, 1972 allotype. Bevan Col, Matukituki Valley (OMNZ IV7924; prev. OMNZ A70:8). F. Mt Brewster, Haast Pass (MPN CW3325). Scale bar = 2 mm. Images A and B courtesy of Marion Depraetere, MNHN, reproduced under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licence.

Fig. 8 in High alpine sorcerers: revision of the cave wētā genus Pharmacus Pictet & de Saussure (Orthoptera: Rhaphidophoridae: Macropathinae), with the description of six new species and three new subspecies

Fig. 8. Dorsal views of adult ♂ cave wētā in the genus Pharmacus Pictet & de Saussure, 1893. Notice loss of natural pigmentation of pale body parts due to preservation in ethanol. A–B. Pharmacus montanus Pictet & de Saussure, 1893 A. Mt Annette, Sealy Range, Mt Cook (MPN CW3302). B. Lake Anna, Mt Franklin, Arthur's Pass (MPN CW3989). C. Pharmacus senex sp. nov., Old Woman Range, Central Otago (MPN CW4387). D. Pharmacus cochleatus cochleatus (Karny, 1935) comb. nov., Topheavy, Mt Brewster, Haast Pass (MPN CW3324). E. Pharmacus cochleatus rawhiti subsp. nov., Mt Tūwhakarōria, Hector Mountains (NMNZ AI.052290). F. Pharmacus cristatus sp. nov., Skippers Range, South Westland (MPN CW4562). G. Pharmacus vallestris sp. nov., Matukituki River West Branch (MPN CW3700). H. Pharmacus notabilis sp. nov., Remarkables ski-field access road (NMNZ AI.052296). I. Pharmacus concinnus sp. nov., Eyre Peak, Eyre Mountains (MPN CW4482). J. Pharmacus perfidus sp. nov., Spence Peak, Takitimu Mountains (MPN CW4494). Scale bar = 10 mm.

Fig. 6 in High alpine sorcerers: revision of the cave wētā genus Pharmacus Pictet & de Saussure (Orthoptera: Rhaphidophoridae: Macropathinae), with the description of six new species and three new subspecies

Fig. 6. Known distribution of cave wētā in the genus Pharmacus Pictet & de Saussure, 1893 in the south of the South Island, New Zealand.

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Historical specimens and the limits of subspecies phylogenomics in the New World quails (Odontophoridae)

<p>As phylogenomics focuses on comprehensive taxon sampling at the species and population/subspecies levels, incorporating genomic data from historical specimens has become increasingly common. While historical samples can fill critical gaps in our understanding of the evolutionary history of diverse groups, they also introduce additional sources of phylogenomic uncertainty, making it difficult to discern novel evolutionary relationships from artifacts caused by sample quality issues. These problems highlight the need for improved strategies to disentangle artifactual patterns from true biological signal as historical specimens become more prevalent in phylogenomic datasets. Here, we tested the limits of historical specimen-driven phylogenomics to resolve subspecies-level relationships within a highly polytypic family, the New World quails (Odontophoridae), using thousands of ultraconserved elements (UCEs). We found that relationships at and above the species level were well-resolved and highly supported across all analyses, with the exception of discordant relationships within the two most polytypic genera which included many historical specimens. We examined the causes of discordance and found that inferring phylogenies from subsets of taxa resolved the disagreements, suggesting that analyzing subclades can help remove artifactual causes of discordance in datasets that include historical samples. At the subspecies-level, we found well-resolved geographic structure within the two most polytypic genera, including the most polytypic species in this family, Northern Bobwhites (<em>Colinus virginianus</em>), demonstrating that variable sites within UCEs are capable of resolving phylogenetic structure below the species level. Our results highlight the importance of complete taxonomic sampling for resolving relationships among polytypic species, often through the inclusion of historical specimens, and we propose an integrative strategy for understanding and addressing the uncertainty that historical samples sometimes introduce to phylogenetic analyses.</p>

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2021View details →

Figs 32–33 in A new subspecies of Bembidion sanatum (Coleoptera: Carabidae) endemic to the Mendeleev Volcano (Kunashir Island, Russia)

Figs 32–33. Habitat of Bembidion sanatum iwanai, ssp. n.: 32 – upstream of Kislaya River; 33 – the bank of Kislaya River in the middle reaches.

Fig. 15 in A New Species with Two New Subspecies of Rhinogobius (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from Yaeyama Group, the Ryukyu Islands, Japan

Fig. 15. Underwater photographs of Rhinogobius aonumai ishigakiensis taken at Ishigaki-jima Island, the Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Sakutagawa River: A (male, about 40 mm SL) and B (female, about 40 mm SL). Photographed by N. Oseko.

Fig. 17. Soft X in A New Species with Two New Subspecies of Rhinogobius (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from Yaeyama Group, the Ryukyu Islands, Japan

Fig. 17. Soft X-ray nagatives of holotypes of two subspecies of Rhinogobius aonumai. A: Rhinogobius aonumai aonumai, B: Rhinogobius aonumai ishigakiensis. Red and yellow spots indicate abdominal and caudal vertebrae, respectively; white arrows show anteriormost two pterygiophores (proximal radials) of second dorsal fin. Photographed and annotated by T. Suzuki.

Fig. 14 in A New Species with Two New Subspecies of Rhinogobius (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from Yaeyama Group, the Ryukyu Islands, Japan

Fig. 14. Freshly-collected paratypes of Rhinogobius aonumai ishigakiensis from Ishigaki-jima Island, the Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Miyaragawa River: A (OMNH-P 40912, male, 38.0 mm SL) and B (OMNH-P 40914, female, 38.4 mm SL); Sakuta-gawa River: C (KPM-NI 65588, male, 55.9 mm SL) and D (SPMN-PI 49270, female, 40.5 mm SL); Sokobaru-gawa River: E (OMNH-P 40911, male, 39.9 mm SL) and F (OMNH-P 40913, female, 33.3 mm SL). Photographed by T. Suzuki.

Fig. 11 in A New Species with Two New Subspecies of Rhinogobius (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from Yaeyama Group, the Ryukyu Islands, Japan

Fig. 11. Ventral view of pelvic fin (A) and dorsal view of head (B), in Rhinogobius aonumai ishigakiensis stained with Alizarin Red S. OMNH-P 48923, paratype, male, 35.5 mm SL, Sakuta-gawa River. White lines indicate position where proximal most segment of each branch alignes transversely with the fifth segmented ray. Black wedge indicates slits between branches. Black circles with black letters H′, K′, and L′ indicate sensory-canal pores. P1, P2, and P3 indicate anteriormost point of anterior extension of scaly area along predorsal midline, anteriormost point of anterior extensions of scaly area on temporal region, and greatest concaved point of scaly area between P1 and P2, respectively. Photographed and annotated by T. Suzuki.

Fig. 10 in A New Species with Two New Subspecies of Rhinogobius (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from Yaeyama Group, the Ryukyu Islands, Japan

Fig. 10. Female paratype of Rhinogobius aonumai ishigakiensis (SPMN-PI 49270, female, 45.0 mm SL) collected from Sakutagawa River, Ishigaki-jima Island, the Yaeyama Group of the Ryukyu Islands, Japan. A and B: freshly-collected; C: alcoholpreserved. Photographed by T. Suzuki.

Fig. 12 in A New Species with Two New Subspecies of Rhinogobius (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from Yaeyama Group, the Ryukyu Islands, Japan

Fig. 12. Lateral view of body (A) and ventral view of belly (B) in Rhinogobius aonumai ishigakiensis stained with Alizarin Red S. OMNH-P 48923, paratype, male, 35.5 mm SL, Sakuta-gawa River. Yellow spots indicate the lateral anterior margin of ctenoid scale area. Photographed and annotated by T. Suzuki.

Fig. 9 in A New Species with Two New Subspecies of Rhinogobius (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from Yaeyama Group, the Ryukyu Islands, Japan

Fig. 9. Holotype of Rhinogobius aonumai ishigakiensis (SPMN-PI 49269, male, 51.5 mm SL) collected from Sakuta-gawa River, Ishigaki-jima Island, the Yaeyama Group of the Ryukyu Islands, Japan. A and B: freshly-collected; C: alcohol-preserved. Photographed by T. Suzuki.

Fig. 6 in A New Species with Two New Subspecies of Rhinogobius (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from Yaeyama Group, the Ryukyu Islands, Japan

Fig. 6. Freshly-collected paratypes of Rhinogobius aonumai aonumai from Iriomote-jima Island, the Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Airagawa River: A (OMNH-P 40852, male, 47.5 mm SL) and B (OMNH-P 40849, female, 42.3 mm SL); Geta-gawa River: C (OMNH-P 40832, male, 58.0 mm SL) and D (OMNH-P 40836, female, 40.5 mm SL); Hinai-gawa River: E (NSMT-P 138485, male, 56.0 mm SL) and F (NSMT-P 138486, female, 55.5 mm SL); Kuira-gawa River G: (KPM-NI 59985, male, 35.9 mm SL) and H (KPM-NI 59984, female, 38.5 mm SL); Kura-gawa River: I (OMNH-P 43162, male, 42.0 mm SL) and J (OMNH-P 43165, female, 36.0 mm SL). Photographed by T. Suzuki.

Fig. 8 in A New Species with Two New Subspecies of Rhinogobius (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from Yaeyama Group, the Ryukyu Islands, Japan

Fig. 8. Underwater photographs of Rhinogobius aonumai aonumai taken at Iriomote-jima Island, the Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Hinaigawa River: A (male, about 60 mm SL) and B (female, about 45 mm SL); Urauchi-gawa River: C (male, about 50 mm SL) and D (female, about 40 mm SL). Photographed by M. Suzuki.

Fig. 5 in A New Species with Two New Subspecies of Rhinogobius (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from Yaeyama Group, the Ryukyu Islands, Japan

Fig. 5. Dorsal (top), lateral (middle), and ventral (bottom) views of head of Rhinogobius aonumai aonumai stained with cyanine blue showing cephalic sensory pores and papillae. OMNH-P 40256, holotype, male, 65.9 mm SL Red circles with red letters indicate sensory canal pores (letters with prime marks indicate terminal openings of sensory canals); rows of yellow spots indicated by yellow letters represent sensory papillae rows; black arrows show ventralmost positions of gill opening. Abbreviations: AN, anterior narial pore; PN, posterior narial pore. Photographed and annotated by T. Suzuki.

Fig. 3 in A New Species with Two New Subspecies of Rhinogobius (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from Yaeyama Group, the Ryukyu Islands, Japan

Fig. 3. Ventral view of pelvic fin (A) and dorsal view of head (B), in Rhinogobius aonumai aonumai stained with Alizarin Red S. OMNH-P 43694, paratype, male, 70.5 mm SL. White lines indicate position where proximal most segment of each branch alignes transversely with the fifth segmented ray. Black wedge indicates slits between branches. Black circles with black letters H′, K′, and L′ indicate sensory-canal pores. P1, P2, and P3 indicate anteriormost point of anterior extension of scaly area along predorsal midline, anteriormost point of anterior extensions of scaly area on temporal region, and greatest concaved point of scaly area between P1 and P2, respectively. Photographed and annotated by T. Suzuki.

Fig. 7 in A New Species with Two New Subspecies of Rhinogobius (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from Yaeyama Group, the Ryukyu Islands, Japan

Fig. 7. Freshly-collected paratypes of Rhinogobius aonumai aonumai from Iriomote-jima Island, the Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Nakaragawa River: A (OMNH-P 43153, male, 47.3mm SL) and B (OMNH-P 43156, female, 37.0 mm SL); Nishida-gawa River: C (OMNH-P 40533, male, 58.3 mm SL) and D (OMNH-P 40537, female, 50.3 mm SL); Urauchi-gawa River: E (OMNH-P 40040, male, 43.6 mm SL) and F (SPMN-PI 46249, female, 46.0 mm SL); Yuchin-gawa River: G (OMNH-P 40323, male, 63.0 mm SL) and H (OMNH-P 40327, female, 49.2 mm SL). Photographed by T. Suzuki.

Fig. 16 in A New Species with Two New Subspecies of Rhinogobius (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from Yaeyama Group, the Ryukyu Islands, Japan

Fig. 16. Rhinogobius flumineus at Ina-gawa River, Ina-gawa, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan. Freshly-collected: A (OMNH-P 43228, 52.3 mm SL, male) and B (OMNH-P 43229, 50.6 mm SL, female), photographed by T. Suzuki.; underwater photographs: C (male, about 40 mm SL) and D (female, about 40 mm SL), photographed by M. Suzuki.

Fig. 13 in A New Species with Two New Subspecies of Rhinogobius (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from Yaeyama Group, the Ryukyu Islands, Japan

Fig. 13. Dorsal (top), lateral (middle), and ventral (bottom) views of head of Rhinogobius aonumai ishigakiensis stained with cyanine blue showing cephalic sensory pores and papillae. KPM-NI 65588, paratype, male, 55.9 mm SL. Red circles with red letters indicate sensory canal pores (letters with prime marks indicate terminal openings of sensory canals); rows of yellow spots indicated by yellow letters represent sensory papillae rows; black arrows show ventralmost positions of gill opening. Abbreviations: AN, anterior narial pore; PN, posterior narial pore. Photographed and annotated by T. Suzuki.