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FIGURE 2 in Detection of two cryptic taxa in Meristogenys amoropalamus (Amphibia, Ranidae) through nuclear and mitochondrial DNA analyses
FIGURE 2. Distributions of haplotype frequencies of POMC for three lineages of M. cf. amoropalamus. The size of each circle indicates the number of samples examined from each locality. 1, Wario; 2, Poring, 3, Mesilau; 4, Kamborangah; 5, Liwagu; 6, Bundu Tuhan; 7, Mahua. KNP and CRNP indicate Kinabalu National Park and Crocker Range National Park, respectively.
FIGURE 1 in Detection of two cryptic taxa in Meristogenys amoropalamus (Amphibia, Ranidae) through nuclear and mitochondrial DNA analyses
FIGURE 1. Neighbor-joining tree of a 963-bp sequence of mitochondrial 12S rRNA and Cytb (left) and 1313-bp sequences of nuclear POMC, Rag-1, and rhodopsin (right) for species of Meristogenys. Numbers above or below branches represent bootstrap support for the NJ/MP inference for the respective clade (both 1000 replicates). Nodes with asterisks indicate significant support (>95%) by Bayesian inference. Lineage names were designated by Shimada et al. (2007) and the present study. The haplotypes of M. cf. amoropalamus are given using the locality name; Bu: Bundu Tuhan, Ka: Kamborangah, Li: Liwagu, Ma: Mahua, Me: Mesilau, Po: Poring, Wa: Wario. The number of adult and larval specimens of each haplotype of M. cf. amoropalamus is shown in parenthesis.
FIGURE 1 in Nuclear and plastid DNA data confirm that Sedum tosaense (Crassulaceae) has a disjunct distribution between Pacific mainland Japan and Jeju Island, Korea
FIGURE 1. Habit of Sedum tosaense. A. Plant in Kochi Prefecture, Japan (8 December 2012). B. Plant on Jeju Island, Korea (6 July 2013). Bars = 3 cm.
FIGURE 3 in Nuclear and plastid DNA data confirm that Sedum tosaense (Crassulaceae) has a disjunct distribution between Pacific mainland Japan and Jeju Island, Korea
FIGURE 3. Maximum clade credibility tree using multispecies coalescent analysis based on ITS and cpDNA data. The numerals beside branches are Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) (upper). Clade depth indicates the mean nodal age (million years) (lower) and nodes with PP ≥ 0.90 are annotated with the 95% highest posterior density intervals for node ages by bars.
FIGURE 2 in Nuclear and plastid DNA data confirm that Sedum tosaense (Crassulaceae) has a disjunct distribution between Pacific mainland Japan and Jeju Island, Korea
FIGURE 2. Map showing two distribution areas of Sedum tosaense: Kochi, Shikoku District, Japan and Jeju Island, Korea.
FIGURE 4 in Phylogenetic relationships of Discyphus scopulariae (Orchidaceae, Cranichideae) inferred from plastid and nuclear DNA sequences: evidence supporting recognition of a new subtribe, Discyphinae
FIGURE 4. Phylogenetic relationships in Spiranthinae inferred from nuclear (ITS) and plastid (rbcL, matK-trnK, trnL-trnF) DNA sequences by maximum likelihood (ML). The main tree is the ML tree; numbers under branches are bootstrap proportions from the ML bootstrap analysis. The inset on the upper left hand is the ML tree with branches drawn proportional to branch lengths. The major clades referred to in the text are marked as follows: a, Stenoptera clade; b, Prescottia clade; c, "core" Cranichidinae; d, Spiranthinae (excluding Discyphus). The position of Discyphus is indicated by an asterisk (*).
FIGURE 3 in Phylogenetic relationships of Discyphus scopulariae (Orchidaceae, Cranichideae) inferred from plastid and nuclear DNA sequences: evidence supporting recognition of a new subtribe, Discyphinae
FIGURE 3. Phylogenetic relationships in Spiranthinae inferred from nuclear (ITS) and plastid (rbcL, matK-trnK, trnL-trnF) DNA sequences by maximum parsimony (MP). The main tree is the strict consensus of 24 most parsimonious trees (MPTs) recovered by the analysis; numbers under branches are bootstrap proportions (from the MP bootstrap analysis). The inset on the upper left hand is one of the 24 MPTs with branches drawn proportional to branch length. The major clades referred to in the text are marked as follows: a, Stenoptera clade; b, Prescottia clade; c, "core" Cranichidinae; d, Spiranthinae (excluding Discyphus). The position of Discyphus is indicated by an asterisk (*).
FIGURE 2 in Phylogenetic relationships of Discyphus scopulariae (Orchidaceae, Cranichideae) inferred from plastid and nuclear DNA sequences: evidence supporting recognition of a new subtribe, Discyphinae
FIGURE 2. Discyphus scopulariae (from Coelho de Moraes 2171). A. Habit. B. Flower. C. Flower opened out between dorsal sepal and one lateral sepal. D. Dorsal sepal. E. Lateral sepal. F. Petal. G. Labellum. H. Column, ventral view. I. Column apex, side view. Single bar = 1 mm, double bar = 1 cm. Drawn by Judi Stone and originally published in Pridgeon et al. 2003: Fig. 181.1 (reproduced with permission).
FIGURE 1. Discyphus scopulariae. A in Phylogenetic relationships of Discyphus scopulariae (Orchidaceae, Cranichideae) inferred from plastid and nuclear DNA sequences: evidence supporting recognition of a new subtribe, Discyphinae
FIGURE 1. Discyphus scopulariae. A. Flowering plant in situ (Bahia, Brazil, Popovkin 338A). B−E. Another flowering plant removed from soil (Bahia, Brazil, Popovkin 900). C. Inflorescence. D. Roots and leaf from below. E. Close-up of the column apex from below with the pollinarium removed, showing the bifid rostellum remnant and the two stigmatic areas with pollinium fragments presumably deposited by an unrecorded pollinator. Photographers: Alex Popovkin (A−D), Isys Souza (E).
Figure 8 in The evolutionary history of the order Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA: implications for black coral taxonomy and systematics
Figure 8. SEM photographs of the indistinguishable trigeneric complex, comprising Parantipathes, Lillipathes, and Dendrobathypathes (all collected from the eastern North Pacific Ocean). A, D. boutillieri (USNM 1014186; scale bars 0.1 mm); B, L. wingi (USNM 1014106; scale bars 0.1 mm); C–E, Parantipathes sp. (J2095-2-7-6). C, individual spine.
Figure 7 in The evolutionary history of the order Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA: implications for black coral taxonomy and systematics
Figure 7. In-situ and laboratory photographs of the indistinguishable trigeneric complex, comprising Parantipathes, Lillipathes, and Dendrobathypathes (all collected from the eastern North Pacific Ocean). A, branched Parantipathes sp. (J2106-7-1; 937 m); B, small colony of D. boutillieri with lab photo inset (J2097-2-1; 1734 m); C, unbranched Parantipathes sp. (J2012-6-3; 862 m); D, unbranched Parantipathes sp. (J2095-2-7-4; 843 m); E, D. boutillieri (J2095-2-5-1; 2162 m); F, Lillipathes sp. (specimen not included in this study; photo reproduced with permission from http://mcbi.marine -conservation.org; © NOAA/MBARI; 1520 m in the eastern Gulf of Alaska). Photos A, B, C courtesy of NOAA.
Figure 6 in The evolutionary history of the order Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA: implications for black coral taxonomy and systematics
Figure 6. SEM and in situ photographs of aphanipathid Stichopathes. Left, Stichopathes cf. flagellum (Lyman Seamount; specimen LYM106-5; depth of collection: 1485 m). Right, Stichopathes dissimilis (Lyman Seamount; LYM105-1; 1485 m). Inset, S. dissimilis (Rehoboth Seamount; REH202-2; 1681 m). In situ photos courtesy of the Mountains in the Sea Research Team, URI/IAO, IFE, and NOAA.
Figure 5 in The evolutionary history of the order Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA: implications for black coral taxonomy and systematics
Figure 5. ML-based phylogenetic reconstruction of the cox3-cox1 nucleotide alignment, rooted to the Actiniaria (sea anemones). AIC within jModelTest selected the TVM + G model of nucleotide substitution (gamma: 0.1860). ML parameters and character usage are the same as in Figure 2.
Figure 4 in The evolutionary history of the order Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA: implications for black coral taxonomy and systematics
Figure 4. ML-based phylogenetic reconstruction of the nuc-contig alignment. AIC within jModelTest selected the TIM3 + I + G model of nucleotide substitution (pinvar: 0.8420, gamma: 0.5910). ML parameters, outgroup selection, and character usage are the same as in Figure 2. Due to difficulty in amplifying and sequencing 18S and 28S for Elatopathes abietina and Stichopathes dissimilis, their sequences were chimeras comprising data from multiple individuals (USNM 1116469 & USNM 1116470 and LYM105-1 & MAN802-1, respectively).
Figure 3 in The evolutionary history of the order Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA: implications for black coral taxonomy and systematics
Figure 3. ML-based phylogenetic reconstruction of the mt-contig alignment incorporating the full cox3-cox1 plus the Gblocks-edited igrW and igrN. AIC within jModelTest selected the TVM + I + G model of nucleotide substitution (pinvar: 0.4210, gamma: 0.8800). ML parameters, outgroup selection, and character usage are the same as in Figure 2. ∧ Includes Tanacetipathes barbadensis USNM 1116465, T. tanacetum SED804-7, Plumapathes pennacea USNM 1086297, and P. pennacea USNM 1086302*. ∧∧ Includes Antipathes curvata USNM 1015453, A. cf. virgata USNM 99750, and Cirrhipathes sp. P4-226-9. ∧∧∧ Includes Stichopathes cf. occidentalis TMKO-132* and TMNI0707-22*.
Figure 2 in The evolutionary history of the order Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA: implications for black coral taxonomy and systematics
Figure 2. ML-based phylogenetic reconstruction of the mt-contig alignment, rooted to the Leiopathidae (an ingroup). Numbers at nodes are bootstrap support values based on 1000 replicates. AIC within jModelTest selected the TVM + I + G model of nucleotide substitution [proportion of invariable sites (pinvar): 0.3940; gamma distribution parameter: 1.0000]. Tip labels indicate the specimen used in the alignment. Several specimens shared identical haplotypes or had haplotypes that were rendered identical following manipulations of the sequence alignment (see text); only one representative of these haplotypes was included in the analysis but the taxa affected are highlighted as follows: identical nominal taxa are separated by a forward slash, and an asterisk indicates unique haplotypes rendered identical following sequence manipulations. For the indistinguishable trigeneric complex, the taxon used in the phylogeny is listed in curly brackets. ∧ Includes Tanacetipathes barbadensis USNM 1116465, T. tanacetum SED804-7, Plumapathes pennacea USNM 1086297, and P. pennacea USNM 1086302*. ∧∧ Includes Antipathes curvata USNM 1015453, A. cf. virgata USNM 99750, and Cirrhipathes sp. P4-226-9. ∧∧∧ Includes Stichopathes cf. occidentalis TMKO-132* and TMNI0707-22*.
Figure 1 in The evolutionary history of the order Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA: implications for black coral taxonomy and systematics
Figure 1. Interspecific genetic distances (based on the K2P) within families (or select clades – see text) for the three mitochondrial gene regions. The highest genetic distance estimate obtained was for the Aphanipathidae + A.t. and E.a. using igrN (26.06%). The IGR (intergenic region) separating cox3 and cox1 (i.e. igrC) was removed prior to analysis. Alignments include indels. A.v., Aphanipathes verticillata; A.t., Acanthopathes thyoides; E.a., Elatopathes abietina. See Table 3 for details on which taxa were included/excluded in the distance estimates for each family.
Figure 5 in Exploring phylogenetic informativeness and nuclear copies of mitochondrial DNA (numts) in three commonly used mitochondrial genes: mitochondrial phylogeny of peppermint, cleaner, and semi-terrestrial shrimps (Caridea: Lysmata, Exhippolysmata, and Merguia)
Figure 5. Phylogenetic informativeness of three mtDNA gene fragments (16S, 12S, and COI) in peppermint, cleaner, and semi-terrestrial shrimps. (A) Phylogenetic informativeness (PI) profiles of the three different mtDNA gene fragments studied through relative time in shrimps from the genera Lysmata, Exhippolysmata, and Merguia. The sum of the instantaneous asymptotic informativeness of all sites in each gene is plotted. The arrows and numbers above or below them indicate the relative time (arrow) and magnitude (numbers) at which PI reaches its maximum value. (B) Tree topology resulting from the maximum-likelihood analysis of the sequences studied with a relative time-enforced branch length. This phylogeny was used to calculate the PI profiles in panel (A). Species pertaining to the different monophyletic clades previously revealed by the combined analyses of the three mtDNA gene fragments are highlighted with different colours, as in Figure 3.
Figure 7. Neighbour-nets generated using SplitsTree4 in Exploring phylogenetic informativeness and nuclear copies of mitochondrial DNA (numts) in three commonly used mitochondrial genes: mitochondrial phylogeny of peppermint, cleaner, and semi-terrestrial shrimps (Caridea: Lysmata, Exhippolysmata, and Merguia)
Figure 7. Neighbour-nets generated using SplitsTree4 from the three mtDNA gene fragments studied (16S, 12S, and COI) in shrimps from the genera Lysmata, Exhippolysmata, and Merguia. Species pertaining to the different monophyletic clades previously revealed by the combined analyses of the three mtDNA gene fragments are highlighted with different colours, as in Figure 3. Abbreviations: LA, Lysmata ankeri; LABP, Lysmata cf. vittata; LAM, Lysmata amboinensis; LARG, Lysmata argentopuctata; LBA, Lysmata bahia; LBO, Lysmata boggessi; LCA, Lysmata californica; LD, Lysmata debelius; LGA, Lysmata galapagensis; LGB, Lysmata grabhami; LGR, Lysmata gracilirostris; LH, Lysmata hochi; LHO, Lysmata holthuisi; LI, Lysmata intermedia; LIM2, Lysmata cf. intermedia; LK, Lysmata kuekenthali; LM, Lysmata moorei; LN, Lysmata nayaritensis; LNI, Lysmata nilita; LO, Lysmata olavoi; LP, Lysmata pederseni; LRA, Lysmata rafa; LSET, Lysmata seticaudata; LT, Lysmata cf. ternatensis; LV, Lysmata vittata; LU, Lysmata udoi; LWEF, Lysmata wurdemanni EFL; LWG, Lysmata wurdemanni TX; LWWF, Lysmata wurdemanni WFL; EXO, Exhippolysmata oplophoroides; EXE, Exhippolysmata ensirostris; MO, Merguia oligodon; MR, Merguia rhizophorae; and NSP, Nikoides sp.
Figure 3 in Exploring phylogenetic informativeness and nuclear copies of mitochondrial DNA (numts) in three commonly used mitochondrial genes: mitochondrial phylogeny of peppermint, cleaner, and semi-terrestrial shrimps (Caridea: Lysmata, Exhippolysmata, and Merguia)
Figure 3. Tree topology resulting from the combined analysis of the three mtDNA gene fragments studied (16S, 12S, and COI) for shrimps from the genus Lysmata (29 taxa), Exhippolysmata (two taxa), Merguia (two taxa), and one out-group (Nikoides sp.), under maximum likelihood (ML). Numbers above or below the branches represent the bootstrap values obtained from the maximum likelihood (ML) analysis in TREEFINDER and posterior probabilities from the Bayesian inference (BI) analysis in MrBayes (ML/BI). The general topology of the trees obtained from ML and BI analyses was the same.
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