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115 results for “nuptial gift”
Data from: The shield effect: nuptial gifts protect males against precopulatory sexual cannibalism
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Data from : Hunger-dependent female receptivity leads to variable optimal polyandry with equal fitness in a nuptial gift-giving spider
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Data from: Optimal numbers of matings: the conditional balance between benefits and costs of mating for females of a nuptial gift-giving spider
In species where females gain a nutritious nuptial gift during mating, the balance between benefits and costs of mating may depend on access to food. This means that there is not one optimal number of matings for the female but a range of optimal mating numbers. With increasing food availability, the optimal number of matings for a female should vary from the number necessary only for fertilization of her eggs to the number needed also for producing these eggs. In three experimental series, the average number of matings for females of the nuptial gift-giving spider Pisaura mirabilis before egg sac construction varied from 2 to 16 with food-limited females generally accepting more matings than well-fed females. Minimal level of optimal mating number for females at satiation feeding conditions was predicted to be 2–3; in an experimental test, the median number was 2 (range 0–4). Multiple mating gave benefits in terms of increased fecundity and increased egg hatching success up to the third mating, and it had costs in terms of reduced fecundity, reduced egg hatching success after the third mating, and lower offspring size. The level of polyandry seems to vary with the female optimum, regulated by a satiation-dependent resistance to mating, potentially leaving satiated females in lifelong virginity.
Data from: Silk wrapping of nuptial gifts aids cheating behaviour in male spiders
Sexual traits, such as nuptial gifts, are costly and often condition-dependent. Males should be under selection to reduce these costs without impairing their reproductive success. Spider gifts consist of silk-wrapped food, but may also consist of worthless (non-nutritive) donations that successfully lead to mating, despite yielding shorter copulations. Worthless gifts may either represent a cheaper cheating strategy or the inability to produce genuine gifts due to resource limitations (i.e. poor body condition). Unless energetic constraints limit expenditure in silk, males should apply more silk to worthless gifts to compensate for their lower reproductive value. We ask whether in Pisaura mirabilis 1) worthless gifts are condition-dependent and 2) males strategically use silk based on gift type (genuine vs worthless). We tested whether male body condition explains the gift-giving strategy and compared silk amounts covering each gift type, in gifts collected from the field and produced in the laboratory by males given different feeding regimes. Our findings show that worthless gifts are not promoted by poor body condition or limited resources. They rather result from a cheating strategy evolved to opportunistically reduce the costs of genuine gifts while ensuring nutritional advantages, with cheaters gaining body mass. Males applied more silk to worthless gifts regardless of their body condition or feeding state, suggesting they can strategically adjust silk expenditure despite its costs. By masking gift contents and prolonging female feeding, silk is crucial for the maintenance of cheating, likely resulting from an evolutionary arms race between male deception and female assessment.
Data from: Terminal investment in the gustatory appeal of nuptial food gifts in crickets
Investment in current versus future reproduction represents a prominent trade-off in life-history theory, and is likely dependent on an individual's life expectancy. The terminal investment hypothesis posits that a reduction in residual reproductive value (i.e., potential for future offspring) will result in increased investment in current reproduction. We tested the hypothesis that male decorated crickets (Gryllodes sigillatus), when cued to their impending mortality, should increase their reproductive effort by altering the composition of their nuptial food gifts (i.e., spermatophylaxes) to increase their gustatory appeal to females. Using a repeated-measures design, we analysed the amino acid composition of spermatophylaxes derived from males both before and after injection of either a saline control or a solution of heat-killed bacteria. The latter, although non-pathogenic, represents an immune challenge that may signal an impending survival threat. One principal component explaining amino acid variation in spermatophylaxes, characterized by a high loading to histidine, was significantly lower in immune challenged versus control males. The relevance of this difference for the gustatory appeal of gifts to females was assessed by mapping spermatophylax composition onto a fitness surface derived in an earlier study identifying the amino acid composition of spermatophylaxes preferred by females. We found that immune challenged males maintained the level of attractiveness of their gifts post-treatment, while control males produced significantly less attractive gifts post-injection. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that cues of a survival-threatening infection stimulate terminal investment in male decorated crickets with respect to the gustatory appeal of their nuptial food gifts.
Figure 3 in Evolution of nuptial-gift-related male prosomal structures: taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of the genus Oedothorax (Araneae: Linyphiidae: Erigoninae)
Figure 3. Continuation of Figure 2, showing Clade 36.
Data from: Optimal numbers of matings: the conditional balance between benefits and costs of mating for females of a nuptial gift-giving spider
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Data from: Silk wrapping of nuptial gifts aids cheating behaviour in male spiders
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Data from: Food fight: sexual conflict over free amino acids in the nuptial gifts of male decorated crickets
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Data from: Terminal investment in the gustatory appeal of nuptial food gifts in crickets
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Figure 84 in Evolution of nuptial-gift-related male prosomal structures: taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of the genus Oedothorax (Araneae: Linyphiidae: Erigoninae)
Figure 84. Ummeliata insecticeps (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906). A, B, male left palp. A, prolateral view. B, tibia, dorsal view. C, D, epigyne. C, ventral view. D, external morphology. Scale bars 0.1 mm.
Figure 73 in Evolution of nuptial-gift-related male prosomal structures: taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of the genus Oedothorax (Araneae: Linyphiidae: Erigoninae)
Figure 73. Atypena formosana (Oi, 1977). A–D, male left palp. A, retrolateral view. B, prolateral view. C, dorsal view. D, ventral view. E, apical view. E, F, epigyne. E, ventral view. F, external morphology. G, female spinnerets, first individual, dorsal view. H, female posterior median spinnerets, second individual, dorsal view. I, female posterior median spinnerets, first individual, ventral view. Scale bar 0.1 mm.
Figure 50 in Evolution of nuptial-gift-related male prosomal structures: taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of the genus Oedothorax (Araneae: Linyphiidae: Erigoninae)
Figure 50. Mitrager falciferoides (Tanasevitch, 2015). A–D, male right palp, images flipped horizontally. A, retrolateral view. B, prolateral view. C, dorsal view. D, embolic division, prolateral view. E, male left palp, retrolateral view. F, male spinnerets. G, male posterior median spinnerets and posterior lateral spinnerets, dorsal view. Scale bars 0.1 mm.
Figure 44 in Evolution of nuptial-gift-related male prosomal structures: taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of the genus Oedothorax (Araneae: Linyphiidae: Erigoninae)
Figure 44. Mitrager clypeellum (Tanasevitch, 1998). A–F, male right palp, images flipped horizontally. A, retrolateral view. B, prolateral view. C, dorsal view. D, ventral view. E, apical view. F, trochanter, femur and patella. G, male spinnerets. Scale bars 0.1 mm.
Figure 57 in Evolution of nuptial-gift-related male prosomal structures: taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of the genus Oedothorax (Araneae: Linyphiidae: Erigoninae)
Figure 57. Mitrager malearmata (Tanasevitch, 1998). A–E, male right palp, images flipped horizontally. A, retrolateral view. B, prolateral view. C, dorsal view. D, ventral view. E, apical view. F, male spinnerets. G, male posterior median spinnerets, dorsal view. Scale bars 0.1 mm.
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