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Data from: How parasite interaction strategies alter virulence evolution in multi-parasite communities
The majority of organisms host multiple parasite species, each of which can interact with hosts and competitors through a diverse range of direct and indirect mechanisms. These within-host interactions can directly alter the mortality rate of coinfected hosts and alter the evolution of virulence (parasite induced host mortality). Yet we still know little about how within-host interactions affect the evolution of parasite virulence in multi-parasite communities. Here, we modeled the virulence evolution of two coinfecting parasites in a host population in which parasites interacted through cross immunity, immune suppression, immunopathology, or spite. We show (1) that these within-host interactions have different effects on virulence evolution when all parasites interact with each other in the same way vs. when coinfecting parasites have unique interaction strategies, (2) that all of these interactions cause the evolution of lower virulence in some hosts, and higher virulence in other hosts, depending on the hosts infection status, and (3) that for cross immunity and spite, whether parasites increased or decreased the evolutionarily stable virulence in coinfected hosts depended on interaction strength. These results improve our understanding of virulence evolution in complex parasite communities, and show that virulence evolution must be understood at the community scale.
Data from: Long-term prevalence data reveals spillover dynamics in a multi-host (Artemia), multi-parasite (Microsporidia) community
In the study of multi-host parasites, it is often found that host species contribute asymmetrically to parasite transmission. Yet in natural populations, identifying which hosts contribute to parasite transmission and maintenance is a recurring challenge. Here, we approach this issue by taking advantage of natural variation in the composition of a host community. We studied the brine shrimps Artemia franciscana and Artemia parthenogenetica and their microsporidian parasites Anostracospora rigaudi and Enterocytospora artemiae. Previous laboratory experiments had shown that each host can transmit both parasites, but could not predict their actual contributions to the parasites' maintenance in the field. To resolve this, we gathered long-term prevalence data from a metacommunity of these species. Metacommunity patches could contain either or both of the Artemia host species, so that the presence of the hosts could be linked directly to the persistence of the parasites. First, we show that the microsporidian A. rigaudi is a spillover parasite: it was unable to persist in the absence of its maintenance host A. parthenogenetica. This result was particularly striking, as A. rigaudi displayed both high prevalence (in the field) and high infectivity (when tested in the laboratory) in both hosts. Moreover, the seasonal presence of A. parthenogenetica imposed seasonality on the rate of spillover, causing cyclical pseudo-endemics in the spillover host A. franciscana. Second, while our prevalence data was sufficient to identify E. artemiae as either a spillover or a facultative multi-host parasite, we could not distinguish between the two possibilities. This study supports the importance of studying the community context of multi-host parasites, and demonstrates that in appropriate multi-host systems, sampling across a range of conditions and host communities can lead to clear conclusions about the drivers of parasite persistence.
Data from: Within guild co-infections influence parasite community membership: a longitudinal study in African Buffalo
1. Experimental studies in laboratory settings have demonstrated a critical role of parasite interactions in shaping parasite communities. The sum of these interactions can produce diverse effects on individual hosts as well as influence disease emergence and persistence at the population level. 2. A predictive framework for the effects of parasite interactions in the wild remains elusive, largely because of limited longitudinal or experimental data on parasite communities of free-ranging hosts. 3. This four year study followed a community of haemoparasites in free-ranging African buffalo (Syncerus caffer). We detected infection by 11 haemoparasite species using PCR-based diagnostic techniques, and analyzed drivers of infection patterns using generalized linear mixed models to understand the role of host characteristics and season on infection likelihood. We tested for (1) effects of co-infection by other haemoparasites (within guild) and (2) effects of parasites infecting different tissue types (across guild). 4. We found that within guild co-infections were the strongest predictors of haemoparasite infections in the buffalo; but that seasonal and host characteristics also had important effects. In contrast, the evidence for across-guild effects of parasites utilizing different tissue on haemoparasite infection was weak. 5. These results provide a nuanced view of the role of co-infections in determining haemoparasite infection patterns in free living mammalian hosts. Our findings suggest a role for interactions among parasites infecting a single tissue type in determining infection patterns.
Data from: Seasonal host community dynamics constrain the risk of parasite transmission between migrant and resident species
<p>Seasonal migration shapes the community dynamics that influence pathogen transmission between migrants and resident species. While theoretical and empirical evidence has accumulated, whether migration increases or decreases the risk of cross-species infection remains inconclusive. We studied how the seasonal arrival and departure of a single avian migrant species change the composition of local communities in breeding areas affecting the haemosporidian infection dynamics. The seasonal reordering of resident species abundances induced by migrants, minimizes the opportunities for contact between highly infected hosts and susceptible species, either migrants or residents, thereby limiting the transmission of parasites to occasional spillover events. The occurrence of spillover dynamics during the seasonal sympatry between migrants and residents provides a plausible explanation that reconciles empirical inconsistencies in the intersection of animal migration and infection risk at the host community level. Our findings underscore the critical role played by seasonality in shaping infection dynamics in migratory systems.</p>
TIBETAN SRUNG RTAGS AND YAK PARASITE TREATMENT, Sha rgya Community, Mgo mang (Guomaying) Township, Mang rdzong (Guinan) County, Mstho lho (Hainan) Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Mstho sngon (Qinghai) Province, PR China
<p>TIBETAN <em>SRUNG RTAGS</em> AND YAK PARASITE TREATMENT, Sha rgya Community, Mgo mang (Guomaying) Township, Mang rdzong (Guinan) County, Mstho lho (Hainan) Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Mstho sngon (Qinghai) Province, PR China</p> <p><a name="OLE_LINK9"></a>by Gser mo mtho གསེར་མོ་མཚོ། (赛毛措 Saimaocuo)</p> <p>I recorded my maternal grandmother (Dkar mo rgyal, b. 1937) and my mother (Rgya kho, b. 1964) making <em>srung rtags</em> 'protective clothing labels from wool and a cloth' using my iPhone 12 on Friday, March 1, 2024. Grandmother explained that the wool must be greased because grease symbolizes wealth and merit. In our home in <a name="OLE_LINK5"></a>Sha rgya Community, <a name="OLE_LINK2"></a>Mgo mang (Guomaying) Township, Mang rdzong (Guinan) County, Mstho lho (Hainan) Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Mstho sngon (Qinghai) Province, PR China, we perform the Srung rtags ritual once a year, usually on the first, third, or fifteenth day of the Lunar New Year. These days are considered auspicious. The ritual's purpose is to eliminate all distractions and obstacles to complete what you desire as soon as possible.</p> <p>On the first day, Grandmother and Mother made six <em>srung rtags</em> for six different yaks belonging to guardian deities: Dpa’ ldan lha mo, Yul lha, A myes dam chen mgar ba nag po, A myes glang chen, A myes rma chen, and Sman chu’i a ma lab sgron ma, which took twenty minutes. Mother mentioned that she didn't want to make <em>srung rtags</em> for Dpa’ Idan Iha mo, a female guardian deity because one yak that had belonged to her after the yak died suddenly. Grandmother believed this was because the deity was unhappy. Grandmother said a <em>bla ma</em> said that ten of our yaks died in 2023 because Dpa 'Idan Iha mo was unhappy, so this year, we needed to offer her more incense to make her happy.</p> <p>On Saturday, March 3, 2024, Grandmother, Mother, my younger sister (Klu mo mtsho, b. 2006), and I performed the ritual. Mother prepared two scoops of water - one with milk and one without. Water-only was poured over the yaks before tying the<em>srung rtags</em> to the yak’s manes. After tying the <em>srung rtags</em> to the yaks' manes, butter was smeared on the horns, forehead, and muzzle. Finally, water-with-milk was poured over the yaks. If the yaks shook, it indicated that the guardian deities were pleased.</p> <p>On Monday, March 5, 2024, Mother said there were numerous parasites on the yaks' hair, especially on the calves. She had treated the parasites several times in the past month, but they persisted. She then purchased a parasite poison from Mgo mang (Guomaying) Town. It was hard to apply to the yak’s skin because of its strong smell, making the yak flee. Consequently, she mixed ash with the poison, reducing the odor. When Mother was younger, her grandmother used ash or rapeseed oil to treat yak parasites, which proved effective. Mother also used rapeseed oil to treat yak parasites, but it was only temporarily effective. I didn't help her much because I was recording, but I gave them oil while they were treating the yaks for parasites.</p> <p> </p> <p>TIBETAN TERMS</p> <p>a myes dam chen mgar ba nag po ཨ་མྱེས་དམ་ཅན་མགར་བ་ནག་པོ།</p> <p>a myes glang chen ཨ་མྱེས་གླང་ཆེན།</p> <p>a myes rma chen ཨ་མྱེས་རྨ་ཆེན།</p> <p>bla ma བླ་མ།</p> <p>dkar mo rgyal དཀར་མོ་རྒྱལ།</p> <p>dpa’ ldan Iha mo དཔའ་ལྡན་ལྷ་མོ།</p> <p>gser mo mtho གསེར་མོ་མཚོ།</p> <p>mang zdong མང་རྫོང་།</p> <p>mgo mang མགོ་མང་།</p> <p>mstho lho མཚོ་ལྷོ།</p> <p>mstho snon མཚོ་སྔོན།</p> <p>rgaya kho རྒྱ་ཁོ།</p> <p>sha rgya ཤ་རྒྱ།</p> <p>Sman chu’i a ma lab sgron ma སྨན་ཆུའི་ཨ་མ་ལབ་སྒྲོན་མ།</p> <p>srung rtags སྲུང་རྟགས།</p> <p>yul lha ཡུལ་ལྷ།</p> <p> </p> <p>CHINESE TERMS</p> <p>Guinan 贵南</p> <p>Guoma Ying 过马营</p> <p>Hainan 海南</p> <p>Qinghai 青海</p>
Figure 4 in Temporal dynamics of parasite populations and communities of blue sea catfish Ariopsis guatemalensis (Günther, 1864), in a eutrophic coastal lagoon from Mexican Pacific
Figure 4. Mean values of the infracommunity parameters (± standard deviation) in Ariopsis guatemalensis from Tres Palos lagoon.
Figure 2 in Temporal dynamics of parasite populations and communities of blue sea catfish Ariopsis guatemalensis (Günther, 1864), in a eutrophic coastal lagoon from Mexican Pacific
Figure 2. Species accumulation curves for component parasite communities of Ariopsis guatemalensis from Tres Palos lagoon. Only some species accumulation curves are shown.
Figure 1 in Temporal dynamics of parasite populations and communities of blue sea catfish Ariopsis guatemalensis (Günther, 1864), in a eutrophic coastal lagoon from Mexican Pacific
Figure 1. Relationship between the gonadosomatic index (GSI) and gastric repletion index (GRI) in Ariopsis guatemalensis from Tres Palos lagoon.
Figure 5 in Temporal dynamics of parasite populations and communities of blue sea catfish Ariopsis guatemalensis (Günther, 1864), in a eutrophic coastal lagoon from Mexican Pacific
Figure 5. Scatter plot of principal component analysis (PCA) of factors that influence the species richness and diversity of the parasite infracommunities of Ariopsis guatemalensis, from Tres Palos lagoon. 'Predictor variables': Season = climatic season, Month = sampling month, GRI = gastric repletion index, GSI = gonadosomatic index, CF = condition factor, Size = host body size (total length), Sex = sex of the host. Infracommunity parameters: Richness = number of parasite species per host, Diversity = Brillouin diversity index values, Load = total number of parasites per infracommunity, Evenness = species evenness, RHsp = number of heteroxenous parasite species, THsp = total number of heteroxenous parasites, TMsp = total number of monoxenous parasites. Ellipses represent sampling months.
Data from: A combined parasitological-molecular approach for non-invasive characterization of parasitic nematode communities in wild hosts
Most hosts are concurrently or sequentially infected with multiple parasites; thus, fully understanding interactions between individual parasite species and their hosts depends on accurate characterization of the parasite community. For parasitic nematodes, noninvasive methods for obtaining quantitative, species-specific infection data in wildlife are often unreliable. Consequently, characterization of gastrointestinal nematode communities of wild hosts has largely relied on lethal sampling to isolate and enumerate adult worms directly from the tissues of dead hosts. The necessity of lethal sampling severely restricts the host species that can be studied, the adequacy of sample sizes to assess diversity, the geographic scope of collections and the research questions that can be addressed. Focusing on gastrointestinal nematodes of wild African buffalo, we evaluated whether accurate characterization of nematode communities could be made using a noninvasive technique that combined conventional parasitological approaches with molecular barcoding. To establish the reliability of this new method, we compared estimates of gastrointestinal nematode abundance, prevalence, richness and community composition derived from lethal sampling with estimates derived from our noninvasive approach. Our noninvasive technique accurately estimated total and species-specific worm abundances, as well as worm prevalence and community composition when compared to the lethal sampling method. Importantly, the rate of parasite species discovery was similar for both methods, and only a modest number of barcoded larvae (n = 10) were needed to capture key aspects of parasite community composition. Overall, this new noninvasive strategy offers numerous advantages over lethal sampling methods for studying nematode–host interactions in wildlife and can readily be applied to a range of study systems.
Data from: Experimental parasite community ecology: intraspecific variation in a large tapeworm affects community assembly
Non-random species associations occur in naturally-sampled parasite communities. The processes resulting in predictable community structure (e.g. particular host behaviours, cross-immunity, interspecific competition) could be affected by traits that vary within a parasite species, like growth or antigenicity. We experimentally infected three-spined sticklebacks with a large tapeworm (Schistocephalus solidus) that impacts the energy needs, foraging behaviour, and immune reactions of its host. The tapeworms came from two populations, characterized by high or low growth in sticklebacks. Our goal was to evaluate how this parasite, and variation in its growth, affects the acquisition of other parasites. Fish infected with S. solidus were placed into cages in a lake to expose them to the natural parasite community. We also performed a lab experiment in which infected fish were exposed to a fixed dose of a common trematode parasite. In the field experiment, infection with S. solidus affected the abundance of four parasite species, relative to controls. For two of the four species, changes occurred only in fish harbouring the high-growth S. solidus; one species increased in abundance and the other decreased. These changes did not appear to be directly linked to S. solidus growth though. The parasite exhibiting elevated abundance was the same trematode used in the lab infection. In that experiment, we found a similar infection pattern, suggesting that S. solidus affects the physiological susceptibility of fish to this trematode. Associations between S. solidus and other parasites occur and vary in direction. However, some of these associations were contingent on the S. solidus population, suggesting that intraspecific variability can affect the assembly of parasite communities.
Figure 1 in Parasite community of the golden cownose ray Rhinoptera steindachneri Evermann and Jenkins 1891 (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatidae), in Acapulco Bay, Guerrero, Mexico
Figure 1. Multivariate discriminant analyses of Rhinoptera steindachneri samples, from Acapulco Bay, México. The grey circles, open squares and black circles represent each of the rays during each sampling month. Centroid = mean group.
Figure 2 in Parasite community of the golden cownose ray Rhinoptera steindachneri Evermann and Jenkins 1891 (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatidae), in Acapulco Bay, Guerrero, Mexico
Figure 2. Canonical correlations between the first two discriminant functions, and the parasites of Rhinoptera steindachneri, which allow establishment of differences in parasite community structure between the sampling months. Eud = Eudactylinodes keratophagus and Tyl = Tylocephalum sp. were the most important parasites in determining the position of the July 2010 sample. Pad = Parachristianella dimegacantha, characteristic of rays collected in August 2010. Den = Denarycotyle gardneri, Ser = Serendip danbrooksi and Try = Trypanorhyncha larvae defined the position of the July 2012 sample.
Figure 4 in Factors linked to temporal and spatial variation in the metazoan parasite communities of green jack Caranx caballus (Günther 1868) (Pisces: Carangidae) from the Pacific coast of Mexico
Figure 4. Distinction of Caranx caballus stocks on the Pacific coast of Mexico using parasites as biological tags. (Inset: matrix of classification coefficient values for parasites of C. caballus that allow to differentiate stocks of this host; * indicates the importance of each species of parasite in distinguishing between locations). Dact, Dactylostomum winteri and Caro, Caligus robustus identified hosts from Zihuatanejo; this last copepod also differentiated fish from Puerto Vicente. Buce, Bucephalus varicus and Psca, Pseudopecoeloides carangi were the most important parasite species to identify hosts from Acapulco Bay. Allo, Allopyragraphorus caballeroi and Gnat = Gnathia sp. were the most important parasite species for assigning fish to Marquelia. Psse, Pseudomazocraes selene and Caal = Caligus alalongae allowed identification of the largest number of hosts from Zapotalito.
Figure 3 in Factors linked to temporal and spatial variation in the metazoan parasite communities of green jack Caranx caballus (Günther 1868) (Pisces: Carangidae) from the Pacific coast of Mexico
Figure 3. Graphic of multivariate discriminant analyses of Caranx caballus stocks, from Guerrero (Acapulco Bay, Marquelia, Puerto Vicente and Zihuatanejo), and Oaxaca (Zapotalito) Mexico. The symbols represent each one of the fish examined in each location. Centroid = mean group.
Figure 2 in Factors linked to temporal and spatial variation in the metazoan parasite communities of green jack Caranx caballus (Günther 1868) (Pisces: Carangidae) from the Pacific coast of Mexico
Figure 2. Scatter plot of principal component analysis (PCA) of factors that influence the species richness and diversity of the parasite infracommunities at Caranx caballus, from Mexican Pacific coast. Predictor variables: Size = host body size, Tcomponent = total number of component parasites, Rcomponent = species richness of component parasites, Feeding = variety of host diet, Year = sampling year, Location = sampling site. Dependent variables (infracommunity parameters): Load = total number of parasites per infracommunity, Diversity = Brillouin diversity index values, Richness = number of parasite species per infracommunity. Equitability = evenness of the parasite abundances.
Figure 1 in Factors linked to temporal and spatial variation in the metazoan parasite communities of green jack Caranx caballus (Günther 1868) (Pisces: Carangidae) from the Pacific coast of Mexico
Figure 1. Similarity percentages (Bray–Curtis index) for parasite communities of Caranx caballus between locations and sampling years.
Data for: Non-host species reduce parasite infection in a focal host species within experimental fish communities
<p class="MsoCommentText">The dilution effect describes the negative association between host biodiversity and the risk of infectious disease. Tests designed to understand the relative roles of host species richness, host species identity, and rates of exposure within experimental host communities would help resolve ongoing contention regarding the importance and generality of dilution effects. We exposed fathead minnows to infective larvae of the trematode, <i>Ornithodiplostomum ptychocheilus </i>in minnow-only containers and in mixed containers that held 1-3 other species of fish. Parasite infection was estimated as the numbers of encysted worms (i.e., brainworms) present in minnows following exposure. The results of exposure trials showed that non-minnow fish species were incompatible with <i>O. ptychocheilus</i> larvae. There was no reduction in mean brainworm counts in minnows in mixed containers with brook sticklebacks or longnose dace. In contrast, brainworm counts in minnows declined by 51% and 27% in mesocosms and aquaria, respectively, when they co-occurred with emerald shiners. Dilution within minnow + shiner containers may arise from shiner-induced alterations in minnow or parasite behaviours that reduced encounter rates between minnows and parasite larvae. Alternatively, shiners may act as parasite sinks for parasite larvae. These results highlight the role of host-species identity in the dilution effect. Our results also emphasize the complex and idiosyncratic effects of host community composition on rates of parasite infection within contemporary host communities that contain combinations of introduced and native species.</p>
Parasite communities of fishes from Northeastern Baltic Sea (data in Valtonen et al., 2001)
<p>Data on the parasite communities from 27 out of 31 sympatric host species from the Northeastern Bothnian Bay, Baltic Sea, originally used in</p> <p>Valtonen, E. T., K. Pulkkinen, R. Poulin, and M. Julkunen. 2001. The structure of parasite component communities in brackish water fishes of the northeastern Baltic Sea. Parasitology 122:471–481.</p> <p> </p> <p>Freshwater data was additionally used in one of the Natural antagonistic communities. These data also comprise 22 host individual-level datasets analysed in the Host sampling completeness gradient in</p> <p>Llopis‐Belenguer, C., J. A. Balbuena, I. Blasco‐Costa, A. Karvonen, V. Sarabeev, and J. Jokela. 2022. Sensitivity of bipartite network analyses to incomplete sampling and taxonomic uncertainty. Ecology</p> <p> </p> <p>Abbreviations:</p> <ul> <li>no: host number</li> <li>month: month of the sampling</li> <li>year: sampling place; 77: 1977; 78: 1978; 79: 1979</li> <li>place: sampling place</li> <li>length: fish body length</li> <li>weight: fish body weight</li> <li>sex: host sex; 1: male; 2: female</li> <li>degree: maturation stage</li> <li>hsp: host species</li> </ul> <p> </p> <p>Host species abbreviations:</p> <ul> <li>abra: Abramis brama</li> <li>aalb: Alburnus alburnus</li> <li>ccar: Carassius carassius</li> <li>char: Clupea harengus</li> <li>calb: Coregonus albula</li> <li>clav: Coregonus lavaretus lavaretus</li> <li>cwid: Coregonus lavaretus widegreni</li> <li>eluc: Esox Lucius</li> <li>gmor: Gadus morhua</li> <li>gacu: Gasterosteus aculeatus</li> <li>gcer: Gymnocephalus cernuus</li> <li>lflu: Lampetra fluviatilis</li> <li>lidu: Leuciscus idus</li> <li>lleu: Leuciscus leuciscus</li> <li>llip: Liparis liparis</li> <li>llot: Lota lota</li> <li>msco: Myoxocephalus scorpius</li> <li>oesp: Osmerus eperlanus</li> <li>pflu: Perca fluviatilis</li> <li>ppho: Phoxinus phoxinus</li> <li>pfle: Platichthys fesus</li> <li>pmin: Pomatoschistus minutus</li> <li>ppun: Pungitius pungitius</li> <li>rrut: Rutilus rutilus</li> <li>ssal: Salmo salar</li> <li>stru: Salmo trutta</li> <li>zviv: Zoarches viviparus</li> </ul> <p> </p> <p>Parasite species abbreviations:</p> <ul> <li>aangu: Acanthocephalus anguillae</li> <li>afoli: Argulus foliaceus</li> <li>aisos: Allocreadium isosporum</li> <li>aluci: Acanthocephalus lucii</li> <li>aperc: Achtheres percarum</li> <li>azluc: Azygia lucii</li> <li>bluci: Bunodera luciopercae</li> <li>cfari: Cystidicola farionis</li> <li>cfenn: Caryophyllaeides fennica</li> <li>clacu: Camallanus lacustris</li> <li>cmam: Cystobranchus mammilatus</li> <li>coscu: Contracaecum osculatum</li> <li>cseme: Corynosoma semerme</li> <li>cstru: Corynosoma strumosum</li> <li>ddend: Diphyllobothrium dendriticum</li> <li>dditr: Diphyllobothrium ditremum</li> <li>desmsp: Desmidocercella sp</li> <li>diphsp: Diphyllobothrium sp in Clupea harengus</li> <li>dlatu: Diphyllobothrium latum</li> <li>dsagi: Discocotyle sagittata</li> <li>dspat: Diplostomum spathaceum</li> <li>ebore: Echinorhynchus borealis</li> <li>eboth: Echinorhynchus bothniensis</li> <li>ecras: Eubothrium crassum</li> <li>egadi: Echinorhynchus gadi</li> <li>erugo: Eubothrium rugosum</li> <li>esalm: Echinorhynchus salmonis</li> <li>esieb: Ergasilus sieboldi</li> <li>eubospp: Juvenile stages of Eubothrium from Zoarches viviparus that could not be identified to the species level</li> <li>eubsp: Juvenile stages of Eubothrium from Gadus morhua and Clupea harengus that could not be identified to the species level</li> <li>eubspp: Juvenile stages of Eubothrium from Gasterosteus aculeatus, Gymnocephalus cernuus and Pungitius pungitius that could not be identified to the species level</li> <li>eustsp: Eustrongylides mergorum</li> <li>gloch: Anodonta piscinalis</li> <li>hadun: Hysterothylacium aduncum</li> <li>hauct: Hysterothylacium auctum</li> <li>hovip: Henneguya oviperda (Myxosporidia)</li> <li>hzsch: Henneguya zschokke (Valtonen et al 1988) (Myxosporidia)</li> <li>ichtsp: Ichthyocotylurus erraticus from Pungitius pungitius</li> <li>ierra: Ichthyocotylurus erraticus</li> <li>ivari: Ichthyocotylurus variegatus</li> <li>kross: Khawia rossitensis</li> <li>lcypr: Lernaea cyprinacea</li> <li>nemat: Nematoda from Lampetra fluviatilis</li> <li>nematsp: Nematoda from Leuciscus leuciscus and Perca fluviatilis</li> <li>nematsuo: Nematoda from Gadus morhua and Salmo trutta</li> <li>nruti: Neoechinorhynchus rutili</li> <li>pcern: Proteocephalus cernuae</li> <li>pexig: Proteocephalus exiguus</li> <li>pfili: Proteocephalus filicollis</li> <li>pgeom: Piscicola geometra</li> <li>phomo: Phyllodistomum homoion</li> <li>plong: Proteocephalus longicollis</li> <li>pperc: Proteocephalus percae</li> <li>prospp: Proteocephalus sp</li> <li>protsp: Proteocephalus gobiorum</li> <li>psalv: Pseudocapillaria salvelini</li> <li>pseusp: Pseudocapillaria sp</li> <li>ptoru: Proteocephalus torulosus</li> <li>racus: Raphidascaris acus</li> <li>score: Salmincola coregonorum</li> <li>sexte: Salmincola extensus</li> <li>sglob: Sphaerostoma globiporum</li> <li>spung: Schistocephalus pungitii</li> <li>ssoli: Schistocephalus solidus</li> <li>tclav: Tylodelphys clavata</li> <li>tcras: Triaenophorus crassus</li> <li>tgast: Thersitina gasterostei</li> <li>tnodu: Triaenophorus nodulosus</li> <li>ttrut: Truttaedacnitis truttae</li> </ul>
Data for: Non-host species reduce parasite infection in a focal host species within experimental fish communities
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