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220 results for “plumage”
FIGURE 10 in Variation of plumage patterns, geographic distribution and taxonomy of the Unicolored Blackbird (Aves: Icteridae)
FIGURE 10. Representative females in the definitive plumage of all four subspecies of Agelasticus cyanopus. From left to right: A. c. cyanopus (AMNH 128350), A. c. beniensis (FMNH 334641), A. c. atroolivaceus (DZUFMG 5506), and A. c. unicolor (MZUSP 54346).
FIGURE 8 in Variation of plumage patterns, geographic distribution and taxonomy of the Unicolored Blackbird (Aves: Icteridae)
FIGURE 8. Chromatic variation observed in females of A. c. unicolor in definitive plumage. From left to right, MZUSP 85422, MZUSP 854245, MZUSP 54343, MZUSP 24488, MZUSP 31629 and MZUSP 54346.
FIGURE 9 in Variation of plumage patterns, geographic distribution and taxonomy of the Unicolored Blackbird (Aves: Icteridae)
FIGURE 9. Chromatic variation observed in males in the first basic plumage of A. c. unicolor (MZUSP 85425, MZUSP 86426, MZUSP 85421) and in possible intergrades between this taxon and A. c. atroolivaceus (MZUSP 67660, MZUSP 28713). Numbers are cited in the same order as specimens appear in the picture, from left to right.
FIGURE 5 in Variation of plumage patterns, geographic distribution and taxonomy of the Unicolored Blackbird (Aves: Icteridae)
FIGURE 5. Distinct plumages of Agelasticus c. atroolivaceus. Left row, from left to right, males in definitive (DZUFMG 7176), first basic (DZUFMG 177) and juvenal (DZUFMG 7174, also showing some emerging yellow feathers of the first basic plumage on the lower breast) plumages. Right row, from left to right, females in definitive (DZUFMG 5506) and first basic (DZUFMG 7175) plumages.
FIGURE 2 in Variation of plumage patterns, geographic distribution and taxonomy of the Unicolored Blackbird (Aves: Icteridae)
FIGURE 2. Correlation between latitude of collection and body size, measured as PC1 scores, of specimens of Agelasticus c. cyanopus and A. c. beniensis examined in this study.
FIGURE 7 in Variation of plumage patterns, geographic distribution and taxonomy of the Unicolored Blackbird (Aves: Icteridae)
FIGURE 7. Distinct plumages of Agelasticus c. unicolor. Left row, from left to right, males in definitive (MZUSP 54344) and first basic (AMNH 128981) plumages. Right row, from left to right, females in definitive (MZUSP 54346) and first basic (MZUSP 54342 and MZUSP 54341) plumages.
FIGURE 12 in Variation of plumage patterns, geographic distribution and taxonomy of the Unicolored Blackbird (Aves: Icteridae)
FIGURE 12. Map showing the geographic distribution of members of the Unicolored Blackbird Agelasticus cyanopus complex based on the specimens examined.
FIGURE 11 in Variation of plumage patterns, geographic distribution and taxonomy of the Unicolored Blackbird (Aves: Icteridae)
FIGURE 11. Definitive plumaged female specimens with the typical phenotype of A. c. unicolor (left, MZUSP 54343) and of A. c. atroolivaceus (right MZUSP 57863) compared with two probable intergrades between the two taxa (center, MZUSP 66764 and 67659).
FIGURE 1 in Variation of plumage patterns, geographic distribution and taxonomy of the Unicolored Blackbird (Aves: Icteridae)
FIGURE 1. Box plot comparisons between measurements of the four subspecies of the Unicolored Blackbird and its possible intergrades. Boxes show the median line and the 25th and 75th percentiles; bars show the full range of variation. Sample sizes are: Agelasticus cyanopus cyanopus (41♂, 38♀), possible intergrades between A. c. cyanopus x A. c. beniensis (3♂, 1♀), A. c. beniensis (19♂, 15♀), A. c. atroolivaceus (10♂, 5♀), possible intergrades between A. c. atroolivaceus and A. c. unicolor (4♂, 4♀) and A. c. unicolor (12♂, 11♀).
FIGURE 6 in Variation of plumage patterns, geographic distribution and taxonomy of the Unicolored Blackbird (Aves: Icteridae)
FIGURE 6. Distinct plumages of Agelasticus c. beniensis. Left row, from left to right, males in definitive (FMNH 334642) and fresh first basic (FMNH 334629) plumages. Right row, from left to right, females in definitive (FMNH 334641), and fresh first basic (FMNH 334634) plumages.
FIGURE 3 in Variation of plumage patterns, geographic distribution and taxonomy of the Unicolored Blackbird (Aves: Icteridae)
FIGURE 3. Scatterplots of the first versus the second principal component scores of a Principal Component Analysis of the morphometric variables from specimens of Agelasticus cyanopus measured in this study.
FIGURE 4 in Variation of plumage patterns, geographic distribution and taxonomy of the Unicolored Blackbird (Aves: Icteridae)
FIGURE 4. Distinct plumages of Agelasticus c. cyanopus. Left row, from left to right, males in definitive (AMNH 127087), very worn first basic, molting to definitive (AMNH 32838), worn first basic (AMNH 128351), fresh first basic (AMNH 521164) and juvenal (AMNH 321034) plumages. Right row, from left to right, females in definitive (AMNH 128350), first basic (AMNH 997693) and juvenal (AMNH 321037) plumages.
Data and codes from: Crossing strategies of ecological barriers are affected by wing morphology and plumage colour in small migratory birds
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Duck pan-genome reveals two transposon-derived structural variations caused bodyweight enlarging and white plumage phenotype formation during evolution
<p><span>Structural variations (SVs) are a major source of domestication and improvement traits. We present the first duck pan-genome constructed using five genome assemblies capturing ~40.98 Mb new sequences. This pan-genome together with high-depth sequencing data (>46.5X) identified 101,041 SVs, of which substantial proportions were derived from transposable element (TE) activity. Many TE-derived SVs anchored in a gene body or regulatory region are linked to domestication and improvement. By combining quantitative genetics with molecular experiments, we dissect how TE-derived SVs change gene expression of <em>IGF2BP1</em> and generate novel transcripts of <em>MITF</em>, shaping body weight and plumage color. In the <em>IGF2BP1</em> locus, the TE-derived SV explains the largest effect on body weight among avian species (27.61% of phenotypic variation). Our findings highlight the </span><span>importance of using a pan-genome as a reference in genomics studies</span><span> and explore the roles of TE-derived SVs in trait formation and in livestock breeding.</span></p>
Losses of sexual dichromatism involve rapid changes in female plumage colors to match males in New World blackbirds
<p>Differences in coloration between the sexes (sexual dichromatism) can increase or decrease in a species through evolutionary changes in either or both sexes diverging or converging in their colors. Few previous studies, however, have examined the relative rates of such changes, particularly when dichromatism is lost. Using reflectance data from 37 species of the New World blackbird family (<em>Icteridae</em>), we compared evolutionary rates of plumage color change in males and females when dichromatism was either increasing (colors diverging) or decreasing (colors converging). Increases in dichromatism involved divergent changes in both sexes at approximately equal rates. Decreases in dichromatism, in contrast, involved changes in females to match male plumage colors that were significantly more rapid than any changes in males. Such dramatic changes in females show how selection can differ between the sexes. Moreover, these evolutionary patterns support the idea that losses of dimorphism involve genetic mechanisms that are already largely present in both sexes, whereas increases in dimorphism tend to involve the appearance of novel sex-specific traits, which evolve more slowly. Our results have broad implications for how sexual dimorphisms evolve.</p>
A tail of plumage colouration: disentangling geographic, seasonal, and dietary effects on plumage colour in a migratory songbird
<p>Plumage ornamentation in birds serves critical inter- and intra-sexual signaling functions. While carotenoid-based plumage colouration is often viewed as a classic condition dependent sexually selected trait, plumage colouration can be influenced by a wide array of both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Understanding the mechanisms underlying variation in colouration is especially important for species where the signaling function of ornamental traits is complex or the literature conflicting. Here, we examined variation in the yellow/orange tail feathers of American redstarts (<em>Setophaga ruticilla</em>) passing through two migratory stopover sites in eastern North America during both spring and fall migration to assess the role of geographic variation and seasonality in influencing feather colouration. In addition, we investigated whether diet during moult (inferred via stable isotope analysis of feather δ15N and δ13C) influenced plumage colouration. Our findings indicate that geographic variation, season, and diet all influence individual differences in American redstart colouration, represented by both traditional and tetrahedral colour variables. The extent to which these factors influence colour expression however is largely dependent on the colour metric under study, likely because different colour metrics reflect different attributes of the feather (e.g., structural components vs. pigment deposition). The effects of diet (δ15N) and season were pronounced for brightness, suggesting a strong effect of diet and feather wear/degradation on feather structure. Though hue, a metric that should strongly reflect pigment deposition, also changed from spring to fall, that effect was dependent on age, with only adults experiencing a reduction in ornamentation. Taken together, our results highlight the numerous sources of variation behind plumage coloration and underscores the difficulty of unraveling complex visual signaling systems, such as those in American redstarts.</p>
Data from: Sustained plumage divergence despite weak genomic differentiation and broad sympatry in sister species of Australian woodswallows (Artamus spp.)
<p><span>Plumage divergence can function as a strong premating barrier when species come into secondary contact. When it fails to do so, the results are often genome homogenization and phenotypic hybrids at the zone of contact. This is not the case in the largely sympatric masked woodswallow and white-browed woodswallow species (Passeriformes: Artamidae: Artamus spp) complex in Australia where phenotypic integrity is sustained despite no discernible mitochondrial structure in earlier work. This lack of structure may suggest recent divergence, ongoing gene flow or both, and phenotypic hybrids are reported albeit rarely. Here, we further assessed the population structure and differentiation across the species' nuclear genomes using ddRAD-seq. As found in the mitochondrial genome, no structure or divergence within or between the two species was detected in the nuclear genome. This coarse sampling of the genome nonetheless revealed peaks of differentiation around the genes SOX5 and Axin1. Both are involved in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, which regulates feather development. Reconstruction of demographic history and estimation of parameters supports a scenario of secondary contact. Our study informs how divergent plumage morphs may arise and be sustained despite whole-genome homogenization and reveals new candidate genes potentially involved in plumage divergence.</span></p>
Data from: The size of a melanin-based plumage ornament correlates with glucocorticoid receptor concentrations in the skin of that ornament
Glucocorticoid hormones such as corticosterone (CORT) play crucial roles in many physiological processes. CORT's actions are primarily mediated via binding to two receptors (glucocorticoid receptors (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptors (MR)) in different target tissues. CORT receptors can be independently regulated from circulating hormone titers, from tissue to tissue and even within different regions of the same tissue type. Increasing evidence has shown relationships between circulating CORT and melanin-based pigmentation in skin and feathers, yet to our knowledge there have been no studies of CORT receptors in the skin of melanized ornaments. Male house sparrows (Passer domesticus) have a black, melanized bib, and evidence suggests that bib size is an important intraspecific signal. We examined the relationship between bib area and tissue sensitivity to CORT by quantifying GR and MR in bib skin and in adjacent paler-feathered belly skin (as a control tissue) at different life history stages using radioligand binding assays. Males with larger bibs relative to their life history stage had less GR in bib skin, but not belly skin, than males with smaller bibs. These results suggest a connection between the size of a melanin-based ornament and the underlying tissue's responsiveness to CORT.
Data from: No correlation between multi-locus heterozygosity and fitness in the common buzzard despite heterozygote advantage for plumage colour
Correlations between heterozygosity and fitness are frequently found but rarely well understood. Fitness can be affected by single loci of large effect which correlate with neutral markers via linkage disequilibrium, or as a result of variation in genome-wide heterozygosity following inbreeding. We explored these alternatives in the common buzzard, a raptor species in which three colour morphs differ in their lifetime reproductive success. Using 18 polymorphic microsatellite loci, we evaluated potential genetic differences among the morphs which may lead to subpopulation structuring and tested for correlations between three fitness-related traits and heterozygosity, both genome wide and at each locus separately. Despite their assortative mating pattern, the buzzard morphs were found to be genetically undifferentiated. Multilocus heterozygosity was only found to be correlated with a single fitness-related trait, infection with the blood parasite, Leucocytozoon buteonis, and this was via interactions with vole abundance and age. One locus also showed a significant relationship with blood parasite infection and ectoparasite infestation. The vicinity of this locus contains two genes, one of which is potentially implicated in the immune system of birds. We conclude that genome-wide heterozygosity is unlikely to be a major determinant of parasite burden and body condition in the polymorphic common buzzard.
FIGURE 6 in Plumage variability and taxonomy of the Capped Seedeater Sporophila bouvreuil (Aves: Passeriformes: Emberizidae)
FIGURE 6. Ventral view of adult male Sporophila bouvreuil in the Moji das Cruzes and São Paulo regions (attributed to S. b. saturata) and S. m. minuta, showing color variation that is most likely due to age rather than phylogeny (specimen series from the MZUSP).
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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OpenNeuro
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