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Text-fig. 12. Paramblypterus cf. rohani. Arrows indicate directio cranialis. a, b: photograph and drawing of four ridge scales in front of the dorsal fin base, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 80178, scale bars 5 mm; c: scale rows from the area between the pectoral and pelvic fins, outer surfaces of the scales bear fine ridges terminating as denticles on the posterior edge of the scales, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", NM-M 4916, scale bar 5 mm; d: isolated scale, from anterior area of the lateral side of the body, with denticulated posterior edge, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 30945, scale bar 2 mm; e: isolated scale from the pelvic area of the body, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 30945, scale bar 2 mm; f, g: drawing and photograph of the postcleithrum and the scales behind the pectoral girdle (the scales bear conspicuous ridges on their outer surface; well preserved large postcleithrum is without ridges.), locality Otovice "Chmelnice", NM-M 4915, scale bars 5 mm. Abbreviations: Cl – cleithrum, Pcl – postcleithrum, Scl – supracleithrum. in Actinopterygians Of The Broumov Formation (Permian) In The Czech Part Of The Intra-Sudetic Basin (The Czech Republic)

Text-fig. 12. Paramblypterus cf. rohani. Arrows indicate directio cranialis. a, b: photograph and drawing of four ridge scales in front of the dorsal fin base, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 80178, scale bars 5 mm; c: scale rows from the area between the pectoral and pelvic fins, outer surfaces of the scales bear fine ridges terminating as denticles on the posterior edge of the scales, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", NM-M 4916, scale bar 5 mm; d: isolated scale, from anterior area of the lateral side of the body, with denticulated posterior edge, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 30945, scale bar 2 mm; e: isolated scale from the pelvic area of the body, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 30945, scale bar 2 mm; f, g: drawing and photograph of the postcleithrum and the scales behind the pectoral girdle (the scales bear conspicuous ridges on their outer surface; well preserved large postcleithrum is without ridges.), locality Otovice "Chmelnice", NM-M 4915, scale bars 5 mm. Abbreviations: Cl – cleithrum, Pcl – postcleithrum, Scl – supracleithrum.

Text-fig. 5. SRXTM images of Miranthus elegans gen. et sp. nov.; Mira locality, Portugal. a, b: Transverse sections of flower (a, orthoslice xy0665 close to the apex of placenta; b, orthoslice xy0800 in middle part of placenta) showing remains of calyx with distinct bundles (arrows), ovary wall (ow) and numerous ovules (ov) on the central mushroom-shaped globose placenta (pl) with central column (cc). c: Transverse section of flower (orthoslice xy0620) through perianth and ovary (ow) at a level above the placenta showing ovules (ov) and cellular preservation of the sepal bundles (arrows shown for one sepal); note abaxial surface of sepals with thick-walled epidermal cells, thick cuticle, and fine pointed verrucae. d: Longitudinal section of flower (orthoslice xz0500) showing perigynous position of calyx and semi-inferior ovary (ow, ovary wall) with a central placenta (pl), central column (cc) and numerous ovules (ov); note spiny verrucae on abaxial surface of calyx lobes. Specimens, Mira 100-S153145 (a, b), Mira 100-S170155 (c, d, holotype). Scale bars = 600 µm (a–d). in Early Flowers Of Primuloid Ericales From The Late Cretaceous Of Portugal And Their Ecological And Phytogeographic Implications

Text-fig. 5. SRXTM images of Miranthus elegans gen. et sp. nov.; Mira locality, Portugal. a, b: Transverse sections of flower (a, orthoslice xy0665 close to the apex of placenta; b, orthoslice xy0800 in middle part of placenta) showing remains of calyx with distinct bundles (arrows), ovary wall (ow) and numerous ovules (ov) on the central mushroom-shaped globose placenta (pl) with central column (cc). c: Transverse section of flower (orthoslice xy0620) through perianth and ovary (ow) at a level above the placenta showing ovules (ov) and cellular preservation of the sepal bundles (arrows shown for one sepal); note abaxial surface of sepals with thick-walled epidermal cells, thick cuticle, and fine pointed verrucae. d: Longitudinal section of flower (orthoslice xz0500) showing perigynous position of calyx and semi-inferior ovary (ow, ovary wall) with a central placenta (pl), central column (cc) and numerous ovules (ov); note spiny verrucae on abaxial surface of calyx lobes. Specimens, Mira 100-S153145 (a, b), Mira 100-S170155 (c, d, holotype). Scale bars = 600 µm (a–d).

Text-fig. 4. Lepidocarpon cone in the process of disaggregating as part of the dispersal strategy of the plants. When preserved isolated, the sporophylls are assigned to the fossil-genus Lepidostrobophyllum. Refigured from Thomas (1981). Grovesend Formation (upper Asrturian – lower Moscovian), Kilmersdon Tip, Radstock Coalfield, UK; Natural History Museum (London) specimen V.60431. in Naming Of Parts: The Use Of Fossil-Taxa In Palaeobotany

Text-fig. 4. Lepidocarpon cone in the process of disaggregating as part of the dispersal strategy of the plants. When preserved isolated, the sporophylls are assigned to the fossil-genus Lepidostrobophyllum. Refigured from Thomas (1981). Grovesend Formation (upper Asrturian – lower Moscovian), Kilmersdon Tip, Radstock Coalfield, UK; Natural History Museum (London) specimen V.60431.

Text-fig. 15. Photomicrographs of thin sections of holotype BP/16/1738, Sorindeioxylon gorongosense gen. et sp. nov. from Muaredzi site 5, Gorongosa, Mozambique. a: TS, note the irregularly spaced and very narrow bands of parenchyma and mostly solitary vessel elements; b: TS at higher magnification with narrow rays; c: radial longitudinal section (RLS), rather oblique but shows the alternate, small-to-medium inter-vessel pits; d: tangential longitudinal section (TLS), rays are 1–3 cells wide but maintain the same width. Small arrow towards the right hand ray indicates a prismatic crystal in the ray cell; e: TLS rays with fibres in between; f: RLS showing mixed ray cells (upright, square and procumbent) poorly preserved. in Stratigraphy, Chronology And Palaeontology Of The Tertiary Rocks Of The Cheringoma Plateau, Mozambique

Text-fig. 15. Photomicrographs of thin sections of holotype BP/16/1738, Sorindeioxylon gorongosense gen. et sp. nov. from Muaredzi site 5, Gorongosa, Mozambique. a: TS, note the irregularly spaced and very narrow bands of parenchyma and mostly solitary vessel elements; b: TS at higher magnification with narrow rays; c: radial longitudinal section (RLS), rather oblique but shows the alternate, small-to-medium inter-vessel pits; d: tangential longitudinal section (TLS), rays are 1–3 cells wide but maintain the same width. Small arrow towards the right hand ray indicates a prismatic crystal in the ray cell; e: TLS rays with fibres in between; f: RLS showing mixed ray cells (upright, square and procumbent) poorly preserved.

Text-fig. 14. Photomicrographs of thin sections of specimen BP/16/1732 Palmoxylon dutoitii from Mhengere Hill, Gorongosa, Mozambique. a: transverse section (TS) with four fibre vascular bundles (fvb) and poorly preserved parenchyma between; b: diagram of one of the fvbs in (a) of the reniform type (f – fibres, mx – metaxylum, p – phloem, px – protoxylum); c: close up of the vascular part of a fvb with 2 metaxylem elements and the collapsed cells to the lower left represents the phloem; d: fvb with 2 metaxylem elements, fibrous part to the left and parencymarous ground tissue to the right; e: lower magnification of fvb in (c); f: fvb with three metaxylem elements and phloem patch below; g: longitudinal section (LS) showing the vascular sections alternating with the fibrous sections; h: LS showing the horizontal thickening on the walls of the metaxylem vessels and a patch of parenchyma to the right (darker cells); i: spheroid echinate phytoliths that are typical of Hyphaene and Borassus. in Stratigraphy, Chronology And Palaeontology Of The Tertiary Rocks Of The Cheringoma Plateau, Mozambique

Text-fig. 14. Photomicrographs of thin sections of specimen BP/16/1732 Palmoxylon dutoitii from Mhengere Hill, Gorongosa, Mozambique. a: transverse section (TS) with four fibre vascular bundles (fvb) and poorly preserved parenchyma between; b: diagram of one of the fvbs in (a) of the reniform type (f – fibres, mx – metaxylum, p – phloem, px – protoxylum); c: close up of the vascular part of a fvb with 2 metaxylem elements and the collapsed cells to the lower left represents the phloem; d: fvb with 2 metaxylem elements, fibrous part to the left and parencymarous ground tissue to the right; e: lower magnification of fvb in (c); f: fvb with three metaxylem elements and phloem patch below; g: longitudinal section (LS) showing the vascular sections alternating with the fibrous sections; h: LS showing the horizontal thickening on the walls of the metaxylem vessels and a patch of parenchyma to the right (darker cells); i: spheroid echinate phytoliths that are typical of Hyphaene and Borassus.

Fig. 4 in First Specimen-based Records of Redfin Emperor Monotaxis heterodon (Perciformes: Lethrinidae) from Japan, with New Diagnostic Characters Applicable to Identification of Preserved Specimens

Fig. 4. Eyes (A, B), occipital region (C, D), and inner surface of pectoral-fin base (E, F) of M. heterodon (A, C, E) and M. grandoculis (B, D, F), showing differences between the two species. A, KAUM–I. 88394, 215.0 mm SL, fresh condition; B, D, F, KAUM–I. 46014, 185.5 mm SL, fresh (B) and preserved (D, F) conditions; C, E, URM-P 34768, 189.1 mm SL, preserved condition.

Fig. 3 in First Specimen-based Records of Redfin Emperor Monotaxis heterodon (Perciformes: Lethrinidae) from Japan, with New Diagnostic Characters Applicable to Identification of Preserved Specimens

Fig. 3. Relationships of (A) snout length (excluding lips) (% of SL) and (B) spinous anal-fin base length (% of SL) to SL (mm) in M. heterodon (red circles) and M. grandoculis (blue triangles).

Fig. 2 in First Specimen-based Records of Redfin Emperor Monotaxis heterodon (Perciformes: Lethrinidae) from Japan, with New Diagnostic Characters Applicable to Identification of Preserved Specimens

Fig. 2. Fresh (A) and preserved (B) specimen of Monotaxis grandoculis (KAUM–I. 46014, 185.5 mm SL) from Yoron-jima island, Amami Islands, Japan.

Fig. 1 in First Specimen-based Records of Redfin Emperor Monotaxis heterodon (Perciformes: Lethrinidae) from Japan, with New Diagnostic Characters Applicable to Identification of Preserved Specimens

Fig. 1. Fresh (A) and preserved (B) specimen of Monotaxis heterodon (KAUM–I. 88394, 215.0 mm SL) from Ryukyu Islands, Japan.

Text-fig. 10. Langtonia bisulcata REID et CHANDLER. a, b, e–g: Holotype, V. 22984, from micro-CT data. a: Dorsiventral view surface rendering. b: Dorsiventral view translucent volume rendering showing outline of locule cast. c: Equatorial transverse fracture showing paired dorsal infolds and locules with shape of a ε in cross section, reflected light, V. 22993. d: Digital transverse section from micro-CT data, of fruit with two well developed ε-shaped locules, V. 22985. e–g: Successive digital transverse sections with one well developed ε-shaped locule and infolds of the abortive locule visible in (g) (arrows). h–j: Physical transverse thin sections of specimen from middle Eocene Clarno Formation, Oregon, USA with well-preserved mesocarp including longitudinal canals in (j) (arrows), USNM 424875; Scale bars 0.5 cm in (a, b), 2.5 mm in (c–g), 5 mm in (h), 2 mm in (i), 1 mm in (j); (a, b) share same scale bar; (c, d) share same scale bar; (e, f, g) share same scale bar. in Mastixioid Fruits (Cornales) From The Early Eocene London Clay Flora: Morphology, Anatomy And Nomenclatural Revision

Text-fig. 10. Langtonia bisulcata REID et CHANDLER. a, b, e–g: Holotype, V. 22984, from micro-CT data. a: Dorsiventral view surface rendering. b: Dorsiventral view translucent volume rendering showing outline of locule cast. c: Equatorial transverse fracture showing paired dorsal infolds and locules with shape of a ε in cross section, reflected light, V. 22993. d: Digital transverse section from micro-CT data, of fruit with two well developed ε-shaped locules, V. 22985. e–g: Successive digital transverse sections with one well developed ε-shaped locule and infolds of the abortive locule visible in (g) (arrows). h–j: Physical transverse thin sections of specimen from middle Eocene Clarno Formation, Oregon, USA with well-preserved mesocarp including longitudinal canals in (j) (arrows), USNM 424875; Scale bars 0.5 cm in (a, b), 2.5 mm in (c–g), 5 mm in (h), 2 mm in (i), 1 mm in (j); (a, b) share same scale bar; (c, d) share same scale bar; (e, f, g) share same scale bar.

Text-fig. 9. Portnallia. a–j: P. bognorensis M.CHANDLER. a–g: Holotype, V. 30421. a: Oblique lateral view with dorsal surface of locule cast facing towards right side. b: Basal view (original illustration from pl. 28, fig. 40 of Chandler 1961). c–g: Micro CT data. c–f: Surface renderings. c: Lateral view with interlocular septum facing forward. d: lateral view with dorsal surface of locule facing forward. e: Basal view. f: Apical view. g: Digital transverse section near equatorial position showing (c) to u-shaped locules. h: Apical view of tetralocular fruit, V. 30423 (original illustration from pl. 28, fig. 42 of Chandler 1961). i: Transverse section of specimen in (h), reflected light. j–o: P. sheppeyensis M.CHANDLER, Holotype V. 30428, here synomomized with P. bognorensis, from micro-CT data. j–m: Surface renderings. j: Lateral view with interlocular septum facing forward. k: Lateral view with dorsal surface of locule facing forward. l: Basal view. m: Apical view. n: Digital equatorial transverse section showing the three preserved locules and extensive cracking due to pyrite decomposition. o: Translucent volume rendering, apical view showing (c) to u-shaped locules. Scale bars 2 mm, bar in (a) applies also to (b), bar in (e) applies to also to (c, d), bar in (g) applies also to (f), bar in (j) applies to applies also to (k–m). in Mastixioid Fruits (Cornales) From The Early Eocene London Clay Flora: Morphology, Anatomy And Nomenclatural Revision

Text-fig. 9. Portnallia. a–j: P. bognorensis M.CHANDLER. a–g: Holotype, V. 30421. a: Oblique lateral view with dorsal surface of locule cast facing towards right side. b: Basal view (original illustration from pl. 28, fig. 40 of Chandler 1961). c–g: Micro CT data. c–f: Surface renderings. c: Lateral view with interlocular septum facing forward. d: lateral view with dorsal surface of locule facing forward. e: Basal view. f: Apical view. g: Digital transverse section near equatorial position showing (c) to u-shaped locules. h: Apical view of tetralocular fruit, V. 30423 (original illustration from pl. 28, fig. 42 of Chandler 1961). i: Transverse section of specimen in (h), reflected light. j–o: P. sheppeyensis M.CHANDLER, Holotype V. 30428, here synomomized with P. bognorensis, from micro-CT data. j–m: Surface renderings. j: Lateral view with interlocular septum facing forward. k: Lateral view with dorsal surface of locule facing forward. l: Basal view. m: Apical view. n: Digital equatorial transverse section showing the three preserved locules and extensive cracking due to pyrite decomposition. o: Translucent volume rendering, apical view showing (c) to u-shaped locules. Scale bars 2 mm, bar in (a) applies also to (b), bar in (e) applies to also to (c, d), bar in (g) applies also to (f), bar in (j) applies to applies also to (k–m).

Text-fig. 5. Mastixiopsis nyssoides KIRCHH. a, b, g–n: Organic preservation. a, b: Lignitic, unpermineralized, early Eocene Dorset Pipe clays at Arne, V. 40762. a: Ventral view (original illustration from pl. 18, fig. 1 of Chandler 1962). b: Transverse fracture, somewhat distorted by compression. c–f: Pyrite permineralization. c: Ventral view, V. 22963(1) from Sheppey, originally listed as Mastixia cantiensis. d: Lateral view, V. 22969 from Sheppey (identified as Mastixia grandis by Reid and Chandler 1933: pl. 25, fig. 8). e: Equatorial transverse physical section from (c). f: Equatorial transverse physical section from (d). g: Detail of pericarp from (e), showing endocarp formed of dense fibrous tissue, surrounded by mesocarp of anticlinally oriented larger cells. h: Detail of pericarp from (f). i–n: Type material from Eocene of Riestadt, Germany, MNB. i: Ventral view. j, k: Ventral and apical views of holotype. l: View of the transversely fractured surface from (j) showing horseshoe shaped locule. m: Equatorial transverse physical cut of the specimen in (i); note yellow resin cavity (arrow). n: Scanning electron microscopy of pericarp from (l) with locule lining at lower edge of image. Note dense endocarp tissue composed of small cells (fibres and sclereids), extending about 3/5 of distance to periphery, surrounded by mesocarp of larger, anticlinally oriented cells. Scale bars 1 cm in (a–f), (i–k), 1 mm in (g), 2 mm in (h), 3 mm in (l), m, 250 Μm in (n). Bar in (d) applies also to (c). Bar in (l) also applies to (m). Bar in (i) also applies to (j) and (k). in Mastixioid Fruits (Cornales) From The Early Eocene London Clay Flora: Morphology, Anatomy And Nomenclatural Revision

Text-fig. 5. Mastixiopsis nyssoides KIRCHH. a, b, g–n: Organic preservation. a, b: Lignitic, unpermineralized, early Eocene Dorset Pipe clays at Arne, V. 40762. a: Ventral view (original illustration from pl. 18, fig. 1 of Chandler 1962). b: Transverse fracture, somewhat distorted by compression. c–f: Pyrite permineralization. c: Ventral view, V. 22963(1) from Sheppey, originally listed as Mastixia cantiensis. d: Lateral view, V. 22969 from Sheppey (identified as Mastixia grandis by Reid and Chandler 1933: pl. 25, fig. 8). e: Equatorial transverse physical section from (c). f: Equatorial transverse physical section from (d). g: Detail of pericarp from (e), showing endocarp formed of dense fibrous tissue, surrounded by mesocarp of anticlinally oriented larger cells. h: Detail of pericarp from (f). i–n: Type material from Eocene of Riestadt, Germany, MNB. i: Ventral view. j, k: Ventral and apical views of holotype. l: View of the transversely fractured surface from (j) showing horseshoe shaped locule. m: Equatorial transverse physical cut of the specimen in (i); note yellow resin cavity (arrow). n: Scanning electron microscopy of pericarp from (l) with locule lining at lower edge of image. Note dense endocarp tissue composed of small cells (fibres and sclereids), extending about 3/5 of distance to periphery, surrounded by mesocarp of larger, anticlinally oriented cells. Scale bars 1 cm in (a–f), (i–k), 1 mm in (g), 2 mm in (h), 3 mm in (l), m, 250 Μm in (n). Bar in (d) applies also to (c). Bar in (l) also applies to (m). Bar in (i) also applies to (j) and (k).

Text-fig. 5. Plant fragments from Govone with evidence of preserved cuticle. a: Decussate pair of leaves of "Thuja" saviana (C.T.GAUDIN) C.T.GAUDIN with a window (arrow) opened in the brownish cuticle, showing the yellowish mesophyll cells and some possible resin canals (dark), MGPT-PU141094. b: Angiosperm leaf fragment (from sample MGPT-PU141017) under the stereomicroscope, showing the blackish compressed mesophyll on the right and patches of cleaned, yellowish cuticle at the top (arrow). Scale bar 1 mm. in Remains Of A Subtropical Humid Forest In A Messinian Evaporitebearing Succession At Govone, Northwestern Italy - Preliminary Results

Text-fig. 5. Plant fragments from Govone with evidence of preserved cuticle. a: Decussate pair of leaves of "Thuja" saviana (C.T.GAUDIN) C.T.GAUDIN with a window (arrow) opened in the brownish cuticle, showing the yellowish mesophyll cells and some possible resin canals (dark), MGPT-PU141094. b: Angiosperm leaf fragment (from sample MGPT-PU141017) under the stereomicroscope, showing the blackish compressed mesophyll on the right and patches of cleaned, yellowish cuticle at the top (arrow). Scale bar 1 mm.

Text-fig. 3. Juglandaceae. Carya (a–x). Scale bars = 1 cm. a–e: USNM PAL 772346. Micro-CT scan surface rendering. a, b: Lateral, c: apical, d: basal views. e: Virtual equatorial transverse section. f–n: USNM PAL 772347. f: Lateral view, reflected light, showing path of saw cut for transverse section of (i). g: Basal view, reflected light. h: Apical view, micro-CT surface rendering. i: Physical transverse section displaying locule and cellular preservation of parts of wall. j–n: Virtual sections from micro-CT scan data. j: Transverse section at apical 1/3 of nut. Note narrow lacunae (arrows). k: Longitudinal section parallel to primary septum, traversing one of the cotyledon lobes and showing secondary septum at base. l: Longitudinal section in plane at right angles to (k) in plane of primary septum, showing divergent placental bundles arising from base of nut (arrows). m: Equatorial transverse section showing two lobes of locule separated by primary septum. n: Transverse section near base of nut showing primary and secondary septa, creating four basal lobes of locule; note diverging placental bundles (arrows). o–x: USNM PAL 772351. o: Lateral view of broken nut with exposed locule cast, reflected light. p: Same orientation of nut, micro-CT surface rendering. q: Same specimen lateral view, rotated 90° from (p), micro-CT surface rendering. r: Apical view, reflected light. s–x: Virtual sections from micro-CT in The Early Middle Eocene Wagon Bed Carpoflora Of Central Wyoming, U.S.A.

Text-fig. 3. Juglandaceae. Carya (a–x). Scale bars = 1 cm. a–e: USNM PAL 772346. Micro-CT scan surface rendering. a, b: Lateral, c: apical, d: basal views. e: Virtual equatorial transverse section. f–n: USNM PAL 772347. f: Lateral view, reflected light, showing path of saw cut for transverse section of (i). g: Basal view, reflected light. h: Apical view, micro-CT surface rendering. i: Physical transverse section displaying locule and cellular preservation of parts of wall. j–n: Virtual sections from micro-CT scan data. j: Transverse section at apical 1/3 of nut. Note narrow lacunae (arrows). k: Longitudinal section parallel to primary septum, traversing one of the cotyledon lobes and showing secondary septum at base. l: Longitudinal section in plane at right angles to (k) in plane of primary septum, showing divergent placental bundles arising from base of nut (arrows). m: Equatorial transverse section showing two lobes of locule separated by primary septum. n: Transverse section near base of nut showing primary and secondary septa, creating four basal lobes of locule; note diverging placental bundles (arrows). o–x: USNM PAL 772351. o: Lateral view of broken nut with exposed locule cast, reflected light. p: Same orientation of nut, micro-CT surface rendering. q: Same specimen lateral view, rotated 90° from (p), micro-CT surface rendering. r: Apical view, reflected light. s–x: Virtual sections from micro-CT

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Metabolite identification dataset: "Magnitude-Preserving Ranking for Structured Outputs" Brouard et al. (2017)

Metabolite identification dataset used to for the IOKR and MP-IOKR experiments in the publication: <a href="https://proceedings.mlr.press/v77/brouard17a.html">"Magnitude-Preserving Ranking for Structured Outputs" by Brouard et al. (2017)</a> The code to run the experiments can be found on Github: <a href="https://github.com/aalto-ics-kepaco/iokr_for_metabolite_identification">https://github.com/aalto-ics-kepaco/iokr_for_metabolite_identification</a> (mp-iokr/application/ACML17). The tar-files need to be unpacked.

FIGURE 12 in Redescription of soft tissue preservation in the holotype of Scaphognathus crassirostris (Goldfuss, 1831) using reflectance transformation imaging

FIGURE 12. Distribution of the different soft tissue types occurring on the main slab of the Scaphognathus crassirostris holotype IGPB Goldfuss 1304a, illustrated in a modified version of Figure 2A. This Figure functions as a guide for the respective location of the soft part types intensively described in the manuscript and the captions to give an overview about their spatial distribution and their occurrence on the main slab, supported by the interpretative drawings of the soft tissues. Pycnofibre Type 2 (smaller red and yellow circles), Type 3 (orange circle), Type 4 (red rectangle), Type 5 (larger red circle), Type 6 (green circle), aktinofibrils (red ellipse), and putative patagium vessels marked by red transverse lines.

FIGURE 5 in Redescription of soft tissue preservation in the holotype of Scaphognathus crassirostris (Goldfuss, 1831) using reflectance transformation imaging

FIGURE 5. Close-up RTIViewer snapshots of the region dorsal to the dorsal vertebral column on the main slab, taken under different lighting conditions, but all processed using the specular enhancement mode (except for Figure 5D). Scale bar for all illustrations equals 10 mm. 5A-5B. Caudal region dorsal to the dorsal vertebral column (lower right corner of both images) and next to the semi-circular indent, illustrated under different lighting conditions. 5C. Sketch of Figure 5A and 5B showing the appearance and the orientation of the pycnofibres under normal light. 5D-5E. Pycnofibres dorsal to the first anterior dorsal vertebrae (lower right corner), showing a striking pycnofibre accumulation under normal light (5D) as well as under the specular enhancement mode (5E). Note the spreading of pycnofibres in a radially symmetrical pattern from an arc-like starting point (red arrows, starting point marked by a red arc in 5E-5F). Also, note the branching in the dorsalmost part of the whitish limestone surface (orange circle in 5D-5F). 5F. Interpretative drawing of 5D and 5E, illustrating the arrangement of the pycnofibre impressions under normal light.

FIGURE 8 in Redescription of soft tissue preservation in the holotype of Scaphognathus crassirostris (Goldfuss, 1831) using reflectance transformation imaging

FIGURE 8. Close-up RTIViewer snapshots of the region ventral to the zeugopodial bones of the right wing on the counter slab, taken under different lighting conditions, but all processed using the specular enhancement mode (except for 8A). Scale bar for all illustrations equals 10 mm, except for 8E (1 mm). Markings for various pycnofibre types used throughout this Figure: the location of aktinofibrils impressions is marked by a red rectangle, the direction in which pycnofibre impressions point is highlighted by red arrows, the Type 2 pycnofibre is illustrated by a red circle. 8A. The whitish amorphous rock surface with pycnofibres between the zeugopodial bones of the right wing (upper right corner) and the first two phalanges of the right wing finger (lower left corner). Note first type pycnofibre impressions (red lines). The locality of overlapping impressions is marked by an orange circle in 8A and 8B (although not well visible in the image). 8B. Idealised sketch of Figure 8A after comparing several RTI images with each other to better visualise the trend of the decreasing abundance of crossing/ overlapping pycnofibres. Note that a trend of opposing impression directions seems to exist in this area of the counter slab (see the two red arrows). 8C. Specular enhancement image depicting the lower image part of 8A encompassing a wider field of vision. Aktinofibrils-like impressions heading for the lower right edge of the image (red arrows within the orange rectangle). 8D. Sketch of 8C. 8E. Enlarged close-up of the Type 2 pycnofibre. A much smaller terminal bifurcation is indicated (red arrow), suggesting that it might even be another type of bifurcated pycnofibre. 8F. Sketch of 8E, illustrating the smaller terminal bifurcation (yellow circle). 8G, 8I. The inconsistent appearance of the pycnofibres directly ventral to the articulation of the metacarpal bones with the phalanges of the right wing finger, taking on interesting shapes depending on the direction of incident light (red oval in 8G and also indicated in 8H). At some places, the pycnofibre impressions cross each other at specific angles (marked by two red angles in 8G and 8I). 8H. Sketch of 8G to highlight the oval shape of an accumulation of impressions.

FIGURE 4 in Redescription of soft tissue preservation in the holotype of Scaphognathus crassirostris (Goldfuss, 1831) using reflectance transformation imaging

FIGURE 4. Close-up RTIViewer snapshots of the region dorsal to the dorsal vertebral column on the main slab, taken under different lighting conditions but all processed using the specular enhancement mode (except for Figure 4A). Scale bar for all illustrations equals 10 mm. Comment on the settings in the RTIViewer software as visualised in the figures. A green sphere symbolises the direction of the incident light (upper right corner), a text box in the upper image margin contains the respective x- and ycoordinates of the incident light direction (the first value contains the x-coordinate, while the second one contains the ycoordinate), the zoom factor is given in brackets. A second text box contains the individual values of the specular enhancement mode (lower left corner). The first value stands for the parameter "specularity", the second one indicates the parameter "highlight size". The line drawings were sometimes made based on several RTI images with different settings to illustrate an individual impression more clearly. As far as the figures themselves are concerned, the interpretative drawings have tried to come as close as possible to the appearance and arrangement of the structures observed in the RTIViewer. However, some drawings, such as Figure 4B, represent rather idealised illustrations of the general pattern and arrangement of individual pycnofibre impressions in a given area. For this reason, the interpretative drawings may differ in detail from the respective RTI images to which they refer. In all figures, the orientation of the pycnofibres is marked by red arrows; the whitish semicircular indent, the starting point of most of the pycnofibres in the caudal region of the dorsal vertebrae, is symbolised by a red arc throughout Figure 4 and 5, the single occurrence of Type 2 pycnofibres is circled in red in the aforementioned figures. 4A. Overview of the pycnofibre impressions in the area dorsal to the dorsal vertebral column associated with the whitish amorphous rock surface under normal light. 4B. Interpretative drawing of Figure 4A (dorsal ribs in the lower right corner of the image) under normal light, idealised to give an overview of the spatial orientation of the pycnofibre impressions and therefore not reflecting the exact path of individual impressions. Thicker lines indicate better observable impressions. 4C. The same area as in 4A, seen under the specular enhancement mode. 4D. Pycnofibres of the caudalmost part of the area dorsal to the dorsal vertebral column (lower right corner). Note the pycnofibres showing a distinctive cross-over (red circle in 4D and 4E), representing Type 2. 4E. The same area as in 4D under other lighting conditions to highlight the overlapping impressions.

FIGURE 1 in Redescription of soft tissue preservation in the holotype of Scaphognathus crassirostris (Goldfuss, 1831) using reflectance transformation imaging

FIGURE 1. Images from the original publication by Georg August Goldfuss (1831). Main slab (1A) and counter slab (1B) of the holotype of Scaphognathus crassirostris IGPB Goldfuss 1304a (main slab) and 1304b (counter slab). 1C, Skeletal reconstruction of Scaphognathus crassirostris, including palaeobiological life reconstruction of two Scaphognathus crassirostris specimens in their presumed marginal marine habitat. However, the skeletal reconstruction contains two major errors: firstly, four instead of three clawed fingers are to be seen on the hand, and secondly, the long tail characteristic of most non-pterodactyloid pterosaurs is missing.