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Fig. 4 in A new ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur from the Late Jurassic of Owadów-Brzezinki Quarry, Poland

Fig. 4. Ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur Cryopterygius kielanae sp. nov. GMUL 3579-81, holotype) from the Late Jurassic of Owadów-Brzezinki Quarry; tooth in labial (A) and anterior (B) views.

Fig. 5 in A new ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur from the Late Jurassic of Owadów-Brzezinki Quarry, Poland

Fig. 5. Morphology of isolated centra of ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur Cryopterygius kielanae sp. nov. (GMUL 3579-81, holotype) from the Late Jurassic of Owadów-Brzezinki Quarry. Atlas-axis complex (A), cervical (B), dorsal (C), preflexural caudal (D), and postflexural caudal (E) centra, preflexural caudal spine (F); in anterior (A1–E1) and left-lateral (A2–E2, F) views.

Fig. 3 in A new ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur from the Late Jurassic of Owadów-Brzezinki Quarry, Poland

Fig. 3. Rostrum fragment of ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur Cryopterygius kielanae sp. nov. (GMUL 3579-81, holotype) from the Late Jurassic of OwadówBrzezinki Quarry; in "dental/apical" (A) and right-lateral (B) views.

Fig. 2 in A new ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur from the Late Jurassic of Owadów-Brzezinki Quarry, Poland

Fig. 2. Morphology of skull bones of ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur Cryopterygius kielanae sp. nov. (GMUL 3579-81, holotype) from the Late Jurassic of Owadów-Brzezinki Quarry. A. Left pterygoid in ventral (A1) and dorsal (A2) views. B. Left quadrate in lateral (B1), anterior (B2), and medial (B3) views.

Fig. 5 in Early Frasnian ostracods from the Arche quarry (Dinant Synclinorium, Belgium) and the Palmatolepis punctata Isotopic Event

Fig. 5. Early Frasnian ostracods from the access path to the Arche quarry, Dinant Synclinorium, Belgium. A. Bairdia (Orthobairdia) sp. B in Becker (1971). Carapace in right (A) and dorsal (A) views. Sample AR−06−23. IRScNB n° b5086. B. Bairdiacypris sp. B, aff. B. martinae Casier and Lethiers, 1997. Car1 2 apace in right (B) and dorsal (B) views. Sample AR−06−28. IRScNB n° b5087. C. Bairdiacypris sp. D. Poorly preserved carapace in right (C) and dorsal 1 2 1 (C) views. Sample AR−06−25. IRScNB n° b5088. D. Bairdiacypris sp. indet. Poorly preserved carapace in right (D) and dorsal (D) views. Sample 2 1 2 AR−06−28. IRScNB n° b5089. E. Bairdiacypris breuxensis Casier and Olempska, 2008. Carapace in right lateral view. Sample AR−06−26. IRScNB n° b5090. F. Acratia evlanensis Egorov, 1953. Poorly preserved carapace in right lateral view. Sample AR−06−23. IRScNB n° b5091. G. Acratia sp. indet. Carapace in right lateral view. Sample AR−06−27. IRScNB n° b5092. H. Schneideria groosae Becker, 1971. Carapace in right lateral view. Sample AR−06−28. IRScNB n° b5093. I–M. Cryptophyllus materni (Bassler and Kellett, 1934). I. Valve. Sample AR−06−26. IRScNB n° b5094. J. Valve. Sample AR−06−26. IRScNB n° b5095. K. Internal view of a valve. Sample AR−06−27. IRScNB n° b5096. L. Broken valve showing the stack of moults. Sample AR−06−26. IRScNB n° b5097. M. Carapace in dorsal view. Sample AR−06−27. IRScNB n° b5098. N. Cryptophyllus sp. A. Valve in lateral (N) and dorsal 1 (N) views. Sample AR−06−23. IRScNB n° b5099. Scale bars 200 µm.

Fig. 4 in Early Frasnian ostracods from the Arche quarry (Dinant Synclinorium, Belgium) and the Palmatolepis punctata Isotopic Event

Fig. 4. Early Frasnian ostracods from the access path to the Arche quarry, Dinant Synclinorium, Belgium. A. Jenningsina lethiersi Becker, 1971. Poorly preserved carapace in right lateral view. Sample AR−06−26. IRScNB n° b5071. B. Favulella lecomptei Becker, 1971. Carapace in right (B1) and dorsal (B2) views. Sample AR−06−26. IRScNB n° b5072. C. Bairdiocypris sp. 5 sensu Magne (1964). Poorly preserved carapace in right (C) and ventral (C) views. Sample 1 2 AR−06−17. IRScNB n° b5073. D, E. Bairdiocypris sp. C. D. Broken carapace in right lateral view. Sample AR−06−26. IRScNB n° b5074. E. Broken carapace in dorsal view. Sample AR−06−26. IRScNB n° b5075. F–J. Microcheilinella archensis sp. nov. F. Carapace in right lateral (F) and dorsal (F) views. Sample 1 2 AR−06−26. IRScNB n° b5076. G. Holotype. Carapace in right lateral view. Sample AR−06−27. IRScNB n° b5077. H. Carapace in right lateral view. Sample AR−06−28. IRScNB n° b5078. I. Ventral view of a carapace. Sample AR−06−27. IRScNB n° b5079. J. Anterior (J) and posterior (J) views of a carapace. Sam1 2 ple AR−06−28. IRScNB n° b5080. K. Healdianella? sp. B in Becker (1971). Carapace in right (K) and dorsal (K) views. Sample AR−06−28. IRScNB n° b5081. 1 2 L. Bairdia (Rectobairdia) paffrathensis Kummerow, 1953. Poorly preserved carapace in right lateral view. Sample AR−06−23. IRScNB n° b5082. M–O. Bairdia (Rectobairdia) chalonensis sp. nov. M. Holotype. Carapace in right lateral (M) and dorsal (M) views. Sample AR−06−23. IRScNB n° b5083. N. Carapace in 1 2 right lateral view. Sample AR−06−26. IRScNB n° b5084. O. Carapace in right lateral view. Sample AR−06−26. IRScNB n° b5085. Scale bars 200 µm.

Fig. 3 in Early Frasnian ostracods from the Arche quarry (Dinant Synclinorium, Belgium) and the Palmatolepis punctata Isotopic Event

Fig. 3. Early Frasnian ostracods from the access path to the Arche quarry, Dinant Synclinorium, Belgium. A, B. Refrathella incompta Becker, 1971. A. Carapace in right (A) and dorsal (A) views. Sample AR−06−28. IRScNB n° b5055. B. Left valve. Sample AR−06−26. IRScNB n° b5056. C–E. Uchtovia 1 2 materni Becker, 1971. C. Heteromorph carapace in left lateral view. Sample AR−06−26. IRScNB n° b5057. D. Heteromorph carapace in dorsal view. Sample AR−06−28. IRScNB n° b5058. E. Tecnomorph carapace in dorsal view. Sample AR−06−28. IRScNB n° b5059. F, G. Hypotetragona tremula Becker, 1971. F. Heteromorph carapace in left lateral view. Sample AR−06−23. IRScNB n° b5060. G. Tecnomorph carapace in dorsal view. Sample AR−06−28. IRScNB n° b5061. H–J. Scobicula gracilis sp. nov. H. Holotype. Carapace in left lateral (H) and dorsal (H) views. Sample AR−06−20. IRScNB n° b5062. 1 2 I. Carapace in left lateral view. Sample NI−07−136 from the Sourd d'Ave Member in the Nismes section. IRScNB n° b5063. J. Carapace in left lateral view. Sample NI−07−12 from the Chalon Member in the Nismes section. IRScNB n° b5064. K. Cavellina? sp. A. Carapace in left (K) and dorsal (K) views. Sam1 2 ple AR−06−26. IRScNB n° b5065. L–N. Plagionephrodes laqueus praelaqueus ssp. nov. L. Holotype. Carapace in right lateral (L) and dorsal (L) views. 1 2 Sample AR−06−27. IRScNB n° b5066. M. Internal view of right valve. Sample AR−06−17. IRScNB n° b5068. N. Internal view of left valve. Sample AR−06−18. IRScNB n° b5069. O. Plagionephrodes ineptus Becker, 1971. Carapace in right (O) and dorsal (O) views. Sample AR−06−28. IRScNB n° 1 2 b5070. Scale bar 200 µm.

Fig. 1 in Early Frasnian ostracods from the Arche quarry (Dinant Synclinorium, Belgium) and the Palmatolepis punctata Isotopic Event

Fig. 1. Locality map of the Arche quarry, the Lion quarry and the Frasnes railway section; the access path to the Arche quarry indicated by arrow.

Fig. 2 in Early Frasnian ostracods from the Arche quarry (Dinant Synclinorium, Belgium) and the Palmatolepis punctata Isotopic Event

Fig. 2. Lithologic sections of the Chalon Member and of the extreme base of the Arche Member exposed on the north−eastern side and on the south−eastern side of the access path to the Arche quarry.

Fig. 5 in Theropod teeth from the upper Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation "Sue" Quarry: New morphotypes and faunal comparisons

Fig. 5. Principal components analysis of "Sue" quarry dromaeosaurid teeth. Analysis contained variables height, FABL, basal width, and denticles/ mm. PC 1 ([0.40 FABL]+[0.1 basal width]+[0.54 height]-[0.74 denticles/ mm]) explained 77.53% of the variance. PC 2 ([0.06 FABL]+[0.03 basal width]+[0.79 height]+[0.61 denticles/mm]) explained 20.17% of the variance. PC 3 ([0.91 FABL]+[0.08 basal width]-[0.29 height]+[0.28 denticles/ mm]) explained 2.30% of the variance.

Fig. 2 in Theropod teeth from the upper Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation "Sue" Quarry: New morphotypes and faunal comparisons

Fig. 2. Scanning electron image of select theropod teeth from the late Maastrichtian "Sue" locality, USA. A–D. Dromaeosauridae: FMNH PR 2893 A), FMNH PR 2896 (B), FMNH PR 2897 (C), FMNH PR 2899 (D). E. Troodontidae: FMNH PR 2900. F. Avialae: FMNH PR 2901. G. Tyrannosauridae: FMNH PR 2902. Scale bars 1 mm (refer to Table 1 for measurements of each tooth).

Fig. 4 in Theropod teeth from the upper Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation "Sue" Quarry: New morphotypes and faunal comparisons

Fig. 4. Principal components analysis of troodontid teeth from Hell Creek and Lance formations (×) and alleged troodontid tooth FMNH PR 2901 from the "Sue" quarry (circle). Analysis contained variables height, FABL, and denticles/mm. PC 1 ([0.45 FABL]+[0.20 basal width]+[0.68 height]-[0.55 denticles/mm]) explained 48.04% of the variance. PC 2 ([0.01 FABL]+[0.03 basal width]+[0.62 height]+[0.78 denticles/mm]) explained 40.73% of the variance. PC 3 ([0.88 FABL]+[0.05 basal width]-[0.37 height]+[0.28 denticles/mm]) explained 9.46% of the variance.

Fig. 3 in Theropod teeth from the upper Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation "Sue" Quarry: New morphotypes and faunal comparisons

Fig. 3. Principal components analysis of Richardoestesia teeth from Hell Creek and Lance formations (circles) and dromaeosaurid tooth FMNH PR 2899 from the Sue quarry (cross). Analysis contained variables height, FABL, and denticles/mm. PC 1 ([0.28 FABL]+[0.94 height]-[0.19 denticles/mm]) explained 76.36% of the variance. PC 2 ([0.03 FABL]+[0.18 height]+[0.98 denticles/mm]) explained 22.51% of the variance. PC 3 ([0.96 FABL]-[0.28 height]+[0.02 denticles/mm]) explained 1.13% of the variance.

Fig. 1 in Theropod teeth from the upper Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation "Sue" Quarry: New morphotypes and faunal comparisons

Fig. 1. Principal components analysis of all teeth from the "Sue" theropod sample, Sankey (2008) tooth database (except Paronychodon and Richardoestesia), and Smith et al. (2005; Deinonychus, Dromaeosaurus, and Troodon). Principal components: (1) ([0.41 FABL]+[0.1 basal width]+[0.90 height]-[0.07 denticles/mm]) explained 77.01% of variance; (2) ([-0.03 FABL]+[0.02 basal width]+[0.09 height]+[1 denticles/mm]) explained 16.58% variance; and (3) ([0.82 FABL]+[0.40 basal width]-[0.41 height]+[0.05 denticles/mm]) 5.00% variance.

Fig. 7 in Theropod teeth from the upper Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation "Sue" Quarry: New morphotypes and faunal comparisons

Fig. 7. Biplot of dromaeosaurid teeth from "Sue" quarry (dots) and Sankey (2008) database (crosses) measuring height versus denticles/mm. Ovals are the 95% confidence ellipses for each dataset, Sue quarry solid oval and Sankey database in dashed oval. Sue specimens are designated by the specimen number that follows FMNH PR in each instance.

Fig. 6 in Theropod teeth from the upper Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation "Sue" Quarry: New morphotypes and faunal comparisons

Fig. 6. Principal components analysis of "Sue" quarry dromaeosaurid teeth (dots) in addition to the dromaeosaurid teeth (crosses) included in Sankey (2008). Analysis contained variables height, FABL, and denticles/mm. Basal width was not included because this variable was not included in the Sankey (2008) dataset. PC 1 ([0.38 FABL]+[0 basal width]+[0.90 height]-[0.23 denticles/mm]) explained 89.91% of the variation. PC 2 ([-0.36 FABL]-[0.01 basal width]+[0.38 height]+[0.85 denticles/mm]) explained 6.91% of the variation. PC 3 ([0.85 FABL]-[0.01 basal width]-[0.24 height]+[0.47 denticles/mm]) explained 3.17% of the variation. Ovals are the 95% confidence ellipses for each dataset, "Sue" quarry solid oval and Sankey database in dashed oval. Sue specimens are designated by the specimen number that follows FMNH PR in each instance.

FIGURE 12 in Dinosaur tracks from the Langenberg Quarry (Late Jurassic, Germany) reconstructed with historical photogrammetry: Evidence for large theropods soon after insular dwarfism

FIGURE 12. Details of the original tracksite. 1: Detail of the left slab, showing trackway 1 (footprints 6, 7, 8, and 9), parts of trackway 2 (footprints 11 and 12), and the isolated footprint 14. Archival photograph by Holger Lüdtke from 2003. 2: Detail of the right slab, showing a deep track (footprint 21) and a better defined track (footprint 22) in close proximity. Digitally cropped version of an archival photograph (NK, 2003). 3: Detail of the tracksite. Footprint 11 shows the morphology typical for the deep tracks of the site. Footprint DFMMh/FV 646 is a well-defined track. Digitally cropped version of archival photograph (Nils Knötschke, 2003). 4: Footprint 7, featuring a hallux impression, as shown by the arrow. Digitally cropped version of archival photograph by NK, 2003. 5: DFMMh/FV 644, as it was in situ prior excavation. Digitally cropped version of archival photograph by NK, 2003.

FIGURE 4 in Dinosaur tracks from the Langenberg Quarry (Late Jurassic, Germany) reconstructed with historical photogrammetry: Evidence for large theropods soon after insular dwarfism

FIGURE 4. Historical photogrammetry based on photographs of limited quality. Footprints 14 and DFMMh/FV 647 are only visible on very few archival photographs and thus do not appear in the photogrammetric model of the whole tracksite. 1–3: The only three detail photographs showing DFMMh/FV 647 in situ. Note that photographs 2 and 3 are nearly identical. Photograph 1 was taken by NK, while photographs 2 and 3 were taken by Holger Lüdtke at the time of excavation in 2003. 4: Photogrammetric model (depth-color image) of DFMMh/FV 647, based only on the three detail photographs (1–3), the minimum number of photographs required by the software to generate a model. This model reveals additional details (most importantly the impression of digit II), which were lost during excavation of the footprint. 5: Detail of the best photograph showing footprint 14 (digitally cropped version of an original archival photograph by NK from 2003). Note the poor resolution and the low angle of the photograph. The approximate position and width of this footprint was determined by placing marker points on the photographs and using the camera alignment performed by Agisoft Photoscan to project these marker points on the 3D model.

FIGURE 11 in Dinosaur tracks from the Langenberg Quarry (Late Jurassic, Germany) reconstructed with historical photogrammetry: Evidence for large theropods soon after insular dwarfism

FIGURE 11. The three recognized trackways. The blue lines show the pace, the green lines the stride length. Arrows indicate direction of trackways. Measurements based on the historical photogrammetric model (pace length, stride length, and pace angulation) are included. Scale bars equal 1 m, respectively. Trackways are not to scale.

FIGURE 8 in Dinosaur tracks from the Langenberg Quarry (Late Jurassic, Germany) reconstructed with historical photogrammetry: Evidence for large theropods soon after insular dwarfism

FIGURE 8. Recent photograph of DFMMh/FV 648, the best preserved footprint, photographed at a low angle. The arrow shows the strongly inclined digit impression IV.