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482 results for “reward”
Mouse behavior and neural activities of dopamine and D1- and D2- neurons in the tail of the striatum under threat-reward conflict and dopamine action onto the striatal neurons
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Data from: Balancing risk and reward: mating opportunity influences thermal refuge use in fiddler crabs
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A bidirectional corticoamygdala circuit for the encoding and retrieval of detailed reward memories
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Data from: Using multiple scales of movement to highlight risk-reward strategies of coyotes (Canis latrans) in mixed-use landscapes
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Data and analyses from: Herbivory and time since flowering shape floral rewards and pollinator-pathogen interactions
<p>Herbivory can induce chemical changes throughout plant tissues including flowers, which could affect pollinator-pathogen interactions. Pollen is highly defended compared to nectar, but no study has examined whether herbivory affects pollen chemistry. We assessed the effects of leaf herbivory on nectar and pollen alkaloids in Nicotiana tabacum, and how herbivory-induced changes in nectar and pollen affect pollinator-pathogen interactions. We damaged leaves of Nicotiana tabacum using the specialist herbivore Manduca sexta and compared nicotine and anabasine concentrations in nectar and pollen. We then pooled nectar and pollen by collection periods (within and after one month of flowering), fed them in separate experiments to bumble bees (Bombus impatiens) infected with the gut pathogen Crithidia bombi, and assessed infections after seven days. We did not detect alkaloids in nectar, and leaf damage did not alter the effect of nectar on Crithidia counts. In pollen, herbivory induced higher concentrations of anabasine but not nicotine, and alkaloid concentrations rose and then fell as a function of days since flowering. Bees fed pollen from damaged plants had Crithidia counts 15 times higher than bees fed pollen from undamaged plants, but only when pollen was collected after one month of flowering, indicating that both damage and time since flowering affected interaction outcomes. Within undamaged treatments, bees fed late-collected pollen had Crithidia counts 10 times lower than bees fed early-collected pollen, also indicating the importance of floral phenology. Our results emphasize the role of herbivores in shaping pollen chemistry, with consequences for interactions between pollinators and their pathogens.</p>
Heliconiini butterflies can learn time-dependent reward associations
For many pollinators, flowers provide predictable temporal schedules of resource availability, meaning an ability to learn time-dependent information could be widely beneficial. However, this ability has only been demonstrated in a handful of species. Observational studies of Heliconius butterflies suggest that they may have an ability to form time-dependent foraging preferences. Heliconius are unique among butterflies in actively collecting pollen, a dietary behaviour linked to spatiotemporally faithful 'trap-line' foraging. Time-dependency of foraging preferences is hypothesised to allow Heliconius to exploit temporal predictability in alternative pollen resources. Here, we provide the first experimental evidence in support of this hypothesis, demonstrating that Heliconius hecale can learn opposing colour preferences in two time periods. This shift in preference is robust to the order of presentation, suggesting that preference is tied to the time of day and not due to ordinal or interval learning. However, this ability is not limited to Heliconius, as previously hypothesised, but is also present in a related genus of non-pollen feeding butterflies. This demonstrates that time learning likely pre-dates the origin of pollen-feeding and may be prevalent across butterflies with less specialized foraging behaviours.
Vicarious reward unblocks associative learning about novel cues in male rats
<p>Many species, including humans, are sensitive to social signals and their valuation is important in social learning. When social cues indicate that a conspecific is experiencing reward, they could convey vicarious reward value and prompt social learning. Here, we introduce a task that investigates if mutual reward delivery in male rats can drive social reinforcement learning in a formal associative learning experiment. Using the blocking/unblocking paradigm, we found that when actor rats have fully learned a stimulus-self reward association, adding a cue that predicted additional reward to a partner unblocked associative learning about this cue. In contrast, additional cues that did not predict partner reward remained blocked from acquiring positive associative value. Importantly, this social unblocking effect was still present when controlling for secondary reinforcement but absent when social information exchange was impeded, when mutual reward outcomes were disadvantageously unequal to the actor or when the added cue predicted reward delivery to an empty chamber. Taken together, these results suggest that mutual rewards can drive associative learning in rats and is dependent on vicariously experienced social and food related cues.</p>
Do visual traits honestly signal floral rewards at community level?
<p>1. The high variability observed in floral traits has been interpreted as resulting from the adaptation of plants to pollinators, as the latter present innate preferences for specific floral traits and impose selection over them. However, some pollinators such as bees can learn to associate floral signals with rewards, thus increasing floral constancy on more rewarding flowers. The integration of all these rewards and cues is markedly important at community level, where co-flowering species compete for pollinators. 2. In order to verify the honesty of the above mentioned signals, we examined the association between floral visual signals (size, colour, symmetry and floral display) and rewards (pollen and nectar) for 98 species in a Mediterranean community. The associations between floral traits were analysed considering the phylogenetic relationship between the different species. 3. Flower colour, size, pollen volume, or amount of sucrose exhibited no phylogenetic signal, which suggests an adaptive evolution in response to different conditions in the pollinator community. Flower size was seen to constitute the most honest signal for pollinators, as this was significantly associated with quantities of pollen and nectar. In contrast, nectar concentration was observed to be positively associated with chromatic contrast. We detected no relationship between flower shape and rewards, on the one hand, or between flower display and rewards, on the other. 4. Our study unequivocally demonstrates the correlation between rewards and the visual signals perceived by bees, the most effective pollinators in the Mediterranean Basin. In the community studied, bees employed flower size at longer distances and chromatic contrast at shorter distances to predict rewards. The limited number of studies existing in this sense indicates that this kind of association appears to be community specific.</p>
Dopamine axon population Ca signals in the striatum during odor cue- and reward-based choice tasks in mice
<p>Dopamine axon activity in the ventral, dorsomedial, and dorsolateral striatum was recorded, while mice performed a perceptual and value-based decision-making task. In one experiment, thirsty mice performed a perceptual decision-making task using mixtures of odor A and B (100/0, 90/10, 65/35, 35/65, 10/90, 0/100), in which identity of a dominant odor determined an available water port, and odor C which signaled no outcome. A fixed amount of water was always delivered with a correct choice. In the next experiment, mice performed a perceptual and value-based decision-making task using mixtures of odor A and B (100/0, 65/35, 35/65, 0/100), in which identity of a dominant odor determined an available water port, with probabilistic water reward. In this task, a fixed amount of water was delivered in block 1, and then in block 2, one water port delivered big or medium size of water in a pseudo-random order, and another water port delivered medium or small size of water in a pseudo-random order. In both tasks, odor-water port (left or right) rule was held constant throughout training and recording in each animal.</p>
Data from: Selection on signal-reward correlation: limits and opportunities to the evolution of deceit in Turnera ulmifolia L.
Because pollinators are unable to directly assess the amount of rewards offered by flowers, they rely on the information provided by advertising floral traits. Thus, having a lower intra-individual correlation between signal and reward (signal accuracy) than other plants in the population provides the opportunity to reduce investment in rewards and cheat pollinators. However, pollinators' cognitive capacities can impose a limit to the evolution of this plant cheating strategy if they can punish those plants with low signal accuracy. In this study we examined the opportunity for cheating in the perennial weed Turnera ulmifolia L. evaluating the selective value of signal accuracy, floral display and reward production in a natural population. We found that plant reproductive success was positively related to signal accuracy and floral display, but not to nectar production. The intensity of selection on floral display was more than three times higher than on signal accuracy. The pattern of selection indicated that pollinators can select for signal accuracy provided by plants, and suggest that learning abilities of pollinators can limit the evolution of deceptive strategies in T. ulmifolia.
Data from: A key floral scent component (β-trans-bergamotene) drives pollinator preferences independently of pollen rewards in seep monkeyflower
1) Floral odors play an important role in attracting insect pollinators. Because pollinators visit flowers to obtain pollen and nectar rewards, they should prefer floral odor profiles associated with the highest-rewarding flowers (honest signals). In previous work, bumble bees exhibited a preference for flowers from outbred over inbred Mimulus guttatus plants. Pollen is the only floral reward in M. guttatus, and pollen viability (a reliable indicator of protein content) is reduced in inbred plants. Yet, differences in pollen viability did not explain the observed preferences. 2) In this study we examined the floral volatile profiles of inbred and outbred M. guttatus to identify inbreeding effects and associations between volatile compounds and the number of viable pollen grains per flower, designated 'PRQ' (pollen reward quality). We also conducted pairwise choice tests with Bombus impatiens to evaluate the ability of bees to discriminate between odors of rewarding and nonrewarding flowers and to determine whether bumble bee preferences are explained by differences in the floral odors of inbred and outbred plants. 3) Inbred plants exhibited reduced emission of β-trans-bergamotene, the second-most abundant compound in the volatile blend of outbred plants. Furthermore, pollen and fertile anthers emitted nonadecane. Six other compounds in the floral blend were positively correlated with PRQ. There was no overlap between compounds affected by inbreeding and compounds associated with PRQ. 4) Even when given prior experience foraging on M. guttatus, bumble bees did not distinguish between the floral odors of rewarding and non-rewarding outbred plants. However, they preferred floral odors from non-rewarding outbred plants over rewarding inbred plants. Bumble bees without prior experience of flowers preferred volatile blends with higher versus lower amounts of β-trans-bergamotene. 5) Taken together, these results suggest that the volatile emissions of M. guttatus provide reliable indicators of pollen rewards (potential honest signals), but that the preference of bumble bees for outbred plants is not driven by these cues but rather by a sensory bias for β-trans-bergamotene. This may represent a subtle form of deceit-pollination that allows plants to attract pollinators while minimizing investment in costly rewards.
Data from: Extortion strategies resist disciplining when higher competitiveness is rewarded with extra gain
Cooperative strategies are predicted for repeated social interactions. The recently described Zero Determinant (ZD) strategies enforce the partner's cooperation because the 'generous' ZD players help their cooperative partners while 'extortionate' ZD players exploit their partners' cooperation. Partners may accede to extortion because it pays them to do so, but the partner can sabotage his own and his extortioner's score by defecting to discipline the extortioner. Thus, extortion is predicted to turn into generous and disappear. Here, we show with human volunteers that an additional monetary incentive (bonus) paid to the finally competitively superior player maintains extortion. Unexpectedly, extortioners refused to become disciplined, thus forcing partners to accede. Occasional opposition reduced the extortioners' gain so that using extortion paid off only because of the bonus. With no bonus incentive, players used the generous ZD strategy. Our findings suggest that extortion strategies can prevail when higher competitiveness is rewarded with extra gain.
Data from: Colour, design, and reward: phenotypic integration of fleshy fruit displays
The functional or structural linkage among traits (phenotypic integration; PI) within complex structures can constrain the evolutionary response of individual traits. To analyse whether frugivores with distinct sensory ecology have shaped the patterns of fruit diversification differently, we compared PI values of fleshy fruits that are consumed by birds and mammals. We used phylogenetic comparative analyses of PI among 13 morphological, nutritional and visual fruit traits from 111 Mediterranean plant species. Results showed that morphological traits had higher PI values than nutritional and colour traits. Visual and nutritional traits show positive phylogenetic covariance, while negative covariation occurs between fruits size and nutrients. Importantly, fruits consumed by birds were relatively more integrated than fruits consumed partly or solely by mammals. Hence we show that major groups of mutualistic frugivores can shape the covariance among some fruit traits differently and thereby influence fruit diversification.
Data from: Colonization across gradients of risk and reward: nutrients and predators generate species-specific responses among aquatic insects
1. Predation risk and resource abundance are two primary characteristics that determine species abundances and community composition. Colonizing organisms should attempt to minimize the risk of mortality and maximize growth through selection of patches with the highest expected fitness. However, maximizing fitness across multiple gradients of patch quality involves accurate cue assessment, integration, and behavioral responses that consider multiple factors that affect fitness simultaneously. 2. Our goal was to simultaneously and factorially assess the effects of predation risk and resource abundance among an assemblage of aquatic insects to determine the relative importance of each factor, and whether the two factors interact to affect colonization, oviposition, and community assembly. 3. We conducted a field mesocosm experiment in which we crossed predator density (0, 1, 2 fish, Fundulus chrysotus) with supplemental nutrient abundance (0, 4, 8 g rabbit chow) in a 3 × 3 factorial design. We then assayed colonization by natural populations of aquatic beetles and oviposition by Culex mosquitoes. 4. We observed species-specific responses, with many species avoiding fish and some selecting habitats with more nutrients. Nutrients and predator presence only interactively affected oviposition by Culex mosquitoes, and the effect of fish presence exceeded that of nutrients in all but one analysis. 5. Our results illustrate the primacy of predation risk in generating colonization patterns and structuring communities in aquatic habitats, but that colonization responses to variation in multiple components of patch quality are often species-specific. Simultaneous assessments of multiple aspects of patch quality allow for the determination of potential interactions among cue sources and the relative importance of various patch characteristics to colonizers.
Dataset from "Rewarded visual items capture attention only in heterogeneous contexts"
<p>Dataset from the following publication: Feldmann-Wüstefeld, T., Brandhofer, R. & Schubö, A. (2016). Rewarded visual items capture attention only in heterogeneous contexts. Psychophysiology, 53, 1063-1073. DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12641</p>
Distress and rewards of nurses with experience in COVID-19 wards
<p>The data were obtained from interviews with nurses who had worked in COVID-19 wards regarding their distresses and rewards.<br>The study spanned from January 2022 to March 2023</p>
Reduced serotonergic transmission alters sensitivity to cost and reward via 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors in monkeys
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Using Reward Contingency as a Language Teaching Strategy to Novices
<p>There are several strategies to enhance language teaching. One of the strategies is pressure (Rau etal., 2006; Lane and Ferreira, 2008; Repak, 2012). In a previous study, four types of pressure were tested on language learners: ego relevance, monitoring pressure, punishment contingency and reward contingency (Abang, 2018). In that study, no type of pressure had a negative impact on performance in language learning. However, reward contingency was seen to have the highest positive impact on performance in language learning. This thus motivated the researcher to investigate the impact of reward contingency on performance in language learning, in the case of novices. Judge and Bono (2000) defined reward contingency as, "providing an adequate exchange of valued resources for followers support." In other words, reward contingency denotes, offering praises, extra marks, awarding hard work with privileges. The present study seeks to demonstrate how reward contingency can enhance performance in language teaching and learning to novices. Novices here refers to language learners who do not use the target language often. In the case of this study French speaking students of ENSET (L'École Normale Supérieure de l'Enseignement Technique) Douala, learning English language, were subjects of the study. We had 95 participants who were divided into an experimental group and a control group. Research instruments were an observation chart, pre-test and post-test. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. It was concluded that reward contingency improved class interaction and encouraged the students to ask questions in class.</p>
A hippocampo-cortical pathway detects changes in the validity of an action as a predictor of reward
<p>This repository contains the source files for all behavioural data.</p>
Intracranial and behavioral data from "Asymmetric coding of reward prediction errors in human insula and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex"
<p>Preprocessed intracranial EEG and behavioral data from Hoy, Quiroga-Martinez, et al. manuscript titled "Asymmetric coding of reward prediction errors in human insula and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex" published in Nature Communications (2023). Source data files for figures are included as well.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.