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Figure 12 in REVIEW Going underwater: multiple origins and functional morphology of piercing-sucking feeding and tracheal system adaptations in water scavenger beetle larvae (Coleoptera: Hydrophiloidea)

Figure 12. Schematic drawing of the piercing-sucking feeding mechanism: 1, sucking channel; 2, epistomal-mandibular coupling system; 3, flexible area.

Figure 11 in REVIEW Going underwater: multiple origins and functional morphology of piercing-sucking feeding and tracheal system adaptations in water scavenger beetle larvae (Coleoptera: Hydrophiloidea)

Figure 11. Summary of the main structures related with piercing-sucking feeding mechanism, SEM micrograph. A, B, Berosus sp., third-instar larva: A, lobular-mandibular coupling system, dorsal view; B, detail of lobular-mandibular coupling system, ventral view. C, Laccobius (Microlaccobius) sp., third-instar larva, left epistomal lobe, dorsal view.

Figure 9 in REVIEW Going underwater: multiple origins and functional morphology of piercing-sucking feeding and tracheal system adaptations in water scavenger beetle larvae (Coleoptera: Hydrophiloidea)

Figure 9. Labium of larvae with chewing (A–B) and piercing-sucking (C–D) feeding system, dorsal view. A, Enochrus sp., first-instar larva, SEM micrograph. B, Derallus sp., first-instar larva, SEM micrograph. C, Berosus sp., third-instar larva, SEM micrograph. D, Oocyclus sapphirus Short & García, 2010, first-instar larva, light microscope photograph.

Figure 14 in REVIEW Going underwater: multiple origins and functional morphology of piercing-sucking feeding and tracheal system adaptations in water scavenger beetle larvae (Coleoptera: Hydrophiloidea)

Figure 14. Summary of the main structures related with apneustic respiratory system. A–C, Berosus decolor Knisch, 1924, light microscope photograph: A, habitus, first-instar larva, dorsal view; B; terminal spiracle, third-instar larva, dorsal view; C; detail of the abdominal spiracular trachea and tracheal gill, dorsal view. D, Berosus pallipes Brullé, 1841, abdominal spiracle, third-instar larva, dorsal view. E–H, Berosus sp., third-instar larva, SEM micrograph: E, spiracular chamber, ventral view; F; first abdominal segment bearing tracheal gill, dorsal view; G, detail of tracheal gill surface; H, abdominal spiracle. I, J, Hemiosus bruchi Knisch, 1924, third-instar larva, SEM micrograph: I, last abdominal segments, dorsal view; J, abdominal spiracle. K, Hemiosus multimaculatus (Jensen-Haarup, 1910), spiracular chamber, third-instar larva, ventral view.

Figure 13 in REVIEW Going underwater: multiple origins and functional morphology of piercing-sucking feeding and tracheal system adaptations in water scavenger beetle larvae (Coleoptera: Hydrophiloidea)

Figure 13. Summary of the main structures related with metapneustic respiratory system. A, Tropisternus latus (Brullé, 1837), spiracular chamber, first-instar larva, light microscope photograph, dorsal view. B, Helochares ventricosus Bruch, 1915, spiracular chamber, first-instar larva, light microscope photograph, dorsal view. C, Tropisternus latus (Brullé, 1837), spiracular chamber, first-instar larva, light microscope photograph, dorsal view. D, Helochares ventricosus Bruch, 1915, abdominal spiracle, first-instar larva, light microscope photograph, dorsal view. E–H, Tropisternus setiger Germar, 1824, SEM micrograph: E, spiracular chamber, third-instar larva, ventral view; F, detail of the terminal spiracle with dust filter, third-instar larva, ventral view; G, abdominal spiracle, first-instar larva, dorsal view; H, detail of the closed abdominal spiracles, first-instar larva, dorsal view. I, J, Oocyclus iguazu (Oliva 1996) third-instar larva, SEM micrograph: I, spiracular chamber, dorsal view; J, biforous abdominal spiracle, dorsal view. K, Laccobius kunashiricus Shatrovskiy, 1984, spiracular chamber, third-instar larva, SEM micrograph, dorsal view.

Figure 8. Labroclypeal region. A, B in REVIEW Going underwater: multiple origins and functional morphology of piercing-sucking feeding and tracheal system adaptations in water scavenger beetle larvae (Coleoptera: Hydrophiloidea)

Figure 8. Labroclypeal region. A, B, Hybogralius hartmeyeri (Régimbart, 1908), third-instar larva, light microscope photographs, dorsal view: A, labroclypeus; B, left epistomal lobe. C, D, Epimetopus mendeli Fikáček et al. 2011, first-instar larva, SEM micrograph, dorsal view: C, labroclypeus; D, right epistomal lobe. Abbreviations: EpLb, epistomal lobe; NS, nasale. Colours: light blue, frontoclypeal region; green, gFR1, group of sensilla of nasale; violet, gFR2, group of sensilla of epistomal lobe.

Figure 13 in Karyotypes of water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae): new data and review of published records

Figure 13. Karyotypes of the Cylominae, without treatment. A, D, Exydrus gibbosus, mitosis, midgut. B–C, E, Tormissus magnulus, mitosis, midgut. F–H, Rygmodus modestus (F–G, meiotic metaphase I, testes; H, mitotic karyotype, midgut). Habitus figures: (I) Exydrus gibbosus; (J) Rygmodus modestus, from Minoshima et al. (2018).

Figure 14 in Karyotypes of water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae): new data and review of published records

Figure 14. Karyotypes of the Omicrini and Sphaeridiini, without treatment. A–F, Omicrini: (A–B) Noteropagus sp. from Taiwan, meiotic karyotypes from testes; (C–D) Omicrogiton insularis, mitotic karyotype, midgut; (E–F) Paromicrus sp. from Taiwan, mitotic karyotype, midgut. G–I, habitus of examined specimens: (G) Noteropagus sp.; (H) Omicrogiton insularis; (I) Paromicrus sp. J–P, Sphaeridiini: Sphaeridium; (J–K) Sphaeridium lunatum (J, testes, mitosis; K, midgut, mitosis); (L) Sphaeridium scarabaeoides, mitosis, midgut; (M) Sphaeridium bipustulatum, mitosis, midgut; (N–P) meiosis, metaphase I, testes: (N) Sphaeridium scarabaeoides; (O) Sphaeridium bipustulatum; (P) Sphaeridium lunatum. Q, habitus of Sphaeridium scarabaeoides.

Figure 12 in Karyotypes of water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae): new data and review of published records

Figure 12. Karyotypes of the Cylominae, without treatment. A–B, Adolopus sp., mitosis from midgut. D, Cyloma guttulatus, mitosis from midgut. E–G, Cyloma sp. (E–F, meiotic first metaphase; G, testes, mitosis;). I–M, Cylomissus glabratus: (I–J) mitotic metaphase from midgut; (K–M) meiotic metaphase I from testes. Habitus figures: (C) Adolopus sp.; (H) Cyloma sp., specimen collected with karyotyped voucher; (N) Cylomissus glabratus, from Minoshima et al. (2015).

Figure 11 in Karyotypes of water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae): new data and review of published records

Figure 11. Karyotypes of the Acidocerinae. A–C, Agraphydrus, mitotic metaphase, midgut: (A–B) Agraphydrus decipiens; (C) Agraphydrus variabilis. D–L, Helochares: (D–E) Helochares lividus, mitosis, midgut; (F) Helochares obscurus, mitosis, midgut; (G–H) Helochares punctatus, mitosis, midgut; (I) Helochares punctatus, karyotype of male embryo with multiple y-chromosomes; (J–K) meiotic metaphase I from testes (J, Helochares punctatus; K, Helochares lividus); (L) Helochares sauteri, mitosis, midgut. A, D, F, G, I–L, without treatment. B, C, E, H, C-banded. Habitus figures: (M) Agraphydrus decipiens, from Minoshima, Komarek, & Ȏhara 2015; (N) Helochares obscurus.

Figure 10 in Karyotypes of water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae): new data and review of published records

Figure 10. Karyotypes of Enochrus (Lumetus). A–C, Enochrus quadripunctatus, mitosis, midgut. D–K, Enochrus fuscipennis, mitosis, midgut (H–I, specimens from Denmark, Rømø Island with the karyotypes indicating their hybrid origin). L–N, meiotic metaphase I from testes (L, Enochrus quadripunctatus, UK: East Walton, Norfolk; M–N, Enochrus fuscipennis, Denmark: Rømø Island). O–P, Enochrus fuscipennis, testes, mitotic metaphase from the same specimens as in (H–I). A, B, D, E, H, I, J, M–P, without treatment. C, F, G, K, L, C-banded.

Figure 9 in Karyotypes of water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae): new data and review of published records

Figure 9. Karyotypes of Enochrus (Lumetus), mitosis from embryos. A, Enochrus bicolor. B–C, Enochrus ochropterus. D–E, Enochrus testaceus. F–K, Enochrus halophilus. A, B, D, F, H, I, without treatment. C, E, G, K, C-banded. Habitus figures: (L) Enochrus (Lumetus) testaceus; (M) Enochrus (Lumetus) halophilus.

Figure 8 in Karyotypes of water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae): new data and review of published records

Figure 8. Mitotic karyotypes of the Enochrinae. A, Cymbiodyta marginella, embryo. B–D, European usual-looking species of Enochrus (Methydrus) from embryos: (B) Enochrus affinis; (C) Enochrus coarctatus; (D–E) Enochrus nigritus. F–G, unusual species assigned at the moment to Enochrus (Methydrus): (F) Enochrus morenae, midgut; (G) Enochrus sauteri, midgut. H, Enochrus (s.s.) melanocephalus, embryo. A–G, without treatment. H, C-banded. Habitus figures: (I) Cymbiodyta marginella; (J) Enochrus morenae.

Figures 60–67 in Larval chaetotaxy and morphology are highly homoplastic yet phylogenetically informative in Hydrobiusini water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)

Figures 60–67. Larva of Limnohydrobius melaenus, first instar (60–63) and third instar (64–67). 60, 64, antenna, dorsal view. 61, 65, right mandible, dorsal view. 62, 66, maxilla, dorsal view. 63, 67, maxilla, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.05 mm.

Figures 90–98 in Larval chaetotaxy and morphology are highly homoplastic yet phylogenetically informative in Hydrobiusini water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)

Figures 90–98. Third instar larva of Sperchopsis tessellata. 90–92, head capsule (90, dorsal view; 91, ventral view; 92, labroclypeus). 93, antenna, dorsal view. 94, right mandible, dorsal view. 95–96, maxilla (95, dorsal view; 96, ventral view). 97–98, mentum and prementum (97, dorsal view; 98, ventral view). Scale bars: Figs 90–91: 0.1 mm, Figs 92–98: 0.05 mm.

Figures 86–89 in Larval chaetotaxy and morphology are highly homoplastic yet phylogenetically informative in Hydrobiusini water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)

Figures 86–89. Larva of Limnoxenus niger, first instar (86–87) and third instar (88–89). 86, 88, mentum and prementum, dorsal view. 87, 89, mentum and prementum, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.05 mm.

Figures 78–85 in Larval chaetotaxy and morphology are highly homoplastic yet phylogenetically informative in Hydrobiusini water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)

Figures 78–85. Larva of Limnoxenus niger, first instar (78–81) and third instar (82–85). 78, 82, antenna, dorsal view. 79, 83, right mandible, dorsal view. 80, 84, maxilla, dorsal view. 81, 85, maxilla, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.05 mm.

Figure 17 in Karyotypes of water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae): new data and review of published records

Figure 17. Mitotic karyotypes of Cercyon from midgut. (A) Cercyon marinus; (B–E) Cercyon lateralis; (F–G) Cercyon obsoletus; (H) Cercyon impressus; (I–K) Cercyon haemorrhoidalis; (L–N) Cercyon melanocephalus. A, B, D, F, H, I, K, L, N, without treatment. C, E, G, J, M, C-banded. Habitus figures: (O) Cercyon marinus; (P) Cercyon impressus; (Q) Cercyon haemorrhoidalis, from Fikáček (2019).

Figure 15 in Karyotypes of water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae): new data and review of published records

Figure 15. Karyotypes of the Coelostomatini and Protosternini. A–C, Coelostoma orbiculare, embryo (A, with B-chromosomes; B–C, without B-chromosomes). D–F, Dactylosternum flavicorne, embryo. G, Dactylosternum corbetti, mitosis, midgut. J–K, Protosternum abnormale, meiotic nuclei from testes. A–F, J, K, without treatment. G, C-banded. Habitus figures: (H) Coelostoma orbiculare; (I) Dactylosternum corbetti; (L) Protosternum abnormale, from Fikáček et al. (2018).

Figures 99–106 in Larval chaetotaxy and morphology are highly homoplastic yet phylogenetically informative in Hydrobiusini water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)

Figures 99–106. Results of the phylogenetic analyses. 99–105, topologies obtained using different datasets: 99, larval morphology only (majority rule consensus); 100: larval chaetotaxy only (implied weighted tree, k = 20). 101, all larval characters (implied weigthed tree, k = 20). 102, larval and adult characters (most parsimonous tree). 103, reference topology based on DNA data, adopted from Toussaint & Short (2018). 104, part of the tree based on all larval characters (same as on Fig. 101) with characters mapped. 105, Hydrophilinae molecular reference topology with updated position of Tritonus with larval characters mapped. 106, alternative position of Tritonus in constrained topology search using different datasets.