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233 results for “sex determination”
An investigation of ZZ/ZW and XX/XY sex determination systems in North African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)
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Data from: Sex determination meltdown upon biological control introduction of the parasitoid Cotesia rubecula?
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Data from: Incubation temperature and parental identity determine sex in the Australian agamid lizard Ctenophorus pictus
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Data from: Maternal nesting behaviour in city dragons: a species with temperature-dependent sex determination
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Data from: Individual heterogeneity determines sex differences in mortality in a monogamous bird with reversed sexual dimorphism
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Data from: Variation in thermal traits describing sex determination and development in Western Australian sea turtle populations
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Comparative genome anatomy of the male and female silver arowanas provides an improved understanding of sex determination mechanisms in teleosts
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Are evolutionary transitions in sexual size dimorphism related to sex determination in reptiles? - Electronic supplementary material
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Maternal provisioning and fluctuating thermal regimes enhance immune response in a reptile with temperature-dependent sex determination
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Ancient DNA-based sex determination of bison hide moccasins provides evidence for selective hunting strategies by Promontory Cave occupants
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Data from: Snakeskin gourami (Trichopodus pectoralis) exhibits XX/XY sex determination and putative young Y chromosome shares sex chromosomal linkage homologies with those of amniotes
<p class="CxSpFirst"><span>Snakeskin gourami (<i>Trichopodus pectoralis</i>) is one of the most common air-breathing freshwater fish of the Indochina peninsula. It has a high meat yield and is one of the top five aquaculture freshwater fish in Thailand. However, it takes 2–3<b> </b>years for adults to reach sexual maturity. Snakeskin gourami is not externally sexually dimorphic and its sex determination remains unknown, complicating many aspects of broodstock management including sex manipulation. Understanding the sex determination system will contribute significantly towards full-scale commercialization. By characterizing the sex determination system in snakeskin gourami using cytogenetic approaches and Diversity Arrays Technology, we identified sex-specific loci in 16 phenotypic sex assignments of snakeskin gourami. Of the 39 loci present in all males, 4<b> </b>male-linked loci reached the criteria of moderately sex-linked loci (70:30; males:females and 80:20; males:females). By contrast, only one female-linked locus was detected from moderately sex-linked loci. This suggests that snakeskin gourami exhibits an XX/XY sex determination mode. No different chromosomal patterns were observed in karyotype, C-banding, and microsatellite repeat fluorescence <i>in situ</i> hybridization mapping between males and females, and no male-specific loci of 100:0 (males:females) were observed in snakeskin gourami. This suggests that the putative Y chromosome is young and the non-recombination region is very cryptic. A total of<b> </b>10.26% male-linked loci were involved with the sex developmental pathway in vertebrates and 5.13% showed partial homology with several amniote sex chromosomal linkages. Surprisingly, the hypothesis of an ancestral amniote super-sex chromosome with overlaps of partial sex chromosomal linkages was also found in teleosts. This approach provides a solid baseline to reveal the sex determination mechanism<b> </b>and identify potential sex determination regions in teleosts, allowing further investigation of genetic improvements in snakeskin gourami.</span></p>
Data from: Host sex and age typically explain variation in parasitism of Rock Ptarmigan: implications for identifying determinants of exposure and susceptibility
<p>Measures of parasitism often differ between hosts. This variation is thought due in part to age or sex differences in exposure to parasites and/or susceptibility to parasitism. We assessed how often age or sex biases in parasitism were found using a large, multi-year (2006 – 2017) dataset of 12 parasite species of Icelandic Rock Ptarmigan (<em>Lagopus muta</em>). We found host traits (i.e. age and/or sex) accounted for significant variation in abundance of 11 of the 12 parasite species. We often found increased abundance among juvenile hosts, although significant adult biases were observed for three parasite species. Additionally, higher levels of parasitism by many species were observed for female hosts, contrary to frequent male biases in parasitism reported for other vertebrates. Abundance of six parasite species was best explained by interactions between host age and sex; some degree of decrease in abundance with host age was present for both male and female hosts for four of those parasite species. We consider various host and parasite traits that could account for observed singular and repeated patterns of age and/or sex biases in parasitism (e.g. age- and sex-related grouping behaviours, age-specific mortality in relation to parasitism, acquisition of greater immunity with age). This work provides a foundation for future studies investigating age-related differences in acquired immunity and age-specific parasite-mediated mortality for males and females, as well as studies on interactions between co-infecting parasite species.</p>
Code and data from: A mobile sex-determining region, male-specific haplotypes, and rearing environment influence age at maturity in Chinook salmon.
<p>Variation in age at maturity is an important contributor to life history and demographic variation within and among species. The optimal age at maturity can vary by sex, and the ability of each sex to evolve towards its fitness optimum depends on the genetic architecture of maturation. Using GWAS of RAD sequencing data, we show that age at maturity in Chinook salmon exhibits sex-specific genetic architecture, with age at maturity in males governed by large (up to 20Mb) male-specific haplotypes. These regions showed no such effect in females. We also provide evidence for translocation of the sex-determining gene between two different chromosomes. This has important implications for sexually antagonistic selection, particularly that sex-linkage of adaptive genes may differ within and among populations based on chromosomal location of the sex-determining gene. Our findings will facilitate research into the genetic causes of shifting demography in Chinook salmon as well as a better understanding of sex-determination in this species and Pacific salmon in general.</p>
Data from: Size, sounds and sex: interactions between body size and harmonic convergence signals determine mating success in Aedes aegypti
Background: Several new mosquito control strategies will involve the release of laboratory reared males which will be required to compete with wild males for mates. Currently, the determinants of male mating success remain unclear. The presence of convergence between male and female harmonic flight tone frequencies during a mating attempt have been found to increase male mating success in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Size has also been implicated as a factor in male mating success. Here, we investigated the relationships among body size, harmonic convergence signalling, and mating success. We predicted that harmonic convergence would be an important determinant of mating success and that large individuals would be more likely to converge. Methods: We used diet to manipulate male and female body size and then measured acoustic interactions during mating attempts between pairs of different body sizes. Additionally, we used playback experiments to measure the direct effect of size on signalling performance. Results: In live pair interactions, harmonic convergence was found to be a significant predictor of copula formation. However, we also found interactions between harmonic convergence behaviour and body size. The probability that a given male successfully formed a copula was a consequence of his size, the size of the female encountered, and whether or not they converged. While convergence appears to be predictive of mating success regardless of size, the positive effect of convergence was modulated by size combinations. In playbacks, adult body size did not affect the probability of harmonic convergence responses. Conclusions: Both body size and harmonic convergence signalling were found to be determinants of male mating success. Our results suggest that in addition to measuring convergence ability of mass release lines that the size distribution of released males may need to be adjusted to complement the size distribution of females. We also found that diet amount alone cannot be used to increase male mating success or convergence probability. A clearer understanding of convergence behaviours, their relationship to mating success, and factors influencing convergence ability would provide the groundwork for improving the mating performance of laboratory reared lines.
Data from: Restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) reveals an extraordinary number of transitions among gecko sex-determining systems
Sex chromosomes have evolved many times in animals and studying these replicate evolutionary "experiments" can help broaden our understanding of the general forces driving the origin and evolution of sex chromosomes. However this plan of study has been hindered by the inability to identify the sex chromosome systems in the large number of species with cryptic, homomorphic sex chromosomes. Restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) is a critical enabling technology that can identify the sex chromosome systems in many species where traditional cytogenetic methods have failed. Using newly generated RAD-seq data from twelve gecko species, along with data from the literature, we reinterpret the evolution of sex-determining systems in lizards and snakes and test the hypothesis that sex chromosomes can routinely act as evolutionary traps. We uncovered between 17 and 25 transitions among gecko sex-determining systems. This is approximately ½ to ⅔ of the total number of transitions observed among all lizards and snakes. We find support for the hypothesis that sex chromosome systems can readily become trap-like and show that adding even a small number of species from understudied clades can greatly enhance hypothesis testing in a model-based phylogenetic framework. RAD-seq will undoubtedly prove useful in evaluating other species for male or female heterogamety, particularly the majority of fish, amphibian, and reptile species that lack visibly heteromorphic sex chromosomes, and will significantly accelerate the pace of biological discovery.
Data from: Effects of inbreeding on a gregarious parasitoid wasp with complementary sex determination
Inbreeding and inbreeding depression are processes in small populations of particular interest for a range of human activities such as animal breeding, species conservation or pest management. In particular, biological control programs should benefit from a thorough understanding of the causes and consequences of inbreeding because natural enemies experience repetitive bottlenecks during importation, laboratory rearing, and introduction. Predicting the effect of inbreeding in Hymenopteran parasitoid wasps, frequently used in biological control programs, is nonetheless a difficult endeavor. In haplodiploid parasitoids, the purge of deleterious alleles via haploid males should reduce genetic load, but if these species also have complementary sex determination (CSD) abnormal diploid males will be produced, which may jeopardize the success of biological control introductions. <i>Mastrus ridens</i> is such a parasitoid wasp with CSD, introduced to control the codling moth, <i>Cydia pomonella</i> (L.). We studied its life history traits in the laboratory under two conditions: inbred (full sib) and outbred (non-sib) crosses, across five generations, in order to examine the consequences of inbreeding in this species. We found that in inbred lines non reproducing females live less, the number of daughters produced was lower, and that sex ratio (proportion of males) and proportion of diploid males were higher. Diploid males were able to produce fertile daughters, but fewer than haploid males. Lineage survival was similar for inbred and outbred lines across the five generations. The most significant decrease in fitness was thus a consequence of the production of diploid males, but this effect was not as extreme as in most other species with CSD, due to the fertility of diploid males. This study highlights the importance of determining the type of sex determination in parasitoid wasps used for biological control, and the importance of maintaining genetic diversity in species with CSD when importation or augmentation is the goal.
Data from: Population structure leads to male-biased population sex ratios under environmental sex determination
Spatial structure has been shown to favor female-biased sex allocation, but current theory fails to explain male biases seen in many taxa, particularly those with environmental sex determination (ESD). We present a theory and accompanying individual-based simulation model that demonstrates how population structure leads to male-biased population sex ratios under ESD. Our simulations agree with earlier work showing that the high productivity of female-producing habitats creates a net influx of sex-determining alleles into male-producing habitats, causing larger sex ratio biases and lower productivity in male-producing environments (Harts et al. 2014). In contrast to previous findings, we show that male-biasing habitats disproportionately impact the global sex ratio, resulting in stable male-biased population sex ratios under ESD. The failure to detect a male bias in earlier work can be attributed to small subpopulation sizes leading to local mate competition, a condition unlikely to be met in most ESD systems. Simulations revealed that consistent male biases are expected over a wide range of population structures, environmental conditions, and genetic architectures of sex determination, with male excesses as large as 30 percent under some conditions. Given the ubiquity of genetic structure in natural populations, we predict that modest, enduring male biased allocation should be common in ESD species, a pattern consistent with reviews of ESD sex ratios.
Data from: Introgression maintains the genetic integrity of the sex-determining chromosome of the fungus Neurospora tetrasperma
Genome evolution is driven by a complex interplay of factors, including selection, recombination, and introgression. The regions determining sexual identity are particularly dynamic parts of eukaryotic genomes that are prone to molecular degeneration associated with suppressed recombination. In the fungus Neurospora tetrasperma, it has been proposed that this molecular degeneration is counteracted by the introgression of non-degenerated DNA from closely related species. In this study, we used comparative and population genomic analyses of variation among 92 genomes from eight phylogenetically and reproductively isolated lineages of N. tetrasperma, and its three closest relatives, to investigate the factors shaping the evolutionary history of the genomes. We found that suppressed recombination extends across at least 6 Mbp (~63%) of the mating-type (mat) chromosome in N. tetrasperma, and is associated with decreased genetic diversity, which is likely the result primarily of selection at linked sites. Furthermore, analyses of molecular evolution revealed an increased mutational load in this region, relative to recombining regions. However, comparative genomic and phylogenetic analyses indicate that the mat chromosomes are temporarily regenerated via introgression from sister species; six out of eight lineages show introgression into one of their mat chromosomes, with at least three other Neurospora species acting as donors. The introgressed tracts have been driven to fixation in lineages, suggesting that they confer an adaptive advantage in natural populations, and our analyses support the presence of selective sweeps in at least one of the lineages. Thus, these data strongly support the previously hypothesized role of introgression as a mechanism for the maintenance of mating-type determining chromosomal regions.
Data from: Sex-determining 3D regulatory hubs revealed by genome spatial auto-correlation analysis
<p>Mammalian sex is determined by opposing networks of ovarian and testicular genes that are well characterized. However, its epigenetic regulation is still largely unknown, thus limiting our understanding of a fundamental process for species propagation. Here we explore the 3D chromatin landscape of sex determination <em>in vivo</em>, using <em>METALoci</em>, a novel genome spatial auto-correlation analysis.</p> <p><strong>Extended Data File 1: Coordinates for HH metaloci in each sample.</strong></p> <p>The EDFile1_H3K27ac_HH_metaloci_per_gene.zip file contains four files named:</p> <ul> <li>XX10.5_H3K27ac_HH_metaloci_per_gene.bed</li> <li>XX13.5_H3K27ac_HH_metaloci_per_gene.bed</li> <li>XY10.5_H3K27ac_HH_metaloci_per_gene.bed</li> <li>XY13.5_H3K27ac_HH_metaloci_per_gene.bed</li> </ul> <p>Each BED file contains the following columns tab separated:</p> <ul> <li>chr Chromosome</li> <li>start Start coordinates</li> <li>end End coordinates</li> <li>MetaLociBinNumber Number of the bin in the METALoci layout</li> <li>GeneSymbol Gene symbol</li> </ul> <p> </p> <p><strong>Extended Data File 2: Coordinates bins in METALoci with ATAC-seq accessible peak targeted by TF.</strong></p> <p>The EDFile2_TF_ATAC_ML_Sites.zip file contains four files named:</p> <ul> <li>XX10.5_TF_ATAC_ML_Sites.tsv</li> <li>XX13.5_TF_ATAC_ML_Sites.tsv</li> <li>XY10.5_TF_ATAC_ML_Sites.tsv</li> <li>XY13.5_TF_ATAC_ML_Sites.tsv</li> </ul> <p>Each TSV file contains the following columns tab separated:</p> <ul> <li>chr Motif site chromosome </li> <li>start Motif site start coordinates </li> <li>end Motif site end coordinates</li> <li>bin Hi-C bin number</li> <li>pchr ATAC site chromosome</li> <li>pstart ATAC site start coordinates</li> <li>pend ATAC site end coordinates</li> <li>gene Gene symbol</li> </ul>
Data from: Reference genome of Lumpfish Cyclopterus lumpus Linnaeus provides evidence of male heterogametic sex determination through the AMH pathway
<p>Teleosts exhibit extensive diversity of sex determination (SD) systems and mechanisms, providing the opportunity to study the evolution of sex determination and sex chromosomes. Here we sequenced the genome of the Common Lumpfish (<i>Cyclopterus lumpus</i> Linnaeus), a species of increasing importance to aquaculture, and identified the SD region and master SD locus using a 70K SNP array and tissue-specific expression data. The chromosome-level assembly identified 25 diploid chromosomes with a total size of 572.89 Mb, a scaffold N50 of 23.86 Mb, and genome annotation predicted 21,480 protein-coding genes. Genome wide association analysis located a highly sex-associated region on chromosome 13, suggesting that anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is the putative SD factor. Linkage disequilibrium and heterozygosity across chromosome 13 support a proto-XX/XY system, with an absence of widespread chromosome divergence between sexes. We identified three copies of <i>AMH</i> in the Lumpfish primary and alternate haplotype assemblies localized in the SD region. Comparison to sequences from other teleosts suggested a monophyletic relationship and conservation within the Cottioidei. One <i>AMH</i> copy showed similarity to <i>AMH/AMHY</i> in a related species and was also the only copy with expression in testis tissue, suggesting this copy may be the functional copy of <i>AMH</i> in Lumpfish. The two other copies arranged in tandem inverted duplication were highly similar, suggesting a recent duplication event. This study provides a resource for the study of early sex chromosome evolution and novel genomic resources that benefits Lumpfish conservation management and aquaculture.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.