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480 results for “spatial structure”
Quantifying eco-evolutionary contributions to trait divergence in spatially structured systems
<p>Ecological and evolutionary processes can occur at similar time scales, and hence influence one another. There has been much progress in developing metrics that quantify contributions of ecological and evolutionary components to trait change over time. However, many empirical evolutionary ecology studies document trait differentiation among populations structured in space. In both time and space, the observed differentiation in trait values among populations and communities can be the result of interactions between non-evolutionary (phenotypic plasticity, changes in the relative abundance of species) and evolutionary (genetic differentiation among populations) processes. However, the tools developed so far to quantify ecological and evolutionary contributions to trait changes are implicitly addressing temporal dynamics because they require directionality of change from an ancestral to a derived state. Identifying directionality from one site to another in spatial studies of eco-evolutionary dynamics is not always possible and often not meaningful. We suggest three modifications to existing partitioning metrics so they allow quantifying ecological and evolutionary contributions to changes in population and community trait values across spatial locations in landscapes. Applying these spatially modified metrics to published empirical examples shows how these metrics can be used to generate new empirical insights and to facilitate future comparative analyses. The possibility to apply eco-evolutionary partitioning metrics to populations and communities in natural landscapes is critical as it will broaden our capacity to quantify eco-evolutionary interactions as they occur in nature.</p>
Small giants: Tributaries rescue spatially structured populations from extirpation in a highly fragmented stream
<p>Habitat fragmentation is a pervasive threat to biodiversity. Linearly arranged habitats such as stream networks are particularly vulnerable to fragmentation. As the landscape becomes increasingly human-dominated, conservation values of fragmented habitat patches cannot be overlooked. It is critical to understand the demographic mechanisms of population persistence or extirpation in fragmented patches.</p> <p>We studied the dynamics of spatially structured populations of two Japanese landlocked salmonids persisting for > 30 years in a headwater stream network that is highly fragmented due to low-head dams in the mainstem. We parameterised and analysed spatial matrix population models using 9-year mark-recapture data.</p> <p>Tributaries supported higher survival rates in some life stages, and movement was asymmetrical from the tributaries to the mainstem. Accordingly, population growth rates were higher in the tributary patches than the mainstem in both species despite the tributaries occupying only 12 or 18% of the study stream network by surface area. The tributaries harboured more physically and hydraulically complex instream habitats (i.e., higher wood density and flow refugia), indicating that habitat patch quality was more important than habitat patch size in determining the dynamics of these spatially structured populations.</p> <p>Tributary locations in the stream network were important in the trajectory of these populations. The upstream-dwelling charr persisted in the highly fragmented mainstem patch (i.e., six impassable infrastructures in a < 500 m patch) due to immigration of fish from upstream including the tributary. However, the downstream-dwelling salmon have been gradually extirpated from the uppermost section of the fragmented mainstem patch because they could not maintain a positive population growth rate after the loss of emigrants was accounted for and immigration was prevented due to fragmentation.</p> <p>Synthesis and applications: We conclude that small tributaries have rescued the spatially structured populations from extirpation (charr) or at least slowed down extirpation (salmon). Legal protection of headwaters as aquatic habitats is weak globally. Our results suggest that stream management plans underestimating the demographic value of small tributaries will likely fail to conserve populations of headwater inhabitants and therefore endanger aquatic biodiversity. We discuss conservation implications of this study related to habitat connectivity and fisheries management.</p>
The role of spatial structure in multi-deme models of evolutionary rescue
<p>Genetic variation and population sizes are critical factors for successful adaptation to novel environmental conditions. Gene flow between sub-populations is a potent mechanism to provide such variation and can hence facilitate adaptation, for instance by increasing genetic variation or via the introduction of beneficial variants. On the other hand, if gene flow between different habitats is too strong, locally beneficial alleles may not be able to establish permanently. In the context of evolutionary rescue, intermediate levels of gene flow are therefore often optimal for maximizing a species' chance for survival in metapopulations without spatial structure. To which extent and under which conditions gene flow facilitates or hinders evolutionary rescue in spatially structured populations remains unresolved. We address this question by studying the differences between evolutionary rescue in the island model and in the stepping stone model in a gradually deteriorating habitat. We show that evolutionary rescue is modulated by the rate of gene flow between different habitats, which in turn depends strongly on the spatial structure and the pattern of environmental deterioration. We use these insights to show that in many cases spatially structured models can be translated into a simpler island model using an appropriately scaled effective migration rate.</p>
Data for: Spatial structure within root systems moderates stability of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal mutualism and plant-soil feedbacks
<p>The persistence of mutualisms is paradoxical, as there are fitness incentives for exploitation. This is particularly true for plant-microbe mutualisms like arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM), which are promiscuously horizontally-transmitted. Preferential allocation by hosts to the best mutualist can stabilize horizontal mutualisms, however, preferential allocation is imperfect, with its fidelity likely depending upon the spatial structure of symbionts in plant roots. In this study, we tested AM mutualisms' dependence on two dimensions of spatial structure: the initial spatial association of fungi and the ease of fungal dispersal, through three complementary experiments. We found that fitness of the beneficial AM fungus increased when fungi were initially separate, while initial spatial mixing benefited the fitness of the non-beneficial fungus. These effects were strongest when dispersal was limited, and hosts could discriminate. Additionally, we found that changes in AM fungal proportional abundance induced by spatial structure in roots of a preferentially allocating host produced positive feedbacks on plant growth, showing that interactions between spatial structure and host choice can determine the direction of plant-soil feedbacks. Our results suggest that symbiont spatial structure within plant roots may act as an important modifier of plant preferential allocation and the dynamics of mycorrhizal mutualisms, with potentially cascading effects on plant-plant interactions.</p>
Effects of social organisation and elevation on spatial genetic structure in a montane ant
<p><span>Studying patterns of population structure across the landscape sheds light on dispersal and demographic processes, which helps to inform conservation decisions. Here, we study how social organisation and landscape factors affect spatial patterns of genetic differentiation in an ant species living in mountainous regions. Using genome-wide SNP markers, we assess population structure in the Alpine silver ant, <em>Formica selysi</em>. This species has two social forms controlled by a supergene. The monogyne form has one queen per colony, while the polygyne form has multiple queens per colony. The two social forms co-occur in the same populations. For both social forms, we found a strong pattern of isolation-by-distance across the Alps. Within regions, genetic differentiation between populations was weaker for the monogyne form than for the polygyne form. We suggest that this pattern is due to higher dispersal and effective population sizes in the monogyne form. In addition, we found stronger isolation-by-distance and lower genetic diversity in high elevation populations, compared to lowland populations, suggesting that gene flow between F. selysi populations in the Alps occurs mostly through riparian corridors along lowland valleys. Overall, this survey highlights the need to consider intraspecific polymorphisms when assessing population connectivity and calls for special attention to the conservation of lowland habitats in mountain regions.</span></p>
High levels of inbreeding with spatial and host-associated structure in lice of an endangered freshwater seal
<p>Host-specialist parasites of endangered large vertebrates are in many cases more endangered than their hosts. In particular, low host population densities and reduced among-host transmission rates are expected to lead to inbreeding within parasite infrapopulations living on single host individuals. Furthermore, spatial population structures of directly-transmitted parasites should be concordant with those of their hosts. Using population genomic approaches, we investigated inbreeding and population structure in a host-specialist seal louse (<em>Echinophthirius horridus</em>) infesting the Saimaa ringed seal (<em>Phoca hispida saimensis</em>), which is endemic to Lake Saimaa in Finland and is one of the most endangered pinnipeds in the world. We conducted genome resequencing of pairs of lice collected from 18 individual Saimaa ringed seals throughout the Lake Saimaa complex. Our analyses showed high genetic similarity and inbreeding between lice inhabiting the same individual seal host, indicating low among-host transmission rates. Across the lake, genetic differentiation among individual lice was correlated with their geographic distance, and assignment analyses revealed a marked break in the genetic variation of the lice in the middle of the lake, indicating substantial population structure. These findings indicate that movements of Saimaa ringed seals across the main breeding areas of the fragmented Lake Saimaa complex may in fact be more restricted than suggested by previous population-genetic analyses of the seals themselves.</p>
Long-term nitrogen fertilization alters arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi community phylogenetic structure in plant roots across fine spatial scales
<p><span>Purpose:</span><span> Nitrogen deposition due to human activities is known to have a substantial impact on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) community in plant roots. However, the influence of elevated nitrogen on the phylogenetic structure of AMF across fine spatial scales, as well as the mechanisms behind such alterations, are remained poorly understood. </span></p> <p><span>Results:</span><span> Nitrogen addition significantly increased the phylogenetic alpha diversity (diversity within a plot) and the 'within-treatment' phylogenetic beta diversity (dissimilarity among replicate plots) of AMF communities, which resulted in an increased 'within-treatment' phylogenetic gamma diversity (overall diversity among all the replicate plots within a treatment). These changes were caused by the relative abundance decline of a dominant genus (</span><span>Glomus</span><span>) and an increase in non-dominant genera. Mechanically, nitrogen addition affected phylogenetic alpha diversity mainly by influencing soil properties. Likewise, the increased 'within-treatment' dissimilarity of plant community composition and changes in soil properties caused by nitrogen addition and plot distance contributed to an increase in within-treatment phylogenetic beta diversity. </span></p> <p><span>Conclusions:</span><span> We conclude that deterministic environmental filtering (both abiotic and biotic) and dispersal limitation effect played critical roles in AMF community assembly under global change scenarios. Insightfully, this study provides a mechanistic understanding of the response of AMF to nitrogen addition across fine scales.</span></p>
High-quality video file for Doekes, H.M. and Hermsen, R, "Multiscale selection in spatially structured populations" (2022)
<p>High-quality version of supplementary movie 1 as published with:</p> <p>Doekes, H.M. and Hermsen, R, "Multiscale selection in spatially structured populations" (to be submitted, 2022)</p>
Fine-scale spatial genetic structure in a locally abundant native bunchgrass (Achnatherum thurberianum) including distinct lineages revealed within seed transfer zones
<p>Analyses of the factors shaping genetic variation in widespread plant species are important for understanding evolutionary history and local adaptation and have applied significance for guiding conservation and restoration decisions. Thurber's needlegrass (<em>Achnatherum</em> <em>thurberianum</em>) is a widespread, locally abundant grass that inhabits heterogeneous arid environments of western North America and is of restoration significance. It is a common component of shrubland steppe communities in the Great Basin Desert, where drought, fire, and invasive grasses have degraded natural communities. Using a reduced representation sequencing approach, we generated SNP data at 5,677 loci across 246 individuals from 17 <em>A. thurberianum</em> populations spanning five previously delineated seed zones from the western Great Basin. Analyses revealed pronounced population genetic structure, with individuals forming consistent geographical clusters across a variety of population genetic analyses and spatial scales. Low levels of genetic diversity within populations, as well as high population estimates of linkage disequilibrium and relatedness, were consistent with self-fertilization as a contributor to population differentiation. Variance partitioning and partial redundancy analysis (pRDA) indicated local adaptation to environment as additionally influencing the spatial distribution of genetic variation. The environmental variables driving these results were similar to those implicated in recent genecological work which inferred local adaptation for seed zone delineation. Our analyses also revealed a complex evolutionary history of <em>A. thurberianum</em> in the Great Basin, where previously delineated seed zones contain distantly related populations. Our results indicate evolutionary history, mating system, and differentiation across distinct geographic and environmental scales have shaped genetic variation in <em>A. thurberianum</em> and illustrate how numerous aspects of population genetic variation might require consideration for restoration planning.</p>
A study of the spatial correlation network structure of urban innovation in Guangdong
<p>Based on the modified gravity model, a spatial correlation network of innovation was constructed among cities in Guangdong, China. Social network analysis was employed to explore their evolution characteristics during 2009–2017. The results indicate that the innovation output of prefecture-level cities in Guangdong Province shows both spatial correlations and differences. Their network shows lower density, higher efficiency, and rigid stratification properties. Based on small cluster analysis, these cities are classified into four blocks, the members of which changed. In 2017, four well-defined subgroups formed, which are "bidirectional spillover plate", "main spillover plate", "net beneficial plate", and "agent plate". With this network, the geographical characteristics of the innovation capabilities and differences among the cities in Guangdong, as well as the different positions and roles of each city in the associated network, can be properly understood. Consequently, the transmission mechanisms and development strategies of innovation in Guangdong Province can be better explored.</p>
Control of groundwater-lake interaction zone structure on spatial variability of lacustrine groundwater discharge
<p>This is the paper "Control of groundwater-lake interaction zone structure on spatial variability of lacustrine groundwater. Data set of discharge ". The data includes various isotopes, water temperature and conductivity data for lake and groundwater, wind speed and air temperature data during the study period, and water depth measurements.</p>
Data from: The basic-reproduction number of infectious diseases in spatially structured host populations
<p>The spatial structure of a host population has a profound effect on the dynamics of infectious diseases. The basic reproduction number, a central quantity in the study of epidemic dynamics, is affected by host clustering as well as host density. Several authors have developed methods to quantify the basic reproduction number in a spatially structured host population. The methods used and the expressions derived are however difficult to apply to real life spatial host structures. In this paper we introduce an explicit expression for the basic reproduction number using the O-ring statistic, developed in spatial statistics, that quantifies the host density as a function of the distance from a randomly selected host individual. The O-ring statistic is frequently used in the study of the ecology of spatially structured plant populations, being a convenient summary of the properties of a landscape by way of a single function. The connection we develop between spatial statistics and epidemic dynamics can be used to study the effect of host spatial pattern on the basic reproduction number of infectious diseases. As well as showing how explicit expressions for the basic reproduction number can be derived for landscapes with standard structures, our expression for the basic reproduction number is tested against a simulation model. The model structure in our simulation is motivated by the spread of a plant disease epidemic, although it is applicable more broadly. The agreement between our analytic expression for the basic reproduction number and the corresponding numeric quantity extracted from simulations is close to perfect across a wide range of landscape structures and model parameterisations, and including cases in which more than one species of host is at risk of infection.</p>
Exploring The Spatial Structure of Interregional Supply Chain: A Multilayer Network Approach
<p><span>This research aims to elucidate the organizational patterns of interregional economic interdependence to enhance our comprehension of the national economy's structure at a regional scale. Employing a multilayer network model, this study represents economic interdependence among Indonesian regions, utilizing the InterRegional Input-Output (IRIO) table. Through the application of various metrics, such as degree and strength distribution, assortativity coefficient, and global and local rich club coefficient, to the multilayer IRIO network, we uncover the organizational patterns of economic exchanges between provinces and economic sectors within Indonesia. Our findings demonstrate that a multilayer network approach reveals the heterogeneous and complex structure of the national economy at the regional level. By analyzing the assortativity pattern and global rich-club coefficient, we illustrate that the IRIO network exhibits a hierarchical organization, where significant provincial-sector nodes are interconnected and form dense rich clubs, extending from a few structural cores to peripheral regions. Additionally, we identify distinct connectivity patterns of non-rich nodes based on their incoming and outgoing relations. The insights gained from this study have implications for the macro-control of regional development.</span></p>
Spatial dynamics of CD39⁺CD8⁺ exhausted T cells reveal tertiary lymphoid structures-mediated response to PD-1 blockade in esophageal cancer
<p><strong>Data related to the paper</strong>: <em>"Spatial dynamics of CD39+CD8+ exhausted T cells reveal tertiary lymphoid structures-mediated response to PD-1 blockade in esophageal cancer,”</em> <em>Nature Communications</em> (2024)</p> <p>The repository data consists of two main folders: <strong>IMC_dataset</strong> and <strong>MC_normalized_dataset</strong>.</p> <p><strong>IMC_dataset</strong> includes:</p> <ol> <li> <p><strong>IMC_denoised_dataset</strong>: This folder contains cell mask images and noise-reduced images for each sample.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>IMC_raw_dataset</strong>: This folder contains raw, unprocessed data.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>IMC_processed_data</strong>: This folder contains standardized single-cell information and spillover-corrected FCS files, along with the compensation matrix.</p> </li> </ol> <p>The <strong>MC_normalized dataset</strong> includes FCS files that have been sorted by barcode.</p> <p><strong>Please note</strong> that in the IMC dataset, the following mass channels are blank:</p> <ul> <li><strong>Tumor-ROI</strong>: 80Ar, 127I, 131Xe, 145Nd, 146Nd, 149Sm, 160Gd, 171Yb, 174Yb, 176Yb, 190Os</li> <li><strong>SLO-ROI</strong>: 80Ar, 127I, 131Xe, 145Nd, 146Nd, 149Sm, 160Gd, 176Yb, 190Os</li> </ul> <p>The names attached to the file names are IDs.</p>
Processed CODEX Datasets from - Discovery and Generalization of Tissue Structures from Spatial Omics Data
<p>This entry provides access to processed CODEX data files of four studies analyzed in the article "Discovery and Generalization of Tissue Structures from Spatial Omics Data". Details of datasets can be found in the STAR Methods section of the article.</p> <p>For each dataset, a zip file containing multiple comma-separated values (CSV) files is included.</p> <p>Each region is assigned an unique identifier (e.g., DKD_kidney_001), and its related data files are:</p> <ul> <li>`{region_id}.cell_data.csv`, a table containing three columns: "CELL_ID", "X", and "Y". This table provides centroid locations for all cells segmented in this region.</li> <li>`{region_id}.expression.csv`, a table containing multiple columns: "CELL_ID", "DAPI", "CD45", etc. This table provides detailed protein biomarker expression quantified for all cells in this region.</li> <li>`{region_id}.scgp_annotations.csv`, a table containing two columns: "CELL_ID" and "SCGP". This table provides SCGP/SCGP-Extension annotations for all cells in this region.</li> </ul> <p>Code base for SCGP is also included in this entry. Please refer to <a href="https://gitlab.com/enable-medicine-public/scgp">https://gitlab.com/enable-medicine-public/scgp</a> for the latest codes, questions, and/or issues. Raw CODEX data and images will be accessible through links posted at the code base. Raw data will also be available from lead contact (A.E.T.) upon request.</p>
Figure 5 in Population structure and spatial distribution of the tiger (Panthera tigris, Felidae, Carnivora) in Southwestern Primorye (Russian Far East)
Figure 5. Layout of home ranges of the GPS-collared tigers (Hernandez-Blanco et al., 2015).
Figure 3 in Population structure and spatial distribution of the tiger (Panthera tigris, Felidae, Carnivora) in Southwestern Primorye (Russian Far East)
Figure 3. Relationship between tigers according to DNA identification.
Figure 2 in Population structure and spatial distribution of the tiger (Panthera tigris, Felidae, Carnivora) in Southwestern Primorye (Russian Far East)
Figure 2. Distribution of tiger tracks in Southwestern Primorye.
Spatial and functional structure of an entire ant assemblage in a lowland Panamanian rainforest
<p>Ants are a major ecological group in tropical rainforests. Few studies in the Neotropics have documented the distribution of ants from the ground to the canopy, and none have included the understorey. A previous analysis of an intensive arthropod study in Panama, involving 11 sampling methods, showed that the factors influencing ant beta diversity (i.e., changes in assemblage composition) were, in decreasing order of importance, the vertical (height), temporal (season), and horizontal (geographic distance) dimensions. In the present study, we went one step further and aimed (1) to identify the best sampling methods to study the entire ant assemblage across the three strata, (2) to test if all strata show a similar horizontal beta diversity and (3) to analyze the functional structure of the entire ant assemblage. We identified 405 ant species from 11 subfamilies and 68 genera. Slightly more species were sampled in the canopy than on the ground; they belonged to distinct sub-assemblages. The understorey fauna was mainly a mixture of species found in the other two strata. The horizontal beta diversity between sites was similar for the three strata. About half of the ant species foraged in two (29%) or three (25%) strata. A single method, aerial flight interception traps placed alongside tree trunks, acting as arboreal pitfall traps, collected half of the species and reflected the vertical stratification. Using the functional traits approach, we observed that generalist species with mid-sized colonies were by far the most numerous (31%), followed by ground- or litter-dwelling species, either specialists (20%), or generalists (16%), and arboreal species, either generalists (19%) or territorially dominant (8%), and finally army ants (5%). Our results reinforce the idea that a proper understanding of the functioning of ant assemblages requires the inclusion of arboreal ants in survey programs.</p>
Data from: The spatial structure of phylogenetic and functional diversity in the United States and Canada: an example using the sedge family (Cyperaceae)
Systematically quantifying diversity across landscapes is necessary to understand how clade history and ecological heterogeneity contribute to the origin, distribution, and maintenance of biodiversity. Here, we chart the spatial structure of diversity among all species in the sedge family (Cyperaceae) throughout the USA and Canada. We first identify areas of remarkable species richness, phylogenetic diversity, and functional trait diversity, and highlight regions of conservation priority. We then test predictions about the spatial structure of this diversity based on the historical biogeography of the family. Incorporating a phylogeny, over 400,000 herbarium records, and a database of functional traits mined from online floras, we find that species richness and functional trait diversity peak in the Northeastern USA, while phylogenetic diversity peaks along the Gulf of Mexico. Floristic turnover among assemblages increases significantly with distance, but phylogenetic turnover is twice as rapid along latitudinal gradients as along longitudinal gradients. These patterns reflect the expected distribution of Cyperaceae, which originated in the tropics but radiated in temperate regions. We identify assemblages with an abundance of rare, range-restricted lineages, and assemblages composed of species generally lacking from diverse regions. We argue that both of these metrics are useful for developing targeted conservation strategies. We use the data generated here to establish future research priorities, including the testing of a series of hypotheses regarding the distribution of chromosome numbers, photosynthetic pathways, and resource partitioning in sedges.
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.