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Figure 13 in Killer sperm whale: a new basal physeteroid (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Late Miocene of Italy

Figure 13. Posterior portion of dentary of (A) Zygophyseter varolai gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, MAUL 229/1), (B) Naganocetus shigensis (from Hirota & Barnes, 1995: Fig. 9), (C) 'Aulophyseter' rionegrensis (from Gondar, 1975: pl. 1, Fig. c), (D) Physeter macrocephalus (MSNTUP M267), (E) Kogia sima (from Caldwell & Caldwell, 1989: Fig. 6D), (F) Kogia breviceps (MBMS 4000), (G) Mesoplodon bowdoini (MSNTUP M269), (H) Delphinus delphis (MSNTUP M287) and (I) Zygorhiza kochii (cast of USNM 11962). A, medial view; B–I, lateral views. The arrows indicate the location of the condyle.

Figure 7 in Killer sperm whale: a new basal physeteroid (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Late Miocene of Italy

Figure 7. Zygophyseter varolai gen. et sp. nov. Incomplete left periotic of the holotype (MAUL 229/1) in (A) dorsal, (B) ventral and (C) medial views.

Figure 5 in Killer sperm whale: a new basal physeteroid (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Late Miocene of Italy

Figure 5. Zygophyseter varolai gen. et sp. nov. Details (A–D) and lateral view (E) of the cranium of the holotype (MAUL 229/1). A, narial area in dorsal view; B, foramina and antorbital lamina of maxilla in dorsal view; C, left orbital area in ventral view; D, posteroventral surface. The vertical scale bar refers to A–D.

Figure 4 in Killer sperm whale: a new basal physeteroid (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Late Miocene of Italy

Figure 4. Zygophyseter varolai gen. et sp. nov. Skull of holotype (MAUL 229/1) in (A) dorsal and (B) lateral views. The non-preserved portion is reconstructed in dorsal view and is shaded in lateral view.

Figure 3 in Killer sperm whale: a new basal physeteroid (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Late Miocene of Italy

Figure 3. Zygophyseter varolai gen. et sp. nov. Skull of holotype (MAUL 229/1) in (A) dorsal, (B) ventral and (C) lateral views.

Figure 2 in Killer sperm whale: a new basal physeteroid (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Late Miocene of Italy

Figure 2. Sketch showing in plain view the relative positions of the skeletal elements of MAUL 229/1, holotype of Zygophyseter varolai gen. et sp. nov. as they were preserved. CV, caudal vertebrae; LV, lumbar vertebrae; MD, mandible; RB, ribs; SC(l), left scapula; SC(r), right scapula; SK, skull; TV, thoracic vertebrae.

Figure 1 in Killer sperm whale: a new basal physeteroid (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Late Miocene of Italy

Figure 1. Map of south-eastern Italy showing the location of the Cisterna Quarry, the type locality of Zygophyseter varolai gen. et sp. nov.

Fig. 14 in Spermatic characteristics and sperm evolution on the subfamily Stevardiinae (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae)

Fig. 14. Spermatozoa of Piabina argentea. A: Longitudinal section of spermatozoon. Note the position of the nucleus (n) in relation to the flagellar axis and to proximal (p) and distal (d) centrioles, the eccentric position of the double nuclear fossa (double arrow), the midpiece and the cytoplasmic canal (*) containing the initial segment of the flagellum (f). B: Detail of the centriolar complex. Note the position of the centrioles to one another. C-E: Cross sections at the middle of the nucleus (n) and at different levels of the strongly asymmetric midpiece exposing the lateral position of the centrioles, cytoplasmic canal (*), the flagellum (f), and the distribution of the few elongate mitochondria (m) accumulated in larger portion of the midpiece.

Fig. 9 in Spermatic characteristics and sperm evolution on the subfamily Stevardiinae (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae)

Fig. 9. Spermatozoa of Cyanocharax alburnus. A-C: Longitudinal sections of spermatozoa. Note the lateral position of the nucleus (n) in relation to the flagellar axis, the eccentric position of the double nuclear fossa (double arrow), the midpiece and the cytoplasmic canal (*) containing the initial segment of the flagellum (f). D-G: Cross sections through the middle of the nucleus and at different levels of the strongly asymmetric midpiece exposing the lateral position of the centriole (c), cytoplasmic canal (*) and of the flagellum (f), the distribution of the few long mitochondria (m) accumulated in larger portion of the midpiece, a possible endomembrane system and a few vesicles peripherally distributed (v).

Fig. 7 in Spermatic characteristics and sperm evolution on the subfamily Stevardiinae (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae)

Fig. 7. Spermatozoa of Ceratobranchia obtusirostris. A-B: Longitudinal sections of spermatozoa. Note the lateral position of the nucleus (n) in relation to the flagellar axis and to proximal (p) and distal (d) centrioles,, the eccentric position of the double nuclear fossa (double arrow), the midpiece containing the endomembrane system (v) and the cytoplasmic canal (*) containing the initial segment of the flagellum (f). C-D: Cross sections at different levels of the nucleus (n) exposing the lateral position of the cytoplasmic canal (*) and flagellum (f), the distribution of the few elongate mitochondria (m) accumulated in larger portion of the midpiece.

Fig. 5 in Spermatic characteristics and sperm evolution on the subfamily Stevardiinae (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae)

Fig. 5. Spermatozoa of Bryconacidnus ellisi. A-B: Longitudinal sections of spermatozoa. Note the lateral position of the nucleus (n) in relation to the flagellar axis and to proximal (p) and distal (d) centrioles, the eccentric position of the double nuclear fossa (double arrow), the midpiece and the cytoplasmic canal (*) containing the initial segment of the flagellum (f). The lacy-like endomembrane system (v) is distributed throughout the midpiece. C-E: Cross sections through the middle of the nucleus and at different levels of the strongly asymmetric midpiece, exposing the lateral position of the cytoplasmic canal (*) and flagellum (f), the distribution of the few long mitochondria (m) accumulated in larger portion of the midpiece.

Fig. 4 in Spermatic characteristics and sperm evolution on the subfamily Stevardiinae (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae)

Fig. 4. Spermatozoon of Boehlkea fredcochui. A-B: Longitudinal sections of spermatozoa. Note the position of the nucleus (n) in relation to the flagellar axis and to proximal (p) and distal (d) centrioles, the position of the double nuclear fossa (double arrow), the midpiece and the cytoplasmic canal (*) containing the initial segment of the flagellum (f). The lacy aspect of an endomembrane system and a few vesicles (v) peripherally distributed from the tip of nucleus to the midpiece end. C-K: Cross sections from the middle to the base of the nucleus and at different levels of the strongly asymmetric midpiece exposing the lateral position of the centriole (c), cytoplasmic canal (*) and of the flagellum (f), the distribution of the few elongate mitochondria (m) accumulated in the larger portion of the midpiece.

Fig. 1 in Spermatic characteristics and sperm evolution on the subfamily Stevardiinae (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae)

Fig. 1. Scheme of measurement of the nuclear rotation during spermiogenesis in the subfamily Stevardiinae (d): Distal centriole; (p): Proximal centriole; (n): Nucleus; (m): Mitochondria; (f): Flagellum; (*): Cytoplasmic canal, and (arrow): Angle.

Fig. 3 in Spermatic characteristics and sperm evolution on the subfamily Stevardiinae (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae)

Fig. 3. Scheme of spermiogenesis in the subfamily Stevardiinae. Schematics drawings of longitudinal sections from early to late spermatids. Note from A to D the nuclear rotation toward the flagellar axis, the position of the proximal (p) and distal (d) centrioles, and the dislocation of the mitochondria (m) and cytoplasm to the flagellar portion, forming the midpiece of the spermatozoa. (n): Nucleus; (f): Flagellum; (v): Vesicles, and (*): Cytoplasmic canal.

Fig. 8 in Spermatic characteristics and sperm evolution on the subfamily Stevardiinae (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae)

Fig. 8. Spermatozoa of Creagrutus meridionalis. A-C: Longitudinal sections of spermatozoa. Note the lateral position of the nucleus (n) in relation to the flagellar axis and to proximal (p) and distal (d) centrioles, the position of the double nuclear fossa (double arrow), the midpiece and the cytoplasmic canal (*) containing the initial segment of the flagellum (f). D-K: Cross sections through the middle of the nucleus and at different levels of the strongly asymmetric midpiece exposing the lateral position of the cytoplasmic canal (*) and of the flagellum (f), the distribution of the few elongate mitochondria (m) accumulated in larger portion of the midpiece, the lacy aspect of the endomembrane system and a few vesicles peripherally distributed in the midpiece (v).

Fig. 15 in Spermatic characteristics and sperm evolution on the subfamily Stevardiinae (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae)

Fig. 15. Spermatozoa of Rhinobrycon negrensis. A: Longitudinal section of spermatozoa. Note the position of the nucleus (n) in relation to the flagellar axis and to proximal (p) and distal (d) centrioles, the eccentric position of the double nuclear fossa (double arrow), the midpiece and the cytoplasmic canal (*) containing the initial segment of the flagellum (f). B-C: Longitudinal sections of the midpiece exposing the lateral position of the distal centriole (d), the cytoplasmic canal (*) and the flagellum (f), the distribution of the few elongate mitochondria (m) accumulated in larger portion of the midpiece, few large vesicles peripherally distributed (v). D-E: Cross sections at different levels of the asymmetric midpiece showing the mitochondria (m) and a few vesicles (v). Information on the endomembrane system was not preserved due the specimens of R. negrensis herein analysis have been obtained from ichthyological collections.

Fig. 11 in Spermatic characteristics and sperm evolution on the subfamily Stevardiinae (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae)

Fig. 11. Spermatozoa of Knodus meridae. A-D: Longitudinal sections of spermatozoa. Note the lateral position of the nucleus (n) in relation to the flagellar axis and to proximal (p) and distal (d) centrioles, the eccentric position of the double nuclear fossa (double arrow), the midpiece and the cytoplasmic canal (*) containing the initial segment of the flagellum (f). E: Elongate mitochondria (m) and vesicles (v) are located in larger portion of the midpiece.

Fig. 2 in Spermatic characteristics and sperm evolution on the subfamily Stevardiinae (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae)

Fig. 2. Spermiogenesis in the subfamily Stevardiinae. Longitudinal sections from early (A, C, E) to late spermatids (B, D, F) of Creagrutus meridionalis (A, B), Bryconamericus exodon (C, D), and Piabina anhembi (E, F). Note from A to F the nuclear rotation toward the flagellar axis. (d): Distal centriole; (p): Proximal centriole; (n): Nucleus; (m): Mitochondria; (f): Flagellum, and (*): Cytoplasmic canal.

Fig. 13 in Spermatic characteristics and sperm evolution on the subfamily Stevardiinae (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae)

Fig. 13. Spermatozoa of Piabina anhembi. A: Longitudinal section of spermatozoon. Note the position of the nucleus (n) in relation to the flagellar axis and to proximal (p) and distal (d) centrioles, the position of the double nuclear fossa (double arrow), the midpiece and the cytoplasmic canal (*) containing the initial segment of the flagellum (f). B-C: Cross sections at different levels of the nucleus showing large vesicles (v) in the surrounding cytoplasmic layer and the lateral position of the centriole (c). E-K: Cross sections at different levels of the strongly asymmetric midpiece, from the base of the nucleus (n) to the midpiece end exposing the cytoplasmic canal (*), and of the flagellum (f), the distribution of the few elongate mitochondria (m) accumulated in larger portion of the midpiece, and a few vesicles peripherally distributed in the midpiece (v).

Fig. 12 in Spermatic characteristics and sperm evolution on the subfamily Stevardiinae (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae)

Fig. 12. Spermatozoa of Odontostoechus lethostigmus. A-B: Longitudinal sections of spermatozoa. Note the position of the nucleus (n) in relation to the flagellar axis and to proximal (p) and distal (d) centrioles, the eccentric position of the double nuclear fossa (double arrow), the midpiece and the cytoplasmic canal (*) containing the initial segment of the flagellum (f). C: Oblique section of the midpiece showing the alveolar aspect of endomembrane system (v). D-F: Cross sections at different levels of the strongly asymmetric midpiece, from the base of the nucleus (n) to the midpiece end exposing the lateral position of the cytoplasmic canal (*) and flagellum (f), and the distribution of the few elongate mitochondria (m) accumulated in larger portion of the midpiece. G: Cross section of the flagella with the classic axoneme (a).