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907 results for “tadpoles”
Tadpoles rely on mechanosensory stimuli for communication when visual capabilities are poor
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Data for: Effect of heterospecific and conspecific competition on individual differences in tadpole behavior
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The effect of salt dosing for chytrid mitigation on tadpoles of a threatened frog, Litoria aurea
The novel fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (chytrid) is one of the greatest threats to amphibians worldwide. Small increases in water salinity (up to ca. 4 ppt) have been shown to limit chytrid transmission between frogs, potentially providing a way to create environmental refugia to reduce its impact at a landscape scale. However, the effect of increasing water salinity on tadpoles, a life stage confined to water, is highly variable. Increased water salinity can lead to reduced size and altered growth patterns in some species, with flow-on effects to vital rates such as survival and reproduction. It is thus important to assess potential trade-offs caused by increasing salinity as a tool to mitigate chytrid in susceptible frogs. We conducted laboratory experiments to examine the effects of salinity on the survival and development of tadpoles of a threatened frog (Litoria aurea), previously demonstrated as a suitable candidate for trialling landscape manipulations to mitigate chytrid. We exposed tadpoles to salinity ranging from 1-6 ppt and measured survival, time to metamorphosis, body mass and locomotor performance of post-metamorphic frogs as a measure of fitness. Survival and time to metamorphosis did not differ between salinity treatments or controls reared in rainwater. Body mass was positively associated with increasing salinity in the first 14 days. Juvenile frogs from three salinity treatments also showed the same or better locomotor performance compared to rainwater controls, confirming that environmental salinity may influence life history traits in the larval stage, potentially as a hormetic response. Our research suggests that salt concentrations in the range previously shown to improve survival of frogs in the presence of chytrid are unlikely to impact larval development of our candidate threatened species. Our study lends support to the idea of manipulating salinity to create environmental refugia from chytrid for at least some salt-toler
Fine-tuned phenotypes: Tadpole plasticity under 16 combinations of predators and competitors.
It is now well appreciated that most organisms can alter their phenotypes when faced with environmental variation. Decades of empirical investigations have documented hundreds of examples of phenotypic plasticity, yet most studies have focused on the presence or absence of a single environmental factor. As a result, we know little about how organisms respond to gradients of environmental factors (i.e., threshold responses vs. continuous responses), nor do we understand how organisms respond to combinations of environmental variables. I examined how larval wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) altered their behavior, morphology, and growth in response to combined gradients of predation and competition. Increased predation risk induced lower activity, deeper tails, and shorter bodies, which collectively caused slower growth. Increased competition caused slower growth which induced higher activity, shallower tails, and longer bodies. For both environmental gradients, the responses were frequently continuous rather than threshold responses. Moreover, predation and competition had interactive effects. Responses to predators were always larger under low competition than under high competition. Responses to competition were larger under low predation risk when predation and competition induced traits in the same direction, but larger under high predation risk when predation and competition induced traits in opposite directions. The results demonstrate that responses to phenotypically plastic traits can be fine-tuned to a wide variety of environmental combinations.
Susceptibility of fire-bellied toad (B. bombina and B. variegata) tadpoles to predation
<p><em>B. bombina</em> and <em>B. variegata</em> are ecologically distinct taxa that nevertheless hybridise in nature wherever their distribution ranges adjoin. These data were collected to test the hypothesis that <em>B. variegata</em> tadpoles are more susceptible to predation than those of <em>B. bombina</em>. The former develop in ephemeral aquatic sites that can be predator-free, whereas the latter are found in predator-rich semi-permanent ponds. Tadpoles of both taxa were raised under under uniform laboratory conditions and their relative predation risk was assessed over a four-week period using dragonfly larvae as predators. The tadpoles were reared in the presence of chemical predation cues so that they could develop a predator-induced phenotype. The data confirm our hypothesis. These results suggest that <em>B. variegata</em> traits associated with higher predation risk produce barriers to gene flow across the hybrid zone.</p>
Thyroid hormone induces DNA demethylation in Xenopus tadpole brain
<p>Thyroid hormone (T3) plays pivotal roles in vertebrate development, acting via nuclear receptors (TRs) that regulate gene transcription by promoting posttranslational modifications to histones. Methylation of cytosine residues in DNA also modulates gene transcription, and our recent finding of predominant DNA demethylation in the brain of Xenopus tadpoles at metamorphosis, a T3-dependent developmental process, caused us to hypothesize that T3 induces these changes in vivo. Treatment of pre-metamorphic tadpoles with T3 for 24 or 48 hr increased immunoreactivity in several brain regions for the DNA demethylation intermediates 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) and 5-carboxylcytosine, and the methylcytosine dioxygenase ten-eleven translocation 3 (TET3). Thyroid hormone treatment induced locus-specific DNA demethylation in proximity to known T3 response elements within the DNA methyltransferase 3a and Krüppel-like factor 9 genes, analyzed by 5-hmC immunoprecipitation and methylation sensitive restriction enzyme digest. Chromatin-immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay showed that T3 induced TET3 recruitment to these loci. Furthermore, the mRNAs for several genes encoding DNA demethylation enzymes were induced by T3 in a time-dependent manner in tadpole brain. A TR ChIP-sequencing experiment identified putative TR binding sites at several of these genes, and we provide multiple lines of evidence to support that tet2 contains a bona fide T3 response element. Our findings show that T3 can promote DNA demethylation in developing tadpole brain, in part by promoting TET3 recruitment to discrete genomic regions, and by inducing genes that encode DNA demethylation enzymes.</p>
Fig. 4 in Identification and morphological description of tadpoles of the horned frog (Amphibia: Anura: Megophryidae) Pelobatrachus stejenegeri from the southern Philippines
Fig. 4. Dorsal view illustration of oral disc of Pelobatrachus stejnegeri tadpole.
Fig. 1 in Identification and morphological description of tadpoles of the horned frog (Amphibia: Anura: Megophryidae) Pelobatrachus stejenegeri from the southern Philippines
Fig. 1. Geographical location of the study site in Barangay Rogongon, Iligan City, Philippines.
Impacts of gut microbial depletion on tadpole thermal physiology
<p>The goal of our study was to determine if depletion of gut microbiome diversity would alter host thermal tolerance in a vertebrate ectotherm. We raised laboratory-reared tadpoles of the green frog in two microbial colonization treatments: colonized and depleted. Colonized tadpoles were raised in natural pond water to provide a rich source of microbiota for colonization of the gut, and depleted tadpoles were raised in autoclaved pond water to reduce this source of microbiota. We then performed a suite of experiments to test for differences in thermal physiology between groups. In our first experiment we tested tadpole acute thermal tolerance (critical thermal minimum and maximum). We verified our results in a second set of tadpoles and then tested tadpole survival under heat stress and thermal sensitivity of locomotion performance. Lastly, we tested for differences in physiological traits at lower levels of biological organization to identify putative mechanisms behind our results including mitochondrial enzyme activities, phospholipid membrane composition, and whole-organism metabolic rate.</p>
Data related to: Bottom-up effects of fungicides on tadpoles of the European common frog (Rana temporaria)
<p>We have uploaded a range of files informding about ergosterol and bacteria levels on leaf litter (LeafMicrobes.xlsx); the feces production, leaf consumption and legnth development of tadpoles during the study and among the two experimental phases as detailed in the mansucript (FecesFeedingLength.xlxs); composition of fatty acids in tadpoles and leaf litter (NFLA.xlxs); metamophoses event (Metamorphosis.xlsx)</p> <p> </p> <p>Paper abstract as submitted:</p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Biodiversity is under pressure world-wide, with amphibians being particularly threatened. Stressors related to human activity, such as chemicals, are contributing to this decline. It remains, however, unclear whether chemicals exhibiting a fungicidal activity could indirectly affect tadpoles, that depend on microbially conditioned leaf litter as food source. The indirect effect of fungicides (sum concentration of a fungicide mixture composed of azoxystrobin, carbendazim, crybrodinil, quinoxifen and tebuconcazole: 100 µg/L) on tadpoles was assessed relative to leaf litter colonised by microbes in absence of fungicides (control) and a worst case scenario, that is leached leaf litter without microbial colonisation. The quality of leaf litter as food for tadpoles of the European common frog (<i>Rana temporaria</i>) was characterised through neutral lipid fatty acid profiles and microbial sum parameters and verified by sublethal responses in tadpoles (i.e. feeding rate, feces production, growth and fatty acid composition). Fungicides changed the nutritious quality of leaf litter likely through alterations in leaves' neutral lipid fatty acid profiles (i.e., changes in some physiologically important highly unsaturated fatty acids reached more than 200%) in combination with a potential adsorption onto leaves during conditioning. These changes were reflected by differences in the development of tadpoles ultimately resulting in an earlier start of metamorphosis. Our data provide a first indication that fungicides potentially affect tadpole development indirectly through bottom-up effects. This pathway is so far not addressed in fungicide environmental risk assessment and merits further attention.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: Influence of Check Dams on the Activity Pattern and Morphometric Traits of Overwintering Tadpoles in the Western Himalaya
<p>Dataset for the paper: Influence of Check Dams on the Activity Pattern and Morphometric Traits of Overwintering Tadpoles in the Western Himalaya. See readme.txt for details.</p>
Elevational and local climate variability predicts thermal breadth of mountain tropical tadpoles
<p>The climate variability hypothesis posits that increased environmental thermal variation should promote species with broader thermal tolerance breadths, while stable environments should promote thermal specialists. This hypothesis has been tested on large spatial scales, such as latitude and elevation, but less so on smaller scales which reflect the experienced microclimate. Here, we estimated thermal tolerance limits of 75 species of amphibian tadpoles from an aseasonal tropical mountain range of the Ecuadorian Andes, distributed along a 3500 m elevational range, to test the climatic variability hypothesis at a large (elevation) and a small (microhabitat) scales. We show how species from less variable thermal habitats, such as lowlands and those restricted to streams, exhibit narrower thermal tolerance breadths than highland and pond-dwelling species respectively. Interestingly, while broader thermal tolerance breadths at large scales are driven by higher cold tolerance variation (heat-invariant hypothesis), at local scales they are driven by higher heat tolerance variation. This contrasting pattern may result from divergent selection on both thermal limits to face environmental thermal extremes at different scales. Specifically, within the same elevational window, exposure to extreme maximum temperatures could be avoided through habitat shifts from temporary ponds to permanent ponds or streams, while minimum peak temperatures remained invariable between habitats but steadily decreased with elevation. Therefore addressing the effects of habitat conversion is crucial for future research on resilience to climate change.</p>
Data from: Metabolites from the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) reduce Bd load in Cuban treefrog tadpoles
<p><em>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</em> (Bd) has been associated with massive amphibian population declines worldwide. Wildlife vaccination campaigns have proven effective for mitigating damage from other pathogens, and there is evidence that adult frogs can acquire resistance to Bd when exposed to killed Bd zoospores and the metabolites they produced.</p> <p>Here, we investigated whether Cuban treefrogs tadpoles (<em>Osteopilus septentrionalis</em>) can gain protection from Bd through exposure to a prophylaxis treatment composed of killed zoospores or soluble Bd metabolites. We used a 2x2 factorial design, crossing the presence or absence of killed zoospores with the presence or absence of Bd metabolites. All hosts were subsequently exposed to live Bd to evaluate susceptibility.</p> <p>Exposure to killed zoospores did not induce a protective response. However, tadpoles exposed to Bd metabolites had significantly lower Bd intensity and prevalence than tadpoles that were not exposed to metabolites.</p> <p>The metabolites Bd produce pose no risk of Bd infection and therefore make an epidemiologically safe prophylaxis treatment, protecting tadpoles against Bd. This work provides a promising potential for protecting amphibians in the wild as a disease management strategy for controlling Bd associated declines.</p>
Figure 1 in Tadpole predation by a jumping spider in Maharashtra (Araneae: Salticidae)
Figure 1. Small cliff in the Kumbarli Ghats. 1, Seasonal streamlets or waterfall wetting the exposed rock of the cliff. 2, Detail showing a salticid spider on the cliff face (center) feeding on a captured tadpole. Photos by S. Satpute.
One of these things is not like the other: mixed predator cues result in lopsided phenotypic responses in a Neotropical tadpole
<p>Many organisms have evolved to produce different phenotypes in response to environmental variation. <em>Dendropsophus</em> <em>ebraccatus</em> tadpoles develop opposing shifts in morphology and coloration when they are exposed to invertebrate vs vertebrate predators. Each of these alternate phenotypes is adaptive, conferring a survival advantage against the predator with which tadpoles were reared but imposing a survival cost with the mismatched predator. Here, we measured the phenotypic response of tadpoles to graded cues and mixed cues of both fish and dragonfly nymphs. Prey species like <em>D. ebraccatus</em> commonly co-occur with both of these types of predators, amongst many others as well. In our first experiment, tadpoles increased investment in defensive phenotypes in response to increasing concentrations of predator cues. Whereas morphology only differed in the strongest cue predator, tail spot coloration differed even at the lowest cue concentration. In our second experiment, tadpoles reared with cues from both predators developed an intermediate yet skewed phenotype that was most similar to the fish-induced phenotype. Fish are more lethal than dragonfly larvae and thus tadpoles responded most strongly to the more dangerous predator, even though cues of each predator were evenly mixed. We demonstrate that not only do tadpoles assess predation risk via the concentration of predation cues in the water, but they also produce a stronger response to a more lethal predator even when the strength of cues is identical.</p>
Fig. 4 in First record of Gracixalus quangi Rowley, Dau, Nguyen, Cao & Nguyen, 2011, from Hoa Binh Province, Vietnam, including the first documentation of advanced larval stages and an extended tadpole description
Fig. 4. Karst forest habitat in Hoa Binh Province. Photo credit C.T. Pham.
Fig. 1 in First record of Gracixalus quangi Rowley, Dau, Nguyen, Cao & Nguyen, 2011, from Hoa Binh Province, Vietnam, including the first documentation of advanced larval stages and an extended tadpole description
Fig. 1. Adult Gracixalus quangi from Hoa Binh Province. Photography by T. Ziegler.
Chlamydia-like organisms in Bufo bufo tadpoles from ponds located in the Geneva metropolitan area
<p>Sequences of the <em>Chlamydia</em>-like organisms from the <em>Bufo bufo</em> tadpole populations sampled in the metropolitan area of Geneva.</p>
Fig. 4 in Morphology And Buccopharyngeal Anatomy Of The Tadpole Of Rana (Nasirana) Alticola (Anura: Ranidae)
Fig. 4. Oral disk of Rana alticola, MNHN 2000.4630, stage 36. Scale bar = 5 mm.
Fig. 1 in Morphology And Buccopharyngeal Anatomy Of The Tadpole Of Rana (Nasirana) Alticola (Anura: Ranidae)
Fig. 1. Natural habitat of the tadpoles of Rana alticola.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.