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FIGURES 34–37 in Towards a robust systematic baseline of Neotropical fish tapeworms (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae): amended diagnoses of two genera from the redtail catfish, Phractocephalus hemioliopterus

FIGURES 34–37. LINe DRAWINgS Of Zygobothrium megacephalum DIeSINg, 1850 fROM Phractocephalus hemioliopterus. 34, 35. CROSS-SeCTIONS AT THe LeVeL Of THe ANTeRIOR AND POSTeRIOR PART Of THe TeRMINAL geNITALIA, ReSPeCTIVeLY. 36. TeRMINAL geNITALIA, VeNTRAL VIeW (MHNG-PLAT-18317). NOTe THe SMALL SPINeS (SPINITRICHeS) ON THe CIRRUS. 37. EggS IN DISTILLeD WATeR (MHNG- PLAT-85239). Abbreviations: AC—ARMeD CIRRUS; CC—CHROMOPHILIC CeLLS; DP—DIgITATe PROjeCTIONS; DO—DORSAL OSMORegULATORY CANAL; eD—ejACULATORY DUCT; eM—eMbRYOPHORe; LA—LACINIATIONS; LM—INTeRNAL LONgITUDINAL MUSCULATURe; Oe—OUTeR eNVeLOPe; ON—ONCOSPHeRe; V—VACUOLe; VA—VAS DefeReNS; VI—VITeLLINe fOLLICLeS; VO—VeNTRAL OSMORegULATORY CANAL; VS—VAgINAL SPHINCTeR.

FIGURES 19, 20 in Tapeworms (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae) of Australian reptiles: hidden diversity of strictly host-specific parasites

FIGURES 19, 20. Australophiotaenia striata (Johnston, 1914) n. comb., syntype from Townsville, Queensland, Australia [Coll. No. AHC 28406.] 19. Mature proglottid, ventral view. 20. Pregravid proglottid, dorsal view.

FIGURE 18 in Tapeworms (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae) of Australian reptiles: hidden diversity of strictly host-specific parasites

FIGURE 18. Australophiotaenia striata (Johnston, 1914) n. comb., syntype from Townsville, Queensland, Australia [Coll. No. AHC 28406.], scolex.

FIGURES 5–10 in Tapeworms (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae) of Australian reptiles: hidden diversity of strictly host-specific parasites

FIGURES 5–10. Australophiotaenia longmani (Johnston, 1916) n. comb., 5, 6. Syntype from Yuleba, Queensland, Australia [Coll. No. QMNH G16/468] 5. Scolex. 6. Mature proglottid, dorsal. 7–10. Voucher MHNG-PLAT-36551 (field No. AUS 013). 7. Pregravid proglottid, dorsal. 8. Cross section at level of uterus with eggs in capsules. 9, 10. Eggs in capsules.

FIGURES 11–17 in Tapeworms (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae) of Australian reptiles: hidden diversity of strictly host-specific parasites

FIGURES 11–17. Australophiotaenia mjobergi (Nybelin, 1917) n. comb., syntype from Police Camp, Northern Territory, Australia [Coll. No. SMNH 3272]. 11. Scolex. 12. Pregravid proglottid, ventral. 13. Terminal genitalia. 14–16. Cross sections at level of ovary, testes and uterus, respectively. 17. Eggs in capsules.

FIGURES 1–4 in Tapeworms (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae) of Australian reptiles: hidden diversity of strictly host-specific parasites

FIGURES 1–4. Australophiotaenia amphiboluri (Nybelin, 1917) n. comb., syntype from Mount Tamborine, Queensland, Australia [Coll. No. SMNH 3279]. 1. Mature proglottid, ventral. 2. Cross sections at level of testes. 3. Cross sections at level of uterus with forming eggs. 4. Cross sections at level of eggs in capsules. Abbreviations (Figs. 1–20): cc—chromophilic cells; ci—cirrus; cs—cirrus-sac; doc—dorsal osmoregulatory canal; ec—egg capsule; em—bi-layered embryophore; ga—genital atrium; gc—gland cells; lm—internal longitudinal musculature; gm—Mehlis' glands; mf—muscle fibres; mi—microtriches; oe—outer envelope; od—oviduct; on—oncosphere; ov—ovary; st—subtegumental muscle fibres; su—subtegumental cells; te—testes; tg—tegument; ud—uterine diverticula; us—uterine stem; va—vas deferens; vc—vaginal canal; vd—vitelloduct; vf—vitelline follicles; voc—ventral osmoregulatory canal; vs—vaginal sphincter.

Fig. 8 in High species diversity of fish tapeworms in congeneric hosts in Africa: revision of Monobothrioides (Cestoda: Caryophyllidea), including description of two new species and molecular phylogeny

Fig. 8 Scanning electron micrographs of Monobothrioides species. a, b M. cunningtoni Fuhrmann and Baer, 1925 (type species) from Auchenoglanis occidentalis, Democratic Republic of the Congo; c, d M. chalmersius (Woodland, 1924) from Clarias sp., Sudan; e–h M.

Fig. 7 Monobothrioides zuheiri n in High species diversity of fish tapeworms in congeneric hosts in Africa: revision of Monobothrioides (Cestoda: Caryophyllidea), including description of two new species and molecular phylogeny

Fig. 7 Monobothrioides zuheiri n. sp. from Auchenoglanis occidentalis, White Nile at Kostí, Sudan. a total view, ventrally; b, c anterior end with first testes and vitelline follicles; d region of gonopores, laterally; e posterior part, ventrally; note posterior extent of vitelline follicles reaching ovary; f scolex; g cross section at testicular level; note tightly packed testes in two layers and longitudinal musculature formed by separated muscle fibres

Fig. 4 Monobothrioides tchadensis Troncy, 1978 in High species diversity of fish tapeworms in congeneric hosts in Africa: revision of Monobothrioides (Cestoda: Caryophyllidea), including description of two new species and molecular phylogeny

Fig. 4 Monobothrioides tchadensis Troncy, 1978 from Auchenoglanis occidentalis, Lower Congo River at Bulu, Democratic Repulic of the Congo. a Total view, ventrally; b, e anterior end with first testes and vitelline follicles; c scolex; d posteriod end, ventrally; note large, elongate cirrus-sac; f cross section at testicular level; note outer and inner longitudinal musculature formed by isolated muscle fibres

Fig. 6 Monobothrioides longicollis n in High species diversity of fish tapeworms in congeneric hosts in Africa: revision of Monobothrioides (Cestoda: Caryophyllidea), including description of two new species and molecular phylogeny

Fig. 6 Monobothrioides longicollis n. sp. from Auchenoglanis occidentalis, Democratic Republic of the Congo. a Total view, dorsally; note that testes and median vitelline follicles are omitted in middle part of the body; b anterior end with first vitelline follicles and testes; note long neck and conspicuous distance between first vitelline follicles and testes; c scolex; note numerous longitudinal grooves and wide band of dark cells in posterior part of the scolex; d posterior part, ventrally; note posterior extent of vitelline follicles reaching the ovary; e cross section at testicular level; note bundles of muscle fibres of the inner longitudinal musculature extended laterally around lateral osmoregulatory canals

Fig. 5 in High species diversity of fish tapeworms in congeneric hosts in Africa: revision of Monobothrioides (Cestoda: Caryophyllidea), including description of two new species and molecular phylogeny

Fig. 5 Monobothrioides woodlandi Mackiewicz and Beverley-Burton, 1967 from Clarias ngamensis (= C. mellandi), Lake Chali, Zambia. a Total view of holotype (USNPC 61727); b, c scoleces (c— paratype BMNH 1967.1.16.1); d posterior end of holotype; e cross section at testicular level; note inner longitudinal musculature formed by bundles of muscle fibres, with a pair of lateral and two pairs of sublateral wide bundles of muscles

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Data from: Experimental parasite community ecology: intraspecific variation in a large tapeworm affects community assembly

Non-random species associations occur in naturally-sampled parasite communities. The processes resulting in predictable community structure (e.g. particular host behaviours, cross-immunity, interspecific competition) could be affected by traits that vary within a parasite species, like growth or antigenicity. We experimentally infected three-spined sticklebacks with a large tapeworm (Schistocephalus solidus) that impacts the energy needs, foraging behaviour, and immune reactions of its host. The tapeworms came from two populations, characterized by high or low growth in sticklebacks. Our goal was to evaluate how this parasite, and variation in its growth, affects the acquisition of other parasites. Fish infected with S. solidus were placed into cages in a lake to expose them to the natural parasite community. We also performed a lab experiment in which infected fish were exposed to a fixed dose of a common trematode parasite. In the field experiment, infection with S. solidus affected the abundance of four parasite species, relative to controls. For two of the four species, changes occurred only in fish harbouring the high-growth S. solidus; one species increased in abundance and the other decreased. These changes did not appear to be directly linked to S. solidus growth though. The parasite exhibiting elevated abundance was the same trematode used in the lab infection. In that experiment, we found a similar infection pattern, suggesting that S. solidus affects the physiological susceptibility of fish to this trematode. Associations between S. solidus and other parasites occur and vary in direction. However, some of these associations were contingent on the S. solidus population, suggesting that intraspecific variability can affect the assembly of parasite communities.

FIGURE 62 in Bothriocephalidean tapeworms (Cestoda) of freshwater fish in Africa, including erection of Kirstenella n. gen. and description of Tetracampos martinae n. sp.

FIGURE 62. Interrelationships of 6 African bothriocephalideans and their relatives based on Bayesian inferrence analysis of partial sequences of the large subunit rDNA (lsrDNA). Rooted phylogram with node labels showing Bayesian posterior probabilities/bootstrap support values. Newly characterized sequences are marked with an asterisk.

FIGURE 61 in Bothriocephalidean tapeworms (Cestoda) of freshwater fish in Africa, including erection of Kirstenella n. gen. and description of Tetracampos martinae n. sp.

FIGURE 61. Distribution map of African bothriocephalideans according to existing voucher material (unconfirmed literature records not included). Ichthyological provinces are marked as follows: I. Maghreb, II. Nilo Sudan, IIa. Abyssinian subprovince, III. Upper Guinea, IV. Lower Guinea, V. Congo, VI. Quanza, VII. Zambezi, VIII. East Coast, IX. Southern province (map orig. M. Jirků; delimitation of ichthyological provinces modified from Lévêque et al. 2008).

FIGURES 53–60 in Bothriocephalidean tapeworms (Cestoda) of freshwater fish in Africa, including erection of Kirstenella n. gen. and description of Tetracampos martinae n. sp.

FIGURES 53–60. Line drawings of Tetracampos martinae Kuchta, n. sp. ex Bagrus meridionalis from Lake Malawi (IPCAS C-608). 53, Total view of the worm with anterior and posterior part of the body. 54, Scolex, lateral view. 55, Detail of hooks. 56, Complete circle of hooks. 57, Gravid segment, ventral view, eggs not illustrated. 58, Egg. 59, Gravid segment, eggs not illustrated. 60, Cross-section of the gravid segment in the level of cirrus-sac.

FIGURES 41–48 in Bothriocephalidean tapeworms (Cestoda) of freshwater fish in Africa, including erection of Kirstenella n. gen. and description of Tetracampos martinae n. sp.

FIGURES 41–48. Line drawings of Tetracampos ciliotheca Wedl, 1861 ex Clarias anguillaris from the Sudan (IPCAS C- 466). 41, Complete worm. 42, Scolex, dorsoventral view. 43, Complete circle of hooks. 44, Gravid segment, ventral view. 45, Detail of hooks. 46, Cross-section of gravid segment at level of cirrus-sac. 47, Egg. 48, Gravid segment entirely filled with eggs.

FIGURES 23–32 in Bothriocephalidean tapeworms (Cestoda) of freshwater fish in Africa, including erection of Kirstenella n. gen. and description of Tetracampos martinae n. sp.

FIGURES 23–32. Scanning electron micrographs of the scoleces and the body surface. 23–27, Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig, 1853) ex Polypterus bichir from Kenya (IPCAS C-464). 23, Scolex, dorsoventral view. 24, Apical disc. 25, Surface of apical region of scolex. 26, Gravid proglottid, dorsal view. 27, Detail of operculum of egg. 28–32, Tetracampos ciliotheca Wedl, 1861 ex Clarias anguillaris from the Sudan (IPCAS C-466). 28, Scolex, dorsoventral view. 29, Detail of hooks. 30, Surface of apical region of scolex. 31, Gravid proglottid, dorsoventral view. 32, Egg.

FIGURES 33–40 in Bothriocephalidean tapeworms (Cestoda) of freshwater fish in Africa, including erection of Kirstenella n. gen. and description of Tetracampos martinae n. sp.

FIGURES 33–40. Line drawings of Polyonchobothrium polypteri (Leydig, 1853) ex Polypterus spp. from Kenya and the Sudan (IPCAS C-464). 33, Complete worm. 34, Scolex, dorsoventral view. 35, Complete circle of hooks. 36, Detail of hooks. 37, Egg. 38, Detail of genital complex of mature segment, dorsal view. 39, Mature segment, dorsal view, neotype. 40, Crosssection of the gravid segment at the level of cirrus-sac. Abbreviations: e, eggs; pg, prostatic glands; vd, vas deferens.

FIGURES 49–52 in Bothriocephalidean tapeworms (Cestoda) of freshwater fish in Africa, including erection of Kirstenella n. gen. and description of Tetracampos martinae n. sp.

FIGURES 49–52. Photomicrographs of histological sections of Tetracampos ciliotheca Wedl, 1861 in the intestinal wall of Clarias gariepinus from Ethiopia (IPCAS C-466). 49, Cross-section of the intestinal wall at the level of the scolex. 50, Crosssection of the intestinal wall with several parts of the worm. 51, Detail of apical part of the scolex in the intestinal wall. 52, Detail of the parasite and host surface. * indicates the body of the parasite.

FIGURES 15–22 in Bothriocephalidean tapeworms (Cestoda) of freshwater fish in Africa, including erection of Kirstenella n. gen. and description of Tetracampos martinae n. sp.

FIGURES 15–22. Line drawings of Kirstenella gordoni (Woodland, 1937) ex Heterobranchus bidorsalis from Kenya (IPCAS C-609). 15, Complete worm. 16, Detail of hooks. 17, Scolex, dorsoventral view. 18, Complete circle of hooks. 19, Detail of genital complex of mature segment, dorsal view. 20, Egg. 21, Cross-section of gravid segment at level of cirrus-sac. 22, Mature segment, dorsal view. Abbreviations: cs, cirrus-sac; gp, genital pore; iv, internal seminal vesicle; lm, inner longitudinal muscles; ov, ovary; t, testes; up, uterine pore; ut, uterus; v, vagina; vd, vas deferens; vf, vitelline follicles; vr, viteline reservoir.