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FIGURE 2. Paraputo blackmani Joshi sp. n., collection site and life stages. A. Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. tree with infested part indicated by arrows; B. A furrow left by a broken branch, with exposed cambium tissue infested by mealybugs; C. Mealybug nymphs, indicated by arrows; D. Adult females; E.Ants, Nylanderia sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), attending the mealybugs; F. Spalgis epius (Westwood) larva (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) preying on the mealybugs. in --A--new--species--of--Paraputo--Laing--1929--(Hemiptera:--Coccomorpha:-- Pseudococcidae)--from--India
FIGURE 2. Paraputo blackmani Joshi sp. n., collection site and life stages. A. Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. tree with infested part indicated by arrows; B. A furrow left by a broken branch, with exposed cambium tissue infested by mealybugs; C. Mealybug nymphs, indicated by arrows; D. Adult females; E.Ants, Nylanderia sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), attending the mealybugs; F. Spalgis epius (Westwood) larva (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) preying on the mealybugs.
Fig. 60. Part 5 in The Amphibian Tree Of Life
Fig. 60. Part 5 of anurans from the general tree (fig. 50 [insert]): Thoropidae, Dendrobatidae, and Bufonidae.
Fig. 63. Part 8 in The Amphibian Tree Of Life
Fig. 63. Part 8 of anurans from the general tree (fig. 50 [insert]): Ptychadenidae, Ceratobatrachidae, Micrixalidae, Phrynobatrachidae, Petropedetidae, Pyxicephalidae, and Dicroglossidae.
Fig. 53 in The Amphibian Tree Of Life
Fig. 53. Salamander section of general tree (fig. 50 [insert]). See discussion in ''Taxonomy'' for subfamilies of Plethodontidae and Salamandridae. New taxonomy is on right.
Fig. 49 in The Amphibian Tree Of Life
Fig. 49. Delorme et al.'s (2005) dendrogram of rhacophorids, based on undisclosed molecular and morphological data (although characters were summarized for some genera and suprageneric groups), redrawn to illuminate the paraphyly of groupings.
Fig. 21 in The Amphibian Tree Of Life
Fig. 21. Bayesian tree of anuran exemplars of Biju and Bossuyt (2003), with particular reference to Neobatrachia. Underlying data are two mtDNA fragments, covering part of 12S rRNA, complete t RNAVal, and part of 16S rRNA. In addition, one fragment of the nuclear genome: exon 1 of rhodopsin, single exon of RAG1, and exon 2 of CXCR4, for a total of 2,325 bp of sequence. Alignment was made using Clustal X (Thompson et al., 1997), alignment costs not disclosed, with ambiguous sections excluded and gaps excluded as evidence. Model of nucleotide substitution assumed for analysis was GTR 1 G1 I.
Fig. 8 in The Amphibian Tree Of Life
Fig. 8. Composite tree of hypothesized relationships among Plethodontidae as inferred from 1966– 2004 literature; subfamilies and tribes noted on the right (D.B. Wake, 1966; D.B. Wake and Lynch, 1976; J.F. Lynch and Wake, 1978; D.B. Wake et al., 1978; Maxson et al., 1979; Larson et al., 1981; Maxson and Wake, 1981; Hanken and Wake, 1982; J.F. Lynch et al., 1983; D.B. Wake and Elias, 1983; Lombard and Wake, 1986; D.B. Wake, 1993; Jackman et al., 1997; GarcíaParís and Wake, 2000; and ParraOlea et al., 2004). Quotation marks denote nonmonophyletic taxa.
Fig. 55 in The Amphibian Tree Of Life
Fig. 55. Trees of intergeneric relationships within Pipidae (from fig. 19). A, Cannatella and Trueb (1988). B, Báez and Pugener (2003); C, Roelants and Bossuyt (2005); D, De Sá and Hillis (1990; results consistent with B, C, and E); E, This work. (Undirected network on lower right shows rooting points of each result, except for D.)
Fig. 65. Part 9 in The Amphibian Tree Of Life
Fig. 65. Part 9 of anurans from the general tree (fig. 50 [insert]): Mantellidae, Rhacophoridae, Nyctibatrachidae, Ranidae.
Fig. 58. Part 3 in The Amphibian Tree Of Life
Fig. 58. Part 3 of anurans from the general tree (fig. 50 [insert]): Hemiphractidae, Brachycephalidae, Cryptobatrachidae, Amphignathodontidae, and Hylidae.
Fig. 70 in The Amphibian Tree Of Life
Fig. 70. Generic changes suggested for bufonid taxa that we studied. This figure shows our terminals
Fig. 68 in The Amphibian Tree Of Life
Fig. 68. Maximumlikelihood tree of predominantly New World Bufonidae suggested by Pauly et al. (2004) on the basis of 2,370 bp (730 informative sites) of mitochondrial DNA (12S, tRNAVal, and 16S). Alignment was done under Clustal (Thompson et al., 1997; cost functions not disclosed) then modified manually. Gaps were considered to be missing data and the substitution model assumed for the maximumlikelihood analysis was GTR 1 G1 I.
Fig. 64. A in The Amphibian Tree Of Life
Fig. 64. A, Original tree of Jiang et al. (2005; from fig. 42) of Paini and (on right) its equivalent undirected network; B, Tree rerooted and with augmented resolution as implied by our general results,
Fig. 56. Part 2 in The Amphibian Tree Of Life
Fig. 56. Part 2 of anurans from the general tree (fig. 50 [insert]): Heleophrynidae and basal hyloids
Fig. 44 in The Amphibian Tree Of Life
Fig. 44. Maximumlikelihood tree of Holarctic Rana of Hillis and Wilcox (2005). The underlying data are ca. 2kb of mtDNA of the 12S–16S region (spanning the tRNAVal gene). Sequence alignment was done initially using Clustal W (Thompson et al., 1994), costs not disclosed, and manually adjusted, guided by assumed secondary structure, ambiguously aligned sequences discarded. It was not stated whether gaps were treated as data, but we presume not. Substitution model GTR 1 G1 PINVAR was assumed for the maximumlikelihood analysis. On the basis of previous research, the root was assumed
Fig. 41 in The Amphibian Tree Of Life
Fig. 41. Consensus of two parsimony trees of Chinese ranids from Jiang and Zhou (2005). Data were 1,005 bp of the mtDNA sequences of the 12S and 16S rRNA gene fragments (tree length 5 1485, ci 5 0.449). Sequences were aligned using ClustalX (Thompson et al., 1997), with manual modifications made subsequently. Gaps and ambiguously aligned sequences excluded from analysis. Generic names in parentheses reflect alternative usages. Generic taxonomy is updated to recognize Quasipaa (Jiang et al., 2005).
Fig. 37 in The Amphibian Tree Of Life
Fig. 37. Consensus of two equally parsimonious trees from Marmayou et al. (2000) of exemplars of Ranidae and Rhacophoridae (Ranidae: Rhacophorinae in their usage) based on 305 bp (151 informative sites) of 12S mtDNA, aligned using the program MUST (Philippe, 1993) and subsequently manually modified with reference to secondary structure models. Cost functions for alignment were not stated, nor whether gaps were treated as missing data or as evidence (ci 5 0.382, ri 5 0.429). Tree rooted on Eleutherodactylus cuneatus (5 Euhyas cuneata).
Fig. 36 in The Amphibian Tree Of Life
Fig. 36. Maximum likelihood tree of exemplars of Ranoidea, with a focus on African taxa, by Van der Meijden et al. (2005), based on mt DNA (12S and 16S rRNA) and nu DNA (RAG1, RAG2, rhodopsin), for 2,995 bp of sequence. Alignment was made using ClustalW (Thompson et al., 1994), with costs not disclosed and gaps and highly variable sites excluded from analysis. The model assumed for maximumlikelihood analysis was TrN 1 I 1 G. The tree was rooted on an hierarchical outgroups (not shown in original) composed of Latimeria, Homo, Gallus, Lyciasalamandra, Alytes (2 spp.), Agalychnis, and Litoria. The ''southern African clade'' represents Pyxicephalinae as subsequently redelimited by Dubois (2005).
Fig. 31 in The Amphibian Tree Of Life
Fig. 31. Maximumlikelihood tree of various ranoids constructed by Van der Meijden et al. (2004) on the basis of 1,566 bp of the nuclear gene RAG1. Sequence alignment was not reported. Cost functions of analysis were not provided nor which model of nucleotide evolution (as suggested by ModelTest; Posada and Crandall, 1998) was employed in the analysis. The tree was rooted on Xenopus laevis. We inserted the higher taxonomy on the right to allow easier comparison to other studies discussed in this section.
Fig. 48 in The Amphibian Tree Of Life
Fig. 48. Consensus of weighted parsimony trees of Rhacophoridae suggested by J.A. Wilkinson et al. (2002), with their subfamily taxonomy on right. (This is Mantellidae and Rhacophoridae of other authors.) The tree was based on 2kb (of 12S and 16S mt rRNA as well as tRNAVal). Alignment was manual, guided by models of secondary structure with ambiguously aligned segments discarded. In analysis, transversions were weighted twice transitions. Whether reatment of gaps were treated as evidence of relationship or as missing data was not stated. Chirixalus eiffingeri was placed in Kurixalus by Ye, Fei, and Dubois (In Fei, 1999), and Chirixalus idiootocus was transferred into an explicitly polyphyletic/paraphyletic Aquixalus by Delorme et al. (2005). The tree was rooted on Nidirana adenopleura and Aquarana catesbeiana.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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