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236 results for “venom”
Plasmid sequences for: Recombinant venom proteins in insect seminal fluid reduces female lifespan
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Data from: Snake venoms are integrated systems, but abundant venom proteins evolve more rapidly
Background: While many studies have shown that extracellular proteins evolve rapidly, how selection acts on them remains poorly understood. We used snake venoms to understand the interaction between ecology, expression level, and evolutionary rate in secreted protein systems. Venomous snakes employ well-integrated systems of proteins and organic constituents to immobilize prey. Venoms are generally optimized to subdue preferred prey more effectively than non-prey, and many venom protein families manifest positive selection and rapid gene family diversification. Although previous studies have illuminated how individual venom protein families evolve, how selection acts on venoms as integrated systems, is unknown. Results: Using next-generation transcriptome sequencing and mass spectrometry, we examined microevolution in two pitvipers, allopatrically separated for at least 1.6 million years, and their hybrids. Transcriptomes of parental species had generally similar compositions in regard to protein families, but for a given protein family, the homologs present and concentrations thereof sometimes differed dramatically. For instance, a phospholipase A 2 transcript comprising 73.4 % of the Protobothrops elegans transcriptome, was barely present in the P. flavoviridis transcriptome (<0.05 %). Hybrids produced most proteins found in both parental venoms. Protein evolutionary rates were positively correlated with transcriptomic and proteomic abundances, and the most abundant proteins showed positive selection. This pattern holds with the addition of four other published crotaline transcriptomes, from two more genera, and also for the recently published king cobra genome, suggesting that rapid evolution of abundant proteins may be generally true for snake venoms. Looking more broadly at Protobothrops, we show that rapid evolution of the most abundant components is due to positive selection, suggesting an interplay between abundance and adaptation. Conclusions: Given log-scale differences in toxin abundance, which are likely correlated with biosynthetic costs, we hypothesize that as a result of natural selection, snakes optimize return on energetic investment by producing more of venom proteins that increase their fitness. Natural selection then acts on the additive genetic variance of these components, in proportion to their contributions to overall fitness. Adaptive evolution of venoms may occur most rapidly through changes in expression levels that alter fitness contributions, and thus the strength of selection acting on specific secretome components.
Venom toxins of the annulated sea snake (Hydrophis cyanocinctus)
<p>Table S1. Amino acid sequences translated from toxin unigenes in the venom-gland transcriptome of the annulated sea snake (Hydrophis cyanocinctus) from the South China Sea. Sequences with partial CDS are indicated in italic; Table S2. FPKM% of protein family in the venom-gland transcriptome of the annulated sea snake (Hydrophis cyanocinctus) from the South China Sea; Table S3. Sequences used for positive selection detecting by codeml test; Table S4. Sequences used for positive selection detecting by yn00 test.</p>
F in Predatory behaviour of gekkonid lizards, Ptyodactylus spp., towards the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus, and their tolerance of its venom
F. 2. Adult male gecko, Ptyodactylus puiseuxi, from the Golan, handling scorpions, Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus (measured without the metasoma or 'tail'), in the observation arena. (a) Manipulating a 15 mm-long scorpion, after initial grabbing and releasing. (b) Grabbing an 11 mm-long scorpion crosswise. (c) This 13 mm-long scorpion was grabbed crosswise with pincers and tail jutting out, and after being held for 100 s is being swallowed. (d) Manipulation towards swallowing a 15 mm-long scorpion, after initial grabbing and releasing.
F in Predatory behaviour of gekkonid lizards, Ptyodactylus spp., towards the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus, and their tolerance of its venom
F. 1. Scorpions in the stomach contents of a gecko, adult female Ptyodactylus guttatus from Sede Boqer (from the material of Perry, 1979). The contents included 16 termites, three scorpions, three isopodes and two myriapodes (scale, cm and mm).
Ecological and biogeographic processes drive the proteome evolution of snake venom
<p class="Body"><span>The emergence of venom is an evolutionary innovation that favored the diversification and survival of snakes. The composition of snake venoms is known in detail from venom gland proteomic data. However, there is still a gap of knowledge about the forces that lead to the expression of different toxins in different proportions in the venom cocktail across space and time.</span></p> <p class="Body"><span><b>LOCATION</b></span></p> <p class="Body"><span>World.</span></p> <p class="Body"><span><b>TIME PERIOD</b></span></p> <p class="Body"><span>Modern.</span></p> <p class="Body"><span><b>MAJOR TAXA STUDIED</b></span></p> <p class="Body"><span>Elapidae and Viperidae.</span></p> <p class="Body"><span>We integrated proteomic data with phylogenetic comparative methods to understand how ecological and biogeographical processes drive the evolution of snake venom. </span><span>We observed that more productive environments favor a more complex venom, which presents a higher diversity and similarity on the toxin proportions in its composition. We found that the taxa that live in islands, where there is lower variability of resources, tended to present less complex venom dominated by few toxins. In this case, the island's isolation seems to be a relevant element for a faster fixation of specific venom compositions. </span>We show that ecological and biogeographic processes, which can act differentially over time and space, affect the gene expression of toxins in snake venoms.</p>
Integrating venom peptide libraries into a phylogenetic and broader biological framework
<p>The venomous marine snails are conventionally divided into three groups, the cone snails (family Conidae), the auger snails (family Terebridae) and the turrids (formerly all assigned to a single family, Turridae). In this study, a library of venom peptides from species conventionally assigned to the genus Turris was correlated to a phylogenetic analysis. Nucleotide sequences of multiple genes from transcriptomes were used to assess the phylogenic relationships across a diverse set of species. The resulting tree shows that as conventionally defined, the Conoidean genus Turris, is polyphyletic. We describe a new genus, Purpuraturris gen. nov., that comprises the outlier species. In addition to morphological distinctions, molecular data reveal that this group are more closely related to Unedogemmula and Turridrupa than to Turris sensu stricto. The correlation between phylogenetic information and multiple peptide sequences from the library of venom peptides was used to highlight those peptides mostly likely to be unique and intimately associated with biological diversity. The plethora of peptide sequences available requires two prioritization decisions: which subset of peptides to initially characterize, and after these are characterized, which to comprehensively investigate for potential biomedical applications such as drug developments.</p>
Genome-wide SNPs reveal recurrent waves of speciation in niche-pockets, in Europe's most venomous snake
<p>Within the Balkan Peninsula, topographic and climatic agents have promoted biodiversity and shaped the speciation history of many ectotherms. Here, we targeted an iconic European reptile, the nose-horned viper species-complex (<em>Vipera</em> <em>ammodytes</em>), and explored its spatial and temporal evolution. We (1) utilized genome-wide SNPs to infer genetic structure and build a time-calibrated species tree, and (2) applied species distribution modeling (SDM) with niche-divergence tests among major phylogenomic clades. Geographically structured genetic diversity was found. Cycles of recurrent isolation and expansion during glacial–interglacial periods led to allopatric speciation and to secondary contacts and formation of multiple hybrid zones throughout the Balkan Peninsula. Deep divergence is still detected among populations separated by old and imminent biogeographical barriers (e.g. Pindos Mountain Range, the Cyclades islands, etc.), but in most cases, speciation is incomplete. At the other end of the speciation continuum, we recognize two well-differentiated lineages, currently lacking any evidence of gene flow; one is distributed in the Northwestern Balkans and the other in the Southeastern Balkans, further expanding into Asia. Despite their split 5 Mya, there is no evidence of ecological divergence, as speciation probably occurred in niche-pockets of analogous environments. These two lineages probably represent different species, while <em>V. transcaucasiana</em> does not merit species status. By comparing the genomic phylogenies to an updated mitochondrial one, we propose an evolutionary scenario that resolves all mito-nuclear conflicts, according to which the history of the <em>V. ammodytes</em> species-complex was shaped by complex processes, including a major event of introgressive hybridization with asymmetric mitochondrial capture.</p>
Supplementary Table 1. Identification of protein bands content by LC-MS/MS from fractions obtained from B. arietans venom after size exclusion chromatography.
<p>FG1 to FG6 were cut from the gel and subjected to in-gel digestion with trypsin. Analysis was performed using an Easy-nLC Proxeon nanoHPLC system coupled to an LTQ-Orbitrap Velos. The results obtained were compared with the “<em>Bitis</em>” and “Snakes” database downloaded from Uniprot (Taxid: 8570).</p>
Study of Sting Challenge and Serological Responses to Jack Jumper Venom Immunotherapy With Inulin as Adjuvant (Jumpvax)
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03066986. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Hymenoptera Venom Allergy in Real-life Conditions.
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT06790368. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 3.
Myorelaxant Effect of Bee Venom(BV) Topical Skin Application in Patients With RDC/TMD Ia and Ib
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02101632. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 6.
The Significance of Blood-tryptase and c-Kit Mutation in Insect Venom Immunotherapy
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02503800. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 3.
Bee Venom for the Treatment of Parkinson Disease
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01341431. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 2.
Determinism of the Mechanism of Action of Specific Immunotherapy in Hymenoptera Venom Allergy
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02295488. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Bee Venom Acupuncture for the Treatment of Chronic Low Back Pain
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01491321. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Safety and Effectiveness of PANAF-Premium TM Snake Venom Antiserum As Standard Treatment for Snakebites
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT06615960. IPD Sharing: UNDECIDED. Countries: 1. Publications: 8.
Role of Steroids and Extended Scorpion Anti-Venom Use in Cardiac Affection Among Scorpion Stung Pediatric Cases
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT06838715. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Regulation of Blood Dendritic Cells During Immune Therapy for Hymenoptera Venom Allergy
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00947908. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 2.
East-West Collaboration Treatment Using Bee Venom Acupuncture and NSAIDs for Chronic Cervicalgia
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01922466. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
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