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opennotspecifiedOct 2021View details →

Table 2 in The grass root endophytic fungus Flavomyces fulophazii: An abundant source of tetramic acid and chlorinated azaphilone derivatives

Table 2 High resolution mass-spectral (positive ion mode) data for compounds detected in Flavomyces fulophazii culture extracts.<table><tbody><tr><th>Compound</th><th></th><th>Formula</th><th>Detected ion</th><th>Detected formula</th><th>Calculated m/z</th><th>Found m/z</th><th>diff (ppm)</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>No. a</th><td>Name</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>1</th><td>10,11-dihydroxy-vermelhotin</td><td>C12H13O5N</td><td>[M+H]+</td><td>C12H14O5N</td><td>252.0866</td><td>252.0865</td><td>0.472</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>[M+Na]+</td><td>C12H13O5NNa</td><td>274.0686</td><td>274.0684</td><td>0.853</td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td>11-hydroxy-vermelhotin</td><td>C12H13O4N</td><td>[M+H]+</td><td>C12H14O4N</td><td>236.0917</td><td>236.0915</td><td>0.908</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>[M+Na]+</td><td>C12H13O4NNa</td><td>258.0737</td><td>258.0735</td><td>0.500</td></tr><tr><th>3</th><td>11-oxo-vermelhotin</td><td>C12H11O4N</td><td>[M+H]+</td><td>C12H12O4N</td><td>234.0761</td><td>234.0758</td><td>1.129</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>[M+Na]+</td><td>C12H11O4NNa</td><td>256.0580</td><td>256.0577</td><td>1.363</td></tr><tr><th>4</th><td>11-methoxy-vermelhotin</td><td>C13H15O4N</td><td>[M+H]+</td><td>C13H16O4N</td><td>250.1074</td><td>250.1072</td><td>0.698</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>[M+Na]+</td><td>C13H15O4NNa</td><td>272.0893</td><td>272.0890</td><td>1.136</td></tr><tr><th>5</th><td>vermelhotin</td><td>C12H11O3N</td><td>[M+H]+</td><td>C12H12O3N</td><td>218.0812</td><td>218.0809</td><td>1.145</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>[M+Na]+</td><td>C12H11O3NNa</td><td>240.0631</td><td>240.0628</td><td>1.351</td></tr><tr><th>6a</th><td>flavochlorine E</td><td>C16H18O5NCl</td><td>[M+H]+</td><td>C H O NCl35 16 19 5</td><td>340.0946</td><td>340.0944</td><td>0.785</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>[M + H+2]+</td><td>C H O NCl37 16 19 5</td><td>342.0917</td><td>342.0912</td><td>1.335</td></tr><tr><th>6b</th><td>flavochlorine F</td><td>C16H18O5NCl</td><td>[M+H]+</td><td>C H O NCl35 16 19 5</td><td>340.0946</td><td>340.0944</td><td>0.696</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>[M + H+2]+</td><td>C H O NCl37 16 19 5</td><td>342.0917</td><td>342.0913</td><td>1.160</td></tr><tr><th>7</th><td>flavochlorine A</td><td>C15H18O3NCl</td><td>[M+H]+</td><td>C H O NCl35 15 19 3</td><td>296.1048</td><td>296.1045</td><td>1.039</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>[M + H+2]+</td><td>C H O NCl37 15 19 3</td><td>298.1018</td><td>298.1016</td><td>0.763</td></tr><tr><th>8</th><td>flavochlorine B</td><td>C13H14O2NCl</td><td>[M+H]+</td><td>C H O NCl35 13 15 2</td><td>252.0786</td><td>252.0783</td><td>1.162</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>[M + H+2]+</td><td>C H O NCl37 13 15 2</td><td>254.0756</td><td>254.0753</td><td>1.310</td></tr><tr><th>9</th><td>flavochlorine C</td><td>C16H20O3NCl</td><td>[M+H]+</td><td>C H O NCl35 16 21 3</td><td>310.1204</td><td>310.1202</td><td>0.863</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>[M + H+2]+</td><td>C H O NCl37 16 21 3</td><td>312.1175</td><td>312.1171</td><td>1.178</td></tr><tr><th>10</th><td>flavochlorine G</td><td>C18H22O4NCl</td><td>[M+H]+</td><td>C H O NCl35 18 23 4</td><td>352.1310</td><td>352.1307</td><td>0.859</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>[M + H+2]+</td><td>C H O NCl37 18 23 4</td><td>354.1281</td><td>354.1276</td><td>1.418</td></tr><tr><th>11</th><td>flavochlorine D</td><td>C13H13O3Cl</td><td>[M+H]+</td><td>C H O Cl35 13 14 3</td><td>253.0626</td><td>253.0622</td><td>1.417</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>[M + H+2]+</td><td>C H O Cl37 13 14 3</td><td>255.0596</td><td>255.0593</td><td>1.444</td></tr></tbody></table>a Numbers of compounds correspond to those in Figs. 2 and 3.

opennotspecifiedOct 2021View details →

Table 6 in The grass root endophytic fungus Flavomyces fulophazii: An abundant source of tetramic acid and chlorinated azaphilone derivatives

Table 6 Antiproliferative activity of vermelhotin, hydroxyvermelhotin and flavochlorine A isolated from Flavomyces fulophazii culture extracts.<table><tbody><tr><th>Cell line</th><th>Antiproliferative activity (IC50, μM)</th><th></th><th></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th></th><td>vermelhotin</td><td>hydroxy-</td><td>flavochlorine</td><td>reference a</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>vermelhotin</td><td>A</td><td>Dau</td><td>Sal</td></tr><tr><th>A2058</th><td>12.1</td><td>> 100</td><td>67.9</td><td>0.3 1</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>HepG2</th><td>10.1</td><td>> 100</td><td>> 100</td><td>1.2 2</td><td>5.8 3</td></tr><tr><th>A431</th><td>19.9</td><td>> 100</td><td>> 100</td><td>0.7</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>U87</th><td>28.6</td><td>> 100</td><td>> 100</td><td>0.4 2</td><td>0.8</td></tr><tr><th>EBC-1</th><td>20.0</td><td>> 100</td><td>> 100</td><td>1.2</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>SH-SY5Y</th><td>12.9</td><td>> 100</td><td>> 100</td><td>0.7</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>HT-29</th><td>31.4</td><td>> 100</td><td>> 100</td><td>0.2 4</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>HL-60</th><td>9.4</td><td>> 100</td><td>> 100</td><td>0.02 5</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>MonoMac-</th><td>17.1</td><td>> 100</td><td>> 100</td><td>0.6</td><td>2.2 3</td></tr><tr><th>6</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>LCLC-</th><td>37.0</td><td>> 100</td><td>> 100</td><td>8.6</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>103H</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>HEK-293</th><td>21.6</td><td>> 100</td><td>> 100</td><td>no</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>data</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>H838</th><td>22.1</td><td>> 100</td><td>> 100</td><td>10.2</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>VERO</th><td>> 100</td><td>> 100</td><td>> 100</td><td>no</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>data</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2024View details →

Challenges in alpine soil recovery: the minor effect of grass restoration on microbial resource limitation

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opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

Data from: Increasing the germination envelope under water stress improves seedling emergence in two dominant grass species across different pulse rainfall events

1. Demographic recruitment processes, such as seed germination and seedling emergence, are critical transitional phases to the re-establishment of degraded plant populations, but often fail due to rainfall not supporting plant requirements. Using species from the widespread arid Australian perennial grass genus Triodia, we investigated the interactions of seeds in different dormancy states and their functional germination envelope in response to water stress after simulated pulse rainfall events. 2. Seed dormancy was alleviated in Triodia species to varying degrees by wet/ dry cycling or by removing floret structures from seeds. The seeds were then exposed to different rainfall frequency and quantity events mimicking the 25th, median, 75th and 95th percentile rainfall events found in natural habitats for the study species in the north-west Australian arid zone. 3. Under 95th percentile rainfall conditions recruitment was highest, but still limited to 35% germination and 10% emergence of cleaned seeds (i.e. the least dormant state evaluated). This was related to the functional germination envelope as indicated by more negative base water potential thresholds (Ψb50) for cleaned seeds (≥ -0.33 MPa) compared to intact florets (≥ -0.26 MPa). As a result the maximum cumulative time where soil water potentials were optimal for germination (Ψsoil ≥ Ψb50) were 1.6–2.6 times longer for cleaned seeds in large frequent rainfall events when compared to intact florets. Furthermore, seed dormancy, that usually prolongs seed survival, was linked to a short-term reduction in seed viability, which may further reduce recruitment rates. 4. Synthesis and applications. Our findings indicate that large frequent rainfall events raised soil water potentials above critical thresholds for germination and are important for successful plant establishment. If recruitment bottlenecks are a result of seed dormancy and variable rainfall for arid grass species, then this study shows benefits for alleviating seed dormancy prior to seeding in restoration sites, as this increases the environmental envelope for germination.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

Data from: Viral pathogen production in a wild grass host driven by host growth and soil nitrogen

Nutrient limitation is a basic ecological constraint that has received little attention in studies on virus production and disease dynamics. Nutrient availability could directly limit the production of viral nucleic acids and proteins, or alternatively limit host growth and thus indirectly limit metabolic pathways necessary for viral replication. In order to compare direct and indirect effects of nutrient limitation on virus production within hosts, we manipulated soil nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) availability in a glasshouse for the wild grass host Bromus hordeaceus and the viral pathogen Barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV. We found that soil N additions increased viral concentrations within host tissues, and the effect was mediated by host growth. Specifically, in statistical models evaluating the roles of host biomass production, leaf N and leaf P, viral production depended most strongly on host biomass, rather than the concentration of either nutrient. Furthermore, at low soil N, larger plants supported greater viral concentrations than smaller ones, whereas at high N, smaller plants supported greater viral concentrations. Our results suggest that enhanced viral productivity under N enrichment is an indirect consequence of nutrient stimulation to host growth rate. Heightened pathogen production in plants has important implications for a world facing increasing rates of nutrient deposition.

opencc-zeroJun 2021View details →

Rice genome-scale network integration reveals transcriptional regulators of grass cell wall synthesis

Grasses have evolved distinct cell wall composition and patterning relative to dicotyledonous plants. However, despite the importance of this plant family, transcriptional regulation of its cell wall biosynthesis is poorly understood. To identify grass cell wall-associated transcription factors, we constructed the Rice Combined mutual Ranked Network (RCRN). The RCRN covers >90% of annotated rice (Oryza sativa) genes, is high quality, and includes most grass-specific cell wall genes, such as mixed-linkage glucan synthases and hydroxycinnamoyl acyltransferases. Comparing the RCRN and an equivalent Arabidopsis network suggests that grass orthologs of most genetically verified eudicot cell wall regulators also control this process in grasses, but some vary significantly in network connectivity between these divergent species. Reverse genetics, yeast-one-hybrid, and protoplast-based assays reveal that OsMYB61a activates a grass-specific acyltransferase promoter, which confirms network predictions and supports grass-specific cell wall synthesis genes being incorporated into conserved regulatory circuits. In addition, 10 of 15 tested transcription factors, including six novel wall-associated regulators (WAP1, WACH1, WAHL1, WADH1, OsMYB13a, and OsMYB13b), alter abundance of cell wall-related transcripts when transiently expressed. The results highlight the quality of the RCRN for examining rice biology, provide insight into the evolution of cell wall regulation, and identify network nodes and edges that are possible leads for improving cell wall composition.

opencc-zeroAug 2021View details →

Soil N enrichment mediates carbon allocation in a dominant grass during drought

Carbon (C) allocation strategy plays a critical role in plant adaptability, with knock-on effects for community stability under environmental change. Based on optimal partitioning theory we asked two questions: (1) How is plant C allocation within tissues affected by long-term nutrient enrichment (N addition)? And (2) does N addition alter how plants allocate C under drought? To address these questions, we conducted a greenhouse experiment using the widespread perennial C3 grass, Leymus chinensis, under four treatments: "Watered", "Dry", "Watered+N" and "Dry+N". 13CO2 pulse labelling was used to trace C transport through the plant-soil system. We found that, in combination, drought and N addition resulted in offsetting effects on C allocation. Greater aboveground biomass under N addition resulted in higher C loss via aboveground plant respiration even under drought, which plays a more important role in the adjustment of R/S ratio than does the trade-off between above and belowground compartments. Compared to the concept of active phenotype adjustment for maximized growth rate in traditional optimal partitioning theory, our results imply that pre-drought allometry, which changes under long-term resource addition, also determine how plants respond to drought and their adaptability to changing environmental conditions.

opennotspecifiedApr 2016View details →

Figure 11 in Nest architecture in polydomous grass-cutting ants (Acromyrmex balzani)

Figure 11. General view of excavation of nest 8a.

opencc-zeroAug 2021View details →

Invasive grass (Microstegium vimineum) indirectly benefits spider community by subsidizing available prey

1. Invasive plant species cause a suite of direct, negative ecological impacts, but subsequent, indirect effects are more complex and difficult to detect. Where identified, indirect effects to other taxa can be wide-ranging and include ecological benefits in certain habitats or locations. 2. Here, we simultaneously examine the direct and indirect effects of a common, invasive grass species (Microstegium vimineum) on the invertebrate communities of understory deciduous forests in the eastern United States. To do this, we use two complementary analytic approaches to compare invaded and reference plots: 1) community composition analysis of understory arthropod taxa and 2) analysis of isotopic carbon and nitrogen ratios of a representative predatory spider species. 3. Invaded plots contained a significantly greater abundance of nearly all taxa, including predators, herbivores, and detritivores. Spider communities contained over seven times more individuals and exhibited greater species diversity and richness in invaded plots. 4. Surprisingly, however, the abundant invertebrate community is not nutritionally supported by the invasive plant, despite 100% ground cover of M. vimineum. Instead, spider isotopic carbon ratios showed that the invertebrate prey community found within invaded plots was deriving energy from the plant tissue of C3 plants and not the prevalent, aboveground M. vimineum. 5. Synthesis and applications. We demonstrate that invasive M. vimineum can create non-nutritional ecological benefits for some invertebrate taxa, with potential impacts to the nutritional dynamics of invertebrate-vertebrate food webs. These positive impacts, however, may be restricted to habitats that experience high levels of ungulate herbivory or reduced vegetative structural complexity. Our results highlight the importance of fully understanding taxon- and habitat-specific effects of invading plant species when prioritizing invasive species removal or management efforts.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2017View details →

Figs 13–23 in A new genus and species of grass specialist short-winged leafhopper from Chile and Argentina (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae: Faltalini)

Figs 13–23. Ackbaria vermiformis sp. nov. 13 – female pygofer, lateral view; 14 – detail of first valvula dorsal sculpturing; 15 – first valvula apex; 16 – first valvula; 17 – second valvulae; 18 – second valvulae apices; 19 – female sternite VII; 20 – male apodeme of abdominal sternite I, ventral view; 21 – same, anterior view; 22 – male apodeme of abdominal sternite II, ventral view; 23 – gonoplac.

opennotspecifiedApr 2021View details →

FIGURE 1 in Rediscovery of Parahyparrhenia bellariensis (Poaceae: Andropogoneae): A presumed extinct grass from Andhra Pradesh, India

FIGURE 1. Distribution map of Parahyparrhenia bellariensis in India.

opencc-zeroOct 2021View details →

Re-allocation of nitrogen and phosphorus from roots drives regrowth of grasses and sedges after defoliation under deficit irrigation and nitrogen enrichment

1. Re-allocation of nutrients from roots to shoots is essential for plant regrowth in grasslands, particularly in nutrient-poor conditions. However, the response of root nutrient re-allocation to changes in nitrogen (N) and water availability remains largely unknown. 2. Using a novel 15N and 32P labelling technique, we quantified the contribution of N and phosphorus (P) to shoot regrowth from either root re-allocation or direct soil uptake for perennial grasses exposed to high-frequency deficit irrigation (HFDI) and N addition. 3. Without N addition, HFDI showed no impact on uptake and re-allocation of N and P, likely due to unaffected soil N availability and a greater diffusion barrier offsetting increased accumulation in plant-available soil P. With N addition, HFDI increased plant N rather than P uptake, because of increasing soil N availability instead of P under combined HFDI and N addition. The HFDI decreased both N and P re-allocation with N addition, possibly due to exhaustion of nutrient reserves in roots that were re-allocated aboveground. Re-allocation contributed 48-97% of N and 58-79% of P required during the first two weeks of shoot regrowth. 4. Synthesis. Our results highlight the importance of N and P re-allocation from roots to buffer against changes in soil N and P availability and to maintain N:P ratio in shoot regrowth.

opencc-zeroOct 2021View details →

Data from: Biocrusts do not differentially influence emergence and early establishment of native and non-native grasses

Biological soil crusts (biocrusts) cover the soil surface of global drylands and interact with vascular plants. Biocrusts may influence the availability and nature of safe sites for plant recruitment and the susceptibility of an area to invasion by non-native species. Therefore, to investigate the potential role of biocrusts in invasive species management, we sought to determine if native and non-native grass recruitment in two North American deserts were differentially affected by biocrusts. We conducted a series of coordinated experiments in field, semi-controlled and controlled environment settings in the Colorado Plateau and Sonoran Desert using contrasting biocrust and grass functional types. Experiments in field environments focused on early establishment of grass seedlings whereas controlled environment experiments focused on seedling emergence. Within each experiment, we compared responses (frequency, magnitude, and timing of emergence/establishment) both across species (biocrust types pooled) and across species and levels of biocrust development. Native grasses varied by experiment and included Aristida purpurea, A. purpurea var. longiseta, Bouteloua gracilis, and Vulpia octoflora. Emergence of non-native Bromus tectorum was similar to that of native grasses on the Colorado Plateau. Differences in emergence of native vs. non-native grasses in the Sonoran Desert were species- and response-specific. Emergence of the non-native Bromus rubens was comparable to that of native grasses whereas emergence frequency and magnitude of the non-native Pennisetum ciliare was lower compared to two of four native species. Within a grass species, emergence was higher and faster on bare soil compared to biocrusts in the Sonoran Desert semi-controlled and greenhouse environment experiments. However, the pattern was not consistent across other experiments. When comparing across Colorado Plateau and Sonoran Desert biocrusts in greenhouse experiments, we found that emergence of native grasses was higher on Colorado Plateau biocrusts. Based on the lack of consistent results across our experiments, grass recruitment on biocrusts appears to be driven more by species-specific traits than species provenance. Our greenhouse experiments suggest that biocrust topographic relief is an important safe site trait influencing plant recruitment.

opencc-by-4.0May 2011View details →

Figure 1 from: Pétillon J, Georges A, Fouillet P (2011) Changes in salt-marsh carabid assemblages after an invasion by the native grass Elymus athericus (Link) Kerguélen. ZooKeys 100: 407-419. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.100.1537

Figure 1 - Location of the study sites (Mont St-Michel Bay, France). Codes: F 'Ferme Foucault' R 'la Rive'.

opencc-by-4.0May 2011View details →

Figure 2 from: Pétillon J, Georges A, Fouillet P (2011) Changes in salt-marsh carabid assemblages after an invasion by the native grass Elymus athericus (Link) Kerguélen. ZooKeys 100: 407-419. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.100.1537

Figure 2 - Changes in the percentage of halophilic species in the salt marsh after the invasion by Elymus athericus.

Figure 11 from: Hicks A (2015) In the shadow of a megalopolis, a new Flexamia from a threatened grass species in the New Jersey Pine Barrens (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae, Paralimnini). ZooKeys 511: 69-79. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.511.9572

Figure 11 - Female, bases of valvulae. Within Flexamia these structures provide a means for specific identification of female specimens.

Figure 12 from: Hicks A (2015) In the shadow of a megalopolis, a new Flexamia from a threatened grass species in the New Jersey Pine Barrens (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae, Paralimnini). ZooKeys 511: 69-79. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.511.9572

Figure 12 - Distribution of Muhlenbergia torreyana and location of the Pine Barrens. Modified from data found on the Grass Manual on the Web and BONAP's North American Plant Atlas.

Figure 1 from: Hicks A (2015) In the shadow of a megalopolis, a new Flexamia from a threatened grass species in the New Jersey Pine Barrens (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae, Paralimnini). ZooKeys 511: 69-79. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.511.9572

Figure 1 - A stand of Muhlenbergia torreyana in the Pine Barrens. Photo courtesy of Uli Lorimer of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.

Figure 10 from: Hicks A (2015) In the shadow of a megalopolis, a new Flexamia from a threatened grass species in the New Jersey Pine Barrens (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae, Paralimnini). ZooKeys 511: 69-79. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.511.9572

Figure 10 - Female 7th sternite. Commonly illustrated for this genus but only occasionally useful to separate species.

Figure 9 from: Hicks A (2015) In the shadow of a megalopolis, a new Flexamia from a threatened grass species in the New Jersey Pine Barrens (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae, Paralimnini). ZooKeys 511: 69-79. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.511.9572

Figure 9 - SEMs of the aedeagal apex, from left to right, lateral, dorsal, and caudoventral aspects, the latter illustrating the position of the gonopore on the ventral unpaired process.