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FIGURES 40–41 in A molecular phylogeny of Speonemadus Jeannel, 1922 with description of two new species from Morocco (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Cholevinae: Anemadini)

FIGURES 40–41. Palaeomaps with the reconstructed evolution of the distribution of Anemadus and Speonemadus at: (40) 18 Ma, Burdigalian; (41) 15 Ma, Langhian; (after Jolivet et al. 2006, modified).

FIGURE 39 in A molecular phylogeny of Speonemadus Jeannel, 1922 with description of two new species from Morocco (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Cholevinae: Anemadini)

FIGURE 39. Distribution maps of: (39) S. gracilis, S. vandalitiae. See Appendix for detailed locality data.

FIGURES 42–43 in A molecular phylogeny of Speonemadus Jeannel, 1922 with description of two new species from Morocco (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Cholevinae: Anemadini)

FIGURES 42–43. Palaeomaps with the reconstructed evolution of the distribution of Anemadus and Speonemadus at: (42) 10 Ma, Late Serravallian-Tortonian; (43) 6–5.33 Ma Late Messinian, (after Jolivet et al. 2006, modified).

FIGURE 38 in A molecular phylogeny of Speonemadus Jeannel, 1922 with description of two new species from Morocco (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Cholevinae: Anemadini)

FIGURE 38. Distribution maps of: (38) Speonemadus brusteli sp. n., S. comasi sp. n., S. orchesioides, S. pulchellus, S. tenuipes (empty circles are dubious records of which no material could be studied; the records from continental Italy, given originally as S. orchesoides, are considered S. pulchellus, P.M. Giachino, personal communication 2018; see main text). See Appendix for detailed locality data.

FIGURES 13–28 in A molecular phylogeny of Speonemadus Jeannel, 1922 with description of two new species from Morocco (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Cholevinae: Anemadini)

FIGURES 13–28. Apex of the parameres of: (13) Speonemadus orchesioides (Ammi-Moussa, Algeria); (14) holotype of S. brusteli sp. n. (Talembote, Morocco); (15) S. gracilis (Hornos, Spain); (16) S. tenuipes (Ifri Semedane, Algeria); (17) S. vandalitiae (Villanúa, Spain); (18) S. pulchellus (Ficuzza, Sicily); (19) holotype of S. algarvensis (Gruta do Vale Telheiro, Portugal); (20) S. angusticollis (Rute, Spain); (21) S. bolivari (Ardales, Spain); (22) S. breuili (Motillas, Spain); (23) S. escalerai (Jumilla, Spain); (24) S. transversostriatus (La Bastida, Spain); (25) S. clathratus (Linarejos, Spain); (26) S. maroccanus (Taza, Morocco); (27) holotype of S. comasi sp. n. (Tagelft, Morocco); (28) Anemadus hajeki (Yunnan, China).

FIGURES 10–11 in A molecular phylogeny of Speonemadus Jeannel, 1922 with description of two new species from Morocco (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Cholevinae: Anemadini)

FIGURES 10–11. Aedeagi in ventral view of: (10) S. vandalitiae (Villanúa, Spain); (11) S. pulchellus (Ficuzza, Sicily).

FIGURES 7–9 in A molecular phylogeny of Speonemadus Jeannel, 1922 with description of two new species from Morocco (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Cholevinae: Anemadini)

FIGURES 7–9. Aedeagi in ventral view of: (7) S. gracilis (Hornos, Spain); (8) Lectotype of S. tenuipes (Zaccar, Algeria); (9) S. tenuipes (Djurdjura, Algeria).

FIGURES 3–4 in A molecular phylogeny of Speonemadus Jeannel, 1922 with description of two new species from Morocco (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Cholevinae: Anemadini)

FIGURES 3–4. Protibia of: (3) holotype of Speonemadus comasi sp. n.; (4) S. angusticollis (Rute, Spain).

FIGURES 5–6 in A molecular phylogeny of Speonemadus Jeannel, 1922 with description of two new species from Morocco (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Cholevinae: Anemadini)

FIGURES 5–6. Aedeagi in ventral view of: (5) Speonemadus. orchesioides (Ammi-Moussa, Algeria); (6) holotype of S. brusteli sp. n. (Talembote, Morocco).

FIGURE 5. F in Morphology and molecular phylogeny of four Frontonia species from Turkey (Protista, Ciliophora)

FIGURE 5. F. angusta angusta from live material (a–c, g) and after silver staining (d–f). Ventral-lateral view (a–c). Infraciliatures of the ventral (d), dorsal (e) and buccal (f) areas. Part of a pellicle, to show extrusomes (g). Abbreviations: AL: argentophilic line; C: Cilia; CV: contractile vacuole; D: diatom; E: extrusome; EP: excretory pore; Ma: macronucleus; Mi: micronucleus; OA: oral apparatus; P1–P3: peniculi 1, 2, and 3; PK: postoral kineties (arrowheads in f); PM: paroral membrane; PoS: postoral suture; PrS: preoral suture; Cyp: cytopyge; VK1–3: vestibular kineties 1, 2, and 3. Arrowheads mark postoral kineties. Scale bar = 70 µm.

FIGURE 4. F in Morphology and molecular phylogeny of four Frontonia species from Turkey (Protista, Ciliophora)

FIGURE 4. F. acuminata from live material (a–c, g) and after silver staining (d–f). Ventral view of a representative specimen (a–e). Prominent characteristic of the anterior spot view of a representative specimen (a) and cytoplasm views of typical individuals (a–d). Ventral and dorsal views of the somatic ciliature and views of the oral ciliature; silver nitrate staining (e, f, i), silver carbonate staining (g, h, j). View of carrot-shaped macronucleus (k). View of an argyrome part (l). Abbreviations: AS: anterior spot; CV: contractile vacuole; D: diatom; E: extrusome; EP: excretory pores; FA: filamentous algae; Ma: macro nucleus; Mi: micronucleus; OA: oral apparatus; P: peniculi; VK: vestibular kineties. Scale bar = 20 µm.

FIGURE 9 in Morphology and molecular phylogeny of four Frontonia species from Turkey (Protista, Ciliophora)

FIGURE 9. BI and ML analyses based on SSU rDNA gene sequences. The sequences of Frontonia populations in study are indicated in bold. Numbers at the nodes indicate the BI posterior probability and the ML bootstrap values (BI/ML). Nodes that were fully supported (100% ML, 1.00 BI) are represented by solid circles. A dash indicates a value less than 0.50 (BI) or 50% (ML). Bar, 8 substitutions per 100 nucleotide positions.

FIGURE 2. F in Morphology and molecular phylogeny of four Frontonia species from Turkey (Protista, Ciliophora)

FIGURE 2. F. leucas from life (a–g) and after silver staining (h–k). Cytoplasm and contractile vacuole views in typical F. leucas (a–g). Ventral (h) and dorsal (i) views of the infraciliature and nuclear apparatus. Argyrome (j). Detailed structures of buccal region (k). Abbreviations: CC: collecting canal; CV: contractile vacuole; D: diatom; EP: excretory pore; FA: filamentous algae; FV: food vacuole; Ma: macronucleus; OA: oral apparatus; P1-P3: peniculi 1, 2, and 3; PM: paroral membrane; PoS: postoral suture; PrS: preoral suture; VK1-3: vestibular kineties 1, 2, and 3. Scale bar = 120 µm.

FIGURE 1. F in Morphology and molecular phylogeny of four Frontonia species from Turkey (Protista, Ciliophora)

FIGURE 1. F. leucas from life (a–c, g) and after silver staining (d–f). Ventral-lateral view (a–c). Infraciliatures of the ventral (d), dorsal (e) and buccal (f) areas. Part of pellicle, to show extrusomes (g). Abbreviations: AL: argentophilic line; C: Cilia; CC: collecting canal; CV: contractile vacuole; D: diatom; E: extrusome; EP: excretory pore; FA: filamentous algae; FV: food vacuole; Ma: macronucleus; Mi: micronucleus; OA: oral apparatus; P1-P3: peniculi 1, 2, and 3; PK: postoral kineties (arrowheads in f); PM: paroral membrane; PoS: postoral suture; PrS: preoral suture; VK1-3: vestibular kineties 1, 2, and 3. Scale bar = 150 µm.

FIGURE 8. F in Morphology and molecular phylogeny of four Frontonia species from Turkey (Protista, Ciliophora)

FIGURE 8. F. anatolica from live material (a–f) and after silver staining (g–k). Ventral views of typical individuals (a–e). Cytoplasm with diatom and ingested algae (c–e). Part of a pellicle, to show extrusomes (f). Ventral, lateral, and dorsal views (g, h, i) of the somatic ciliature and oral ciliature views (j). View of an argyrome part (k). Abbreviations: CV: contractile vacuole; D: diatom; E: extrusome; EP: excretory pore; FV: food vacuole; Ma: macronucleus; Mi: micronucleus; OA: oral apparatus; P1–P3: peniculi 1, 2, and 3; PM: paroral membrane; PoS: postoral suture; PrS: preoral suture; VK1–3: vestibular kineties 1, 2, and 3. Scale bar = 40 µm.

Fig. 3 in A molecular phylogeny of nephilid spiders: Evolutionary history of a model lineage

Fig. 3. Tree shapes for seven genes obtained with ML (best tree out of 100 replicates) with ingroup in green and outgroups in red. Note that for the two nuclear ribosomal genes (18S and 28S) the ingroup branch lengths are disproportionately long. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Fig. 6 in A molecular phylogeny of nephilid spiders: Evolutionary history of a model lineage

Fig. 6. Typical web architectures of the six nephilid genera mirroring the phylogenetic results: (a) Nephila (N. pilipes); (b) Nephilingis (N. n. sp. from Seychelles); (c) ''Nephila'' (N. inaurata); (d) Herennia (H. multipuncta); (e) Nephilengys (N. papuana); (f) Clitaetra (C. episinoides).

Fig. 5. A in A molecular phylogeny of nephilid spiders: Evolutionary history of a model lineage

Fig. 5. A summary nephilid phylogeny based on the Bayesian tree in Fig. 2 with squares at terminals color coded according to biogeographical regions (see right map inset). Branches are also color coded for geography, with the ancestral values inferred using parsimony optimization. Although the tree is not ultrametric (all terminals are in fact contemporary) the roughly estimated main clade ages are labeled according to the scheme A in Fig. 4. The nephilid ancestral age is thus between 40 and 60 million years when the Gondwanan continents were already largely split (see left map inset).

Fig. 2 in A molecular phylogeny of nephilid spiders: Evolutionary history of a model lineage

Fig. 2. Summary results from the analyses of the molecular matrices. The topology is from the Bayesian analysis of the full matrix partitioned by gene, with posterior probability values above 95% labeled with green dots at nodes. The nine squares on branches summarize the results of the alternative analyses using maximum likelihood (ML), maximum parsimony (MP) and Bayesian inference (BI) on different matrices and partition schemes (key in upper part of legend). Bar colors are indicative of clade support (key in lower part of legend) with solid squares indicating high support, gray squares indicating low support, and empty squares indicating a clade not recovered. Terminal legend as in Fig. 1, but with additional families (from top: MIC = Micropholcommatidae, NIC = Nicodamidae, MYS = Mysmenidae, MIM = Mimetidae, CYA = Cyatholipidae, MAL = Malkaridae, ANA = Anapidae, HOL = Holarchaeidae, SYM = Symphytognathidae, SYN = Synotaxidae). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Fig. 4 in A molecular phylogeny of nephilid spiders: Evolutionary history of a model lineage

Fig. 4. Chronograms obtained under three different calibration schemes: (a) the fossil Nephila jurassica treated as stem orbicularian (red); (b) N. jurassica treated as stem nephilid (green); (c) N. jurassica treated as stem Nephila sensu stricto as implied by the original description (black). Inset plot shows posterior distribution of the ucld.mean parameter for each calibration scheme (color codes as in trees). The arrow and the dotted area in the plot indicate the mean and 95% interval of the ucld.mean estimated by Bidegaray-Batista and Arnedo (2011). Only the scheme shown in a falls roughly within the expected mitochondrial substitution rates. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)