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Fig. 3 in Genomic integrity of Phyciodes butterfly species in a region of contact (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
Fig. 3. Principal component analysis of 1,477 SNPs for 152 individuals. (A) The first two dimensions show P. pulchella as the most genetically distinct, with P. batesii intermediate between P. cocyta and P. pulchella. Two potential F1 hybrid individuals each appear between their likely parental species. (B) The third dimension shows P. batesii as genetically distinct from the other 3 species.
Fig. 2 in Genomic integrity of Phyciodes butterfly species in a region of contact (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
Fig. 2. (A) Maximum likelihood consensus tree of 2443 SNPs for 156 individuals. Branches with <50% UFBoot support are collapsed and support of> 75% is indicated on branches. (B) STRUCTURE analyses of 1,477 SNPs with individuals aligned to SNP tree. (C) Membership in haplotype groups (Wahlberg et al. 2003a) from ML analysis of 633 bp of COI (Supplementary Fig. S2), with individuals aligned to SNP tree. Butterflies images are courtesy of Norbert Kondla.
Fig. 1 in Genomic integrity of Phyciodes butterfly species in a region of contact (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
Fig. 1. Range map for the Phyciodes tharos group of butterflies. Distributions shown are based on Layberry et al. (1998), Wahlberg et al. (2003a), Brock and Kaufman (2006), iNaturalist (2020) (research grade data only), and Lotts and Naberhaus (2020). White dots show sampling locations (details in Supplementary Table S1). Map on right shows expansion of Alberta, the region with the most intensive sampling, with black stars for locations of major cities: Edmonton and Calgary. Butterfly images are courtesy of Norbert Kondla.
Fig. 2 in Climatic Niche Conservatism and Ecological Diversification in the Holarctic Cold-Dwelling Butterfly Genus Erebia
Fig. 2. Illustrative figures of European and Asian mountains (panels A, B) and ancestral reconstruction of climatic traits (panels C–G) for species-specific average values of WorldClim variables.The ancestral reconstructions are based on OU model of evolution in the butterfly genus Erebia.
Fig. 3 in Climatic Niche Conservatism and Ecological Diversification in the Holarctic Cold-Dwelling Butterfly Genus Erebia
Fig. 3. The relationships between climatic and elevation niche widths and niche position along the gradient of conditions occupied by the butterfly genus Erebia. The points correspond to the niche width (y-axis) and average value of a climate variable or elevation for individual species (x-axis).The best fit of generalized additive models (GAM) is shown by lines (separately for species of the European and the Asian clade). Statistical significance of the model fit is also shown. edf denotes the estimated degrees of freedom, which indicates the complexity of the nonlinear relationship (edf = 1 corresponds to a linear relationship).
Fig. 1 in Climatic Niche Conservatism and Ecological Diversification in the Holarctic Cold-Dwelling Butterfly Genus Erebia
Fig. 1. Phylogenetic relationships and divergence time estimates for the butterfly genus Erebia. The European clade diversified mainly in Europe, the Asian clade in Asia, although the geographic distribution of several species is not restricted to a single region (see Supp Fig. 3 [online only]). The full biogeographic reconstruction is shown in the Supp Figs. 3–5 (online only). Climatic PCA displays the distribution-based climatic data for all species of the European and the Asian clades.The polygons show the full extent of the conditions occupied by each clade (dotted lines) and the core 50% of the climatic niche (solid lines). The inset shows the correlation of individual bioclimatic variables with the first and second PCA axes.The bioclimatic variables (bio1, bio4, bio12, and bio15) displayed significant phylogenetic signal (Table 3).The European clade inhabits warmer, more humid, and less seasonal climate compared to the Asian clade.
Fig. 4 in Density dependent variation in the life history traits of mottled emigrant butterfly, Catopsilia pyranthe (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)
Fig. 4. The variations (Mean ± SE) of density impact (DI) on different life history traits of C. pyranthe butterfly species under intraspecific competitions. Shaded bars represent ♀ while nonshaded bars represent ♂. The life history traits are shown in sequence as (a) age at pupation (AP, in days), (b) pupal weight (PW, in mg), (c) adult weight (AW, in mg), (d) adult length (AL, in mm), (e) forewing length (FWL, in mm), (f) forewing breadth (FWB, in mm), (g) hindwing length (HWL, in mm), and (h) hindwing breadth (HWB, in mm). Values less than zero indicates density impact. Рис. 4. Вариации (среднее ± SE) влиЯниЯ плотности (DI) на раЗличные приЗнаки жиЗненного цикла бабочек C. pyranthe в условиЯх внутривидовой конкуренции. ЗаШтрихованные столбцы представлЯют ♀, а неЗаШтрихованные столбцы представлЯют ♂. Параметры жиЗненного цикла покаЗаны в следуюЩей последовательности: (а) воЗраст окукливаниЯ (AP, в днЯх), (b) вес куколки (PW, в мг), (c) вес вЗрослой особи (AW, в мг), (d) вЗрослаЯ особь. длина (AL, в мм), (e) длина переднего крыла (FWL, в мм), (f) Ширина переднего крыла (FWB, в мм), (g) длина Заднего крыла (HWL, в мм) и (h) Ширина Заднего крыла (HWB, в мм). ЗначениЯ меньШе нулЯ укаЗывают на влиЯние плотности.
Fig. 2 in Density dependent variation in the life history traits of mottled emigrant butterfly, Catopsilia pyranthe (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)
Fig. 2. The proportion of survivorship of C. pyranthe in different initial larval rearing density (ranging from 1 through 4). Рис. 2. ДолЯ выживШих C. pyranthe при раЗной начальной плотности выраЩиваниЯ личинок (от 1 до 4).
Fig. 1 in Density dependent variation in the life history traits of mottled emigrant butterfly, Catopsilia pyranthe (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)
Fig. 1. The outline of the experimental design followed for the evaluation of the density dependent effects on the life history traits of the butterfly C. pyranthe. Рис. 1. План Эксперимента, испольЗованный длЯ оценки влиЯниЯ плотности на особенности жиЗненного цикла бабочки C. pyranthe.
Fig. 3 in Density dependent variation in the life history traits of mottled emigrant butterfly, Catopsilia pyranthe (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)
Fig. 3. The differences in the life history traits of C. pyranthe considering male and female separately under intraspecific competitions in minimalist form of density of the individuals The life history traits considered are (a) age at pupation (AP, in days), (b) pupal weight (PW, in mg), (c) adult weight (AW, in mg), (d) adult length (AL, in mm), (e) forewing length (FWL, in mm), (f) forewing breadth (FWB, in mm), (g) hindwing length (HWL, in mm), and (h) hindwing breadth (HWB, in mm). Рис. 3. РаЗличиЯ приЗнаков жиЗненного цикла C. pyranthe с учетом самцов и самок отдельно при внутривидовой конкуренции в минималистской форме плотности особей. (b) масса куколки (PW, в мг), (c) масса вЗрослой особи (AW, в мг), (d) длина вЗрослой особи (AL, в мм), (e) длина переднего крыла (FWL, в мм), (f) Ширина переднего крыла (FWB, в мм), (g) длина Заднего крыла (HWL, в мм) и (h) Ширина Заднего крыла (HWB, в мм).
FIGURE 1–5. 1. Callophrys paulae kolak Higgins, 1965 in Two lycaenid butterfly species (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) recorded as new for the fauna of Iraq
FIGURE 1–5. 1. Callophrys paulae kolak Higgins, 1965, male on Onobrychis cornuta (L.) Desv. (Fabaceae), Iraq, Erbil Governorate, Choman District, Halgurd Mountain, 36°44'50.3"N 44°50'48.8"E, 3077 m, 28.VI.2024 (photo by S. Ahmed). 2. Id., male on Onobrychis cornuta (L.) Desv. (Fabaceae), Iran, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Kuhrang env., Asal Keshan Pass, 32°35′44.6″N 49°57′44.35″E 3300 m, 15.VII.2023 (photo by A. Krupitsky). 3. Id., female, Iraq, Erbil Governorate, Choman District, Halgurd Mountain, 36°44'50.3"N 44°50'48.8"E, 3077 m, 28.VI.2024, S.H. Ahmed & S.I. Majeed leg. 4. Turanana cytis kurdistana Eckweiler, 1984, male, Iraq, Erbil Governorate, Choman District, Halgurd Mountain, 36°44'50.3"N 44°50'48.8"E, 3077 m, 28.VI.2024, S.H. Ahmed & S.I. Majeed leg. 5. General view of the habitat (Iraq, Erbil Governorate, Choman District, Halgurd Mountain).
Butterflies at porch lights: exploring nocturnal light visitation in butterflies using community science data
<p>Data and R code for manuscript.</p>
Figure 1 in The first known riodinid 'cuckoo' butterfly reveals deep-time convergence and parallelism in ant social parasites
Figure 1. Adult types of Aricoris described from Uruguay. A, Hamearis gauchoana, holotype female in dorsal view (left), ventral view (centre) and labels (right). B, Hamearis montana, lectotype male in dorsal view (left), ventral view (centre) and labels (right). C, H. montana, female paralectotype in dorsal view (left), ventral view (centre) and labels (right). D, Hamearis arenarum, lectotype male in dorsal view (left), ventral view (centre) and labels (right). E, H. arenarum, female paralectotype in dorsal view (left), ventral view (centre) and labels (right). Scale bar: 1 cm.
Figure 4 in The first known riodinid 'cuckoo' butterfly reveals deep-time convergence and parallelism in ant social parasites
Figure 4. Scanning electron micrographs of the first (A–E) and second (F–J) instars of Aricoris arenarum. A, lateral view. B, lateral setae on mesothorax. C, dorsal seta and PCO on mesothorax. D, opening of TNO (arrow). E, proleg of segment A4 in lateroventral view. F, lateral view; note reduce setae on metathorax (arrow). G, head in laterofrontal view. H, dorsal setae in lateral view; note reduced setae on metathorax (arrow). I, dendritic setae and PCOs on mesothorax. J, opening of TNO (arrow).
Figure 6 in The first known riodinid 'cuckoo' butterfly reveals deep-time convergence and parallelism in ant social parasites
Figure 6. Life cycle of Aricoris arenarum tended by 'black morphs' of Camponotus punctulatus ants on Geoffroea decorticans (Fabaceae), showing both free-living and social parasitic phases. A, female at post-alighting phase. B, eggs close to anttended treehoppers (dashed ellipse). C, eggs (white arrows) and first instar caterpillars (black arrows) close to scale insets, both tended by ant workers. D, first instar caterpillar (black arrow) close to ant-tended treehoppers. E, sequence of worker drinking honeydew from treehopper (top panel, white arrow) and first instar requesting trophallaxis from ant (bottom panel, white arrow); note the typical larval posture and long prothoracic setae. F, last instar caterpillar tended by ants inside brood chamber. G, penultimate instar (black arrow indicates the everted larval TNO) and pupa inside the ant nest (white arrow). Scale bars: 5 mm in A, B, C, D, F, G; 2 mm in E.
Figure 3 in The first known riodinid 'cuckoo' butterfly reveals deep-time convergence and parallelism in ant social parasites
Figure 3. Scanning electron micrographs of Aricoris arenarum egg. A, lateral view. B, hexagonal cells of the exochorion with aeropyles (Ac) in the rib intersections. C, micropylar area (Mp).
Figure 2 in The first known riodinid 'cuckoo' butterfly reveals deep-time convergence and parallelism in ant social parasites
Figure 2. Adults of Aricoris arenarum. (A) In copula in Castillos, Uruguay, showing the female (left) and male (right); note cryptic coloration on the ground. (B–F) Male (B–D) and female (E, F) genitalia of A. arenarum. B, lateral view. C, ventral view. D, eighth sternite in ventral view. E, ventral view. F, papilla analis. Scale bar: 0.5 mm.
Figure 5 in The first known riodinid 'cuckoo' butterfly reveals deep-time convergence and parallelism in ant social parasites
Figure 5. Scanning electron micrographs of the last instar (A–H) and pupa (I–L) of Aricoris arenarum. A, head and thorax in lateral view. B, head in laterofrontal view. C, long dorsal setae on mesothorax. D, vibratory papillae. E, detail of spiniform elevations (arrow) on cephalodorsal area. F, dendritic setae and PCOs on segment A2. G, opening of TNO (arrow). H, prothoracic spiracle. I, dorsal view of metathorax. J, cluster of dendritic setae and PCOs above spiracle (sp) on segment A5. K, detail of dendritic setae and PCOs. L, detail of cremaster crochet.
Figure 4 in Overlooked cryptic diversity in Muschampia (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) adds two species to the European butterfly fauna
Figure 4. Comparison of spatial distributions of diversity for ITS2, COI and morphology of the male genitalia. A, C, E, the specimens have been projected in the red–green–blue colour space, and the resulting colours were plotted in pie charts grouping specimens from the same 2° × 2° latitude–longitude squares (maps on the left). B, D, F, representations of principal coordinates analyses based on dissimilarity matrices for genetic markers and of partial least squares discriminant analysis for male genitalia (circles, Muschampia alta; squares, Muschampia proto; triangles, Muschampia proteides).
Figure 3 in Overlooked cryptic diversity in Muschampia (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) adds two species to the European butterfly fauna
Figure 3. Geometric morphometrics of male genitalia. A, the location of fixed landmarks (filled circles) and sliding semilandmarks (open circles) on the cucullus (red) and gnathos (green). B, the partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA) results, showing specimens of the three species as dots of different colours and the relative warp (RW) scores as dotted lines (Cuc, cucullus; Gn, gnathos). C, thin plate splines representing deformations corresponding to the average values shown by the three species in the relative warps selected by PLSDA as those most involved in the discrimination of the groups.
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.