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1,369 results for “sexual dimorphism”
Figure 8.8 in Variation and sexual dimorphism in Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 8.8. Type specimen of Nanotyrannus lancensis CMNH 7541.
Figure 8.7 in Variation and sexual dimorphism in Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 8.7. Lachrymal length vs. lachrymal foramina length.
Figure 8.1 in Variation and sexual dimorphism in Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 8.1. (Left) Tyrannosaurus "x" (AMNH 5027). (Right) Tyrannosaurus rex (BHI3033).
Data from: Sex chromosome linked genetic variance and the evolution of sexual dimorphism of quantitative traits
Theory predicts that sex chromsome linkage should reduce intersexual genetic correlations thereby allowing the evolution of sexual dimorphism. Empirical evidence for sex linkage has come largely from crosses and few studies have examined how sexual dimorphism and sex linkage are related within outbred populations. Here we use data on an array of different traits measured on over 10,000 individuals from two pedigreed populations of birds (collared flycatcher and zebra finch) to estimate the amount of sex linked genetic variance (h2z). Out of 17 traits examined, eight showed a non-zero h2Z estimate but only four were significantly different from zero (wing patch size and tarsus length in collared flycatchers, wing length and beak colour in zebra finches). We further tested how sexual dimorphism and the mode of selection operating on the trait relate to the proportion of sex linked genetic variance. Sexually selected traits did not show higher h2Z than morphological traits and there was only a weak positive relationship between h2Z and sexual dimorphism. However, given the relative scarcity of empirical studies it is premature to make conclusions about the role sex chromosome linkage in the evolution of sexual dimorphism.
Data from: Recognizing sexual dimorphism in the fossil record: lessons from nonavian dinosaurs
The demonstration of sexual dimorphism in the fossil record can provide vital information about the role that sexual selection has played in the evolution of life. However, statistically robust inferences of sexual dimorphism in fossil organisms are exceedingly difficult to establish, owing to issues of sample size, experimental control, and methodology. This is particularly so in the case of dinosaurs, for which sexual dimorphism has been posited in many species, yet quantifiable data are often lacking. This study presents the first statistical investigation of sexual dimorphism across Dinosauria. It revisits prior analyses that purport to find quantitative evidence for sexual dimorphism in nine dinosaur species. After the available morphological data were subjected to a suite of statistical tests (normality and unimodality tests and mixture modeling), no evidence for sexual dimorphism was found in any of the examined taxa, contrary to conventional wisdom. This is not to say that dinosaurs were not sexually dimorphic (phylogenetic inference suggests they may well have been), only that the available evidence precludes its detection. A priori knowledge of the sexes would greatly facilitate the assessment of sexual dimorphism in the fossil record, and it is suggested that unambiguous indicators of sex (e.g., presence of eggs, embryos, medullary bone) be used to this end.
Data from: Coevolution of female and male genital components to avoid genital size mismatches in sexually dimorphic spiders
Background: In most animal groups, it is unclear how body size variation relates to genital size differences between the sexes. While most morphological features tend to scale with total somatic size, this does not necessarily hold for genitalia because divergent evolution in somatic size between the sexes would cause genital size mismatches. Theory predicts that the interplay of female-biased sexual size dimorphism (SSD) and sexual genital size dimorphism (SGD) should adhere to the 'positive genital divergence', the 'constant genital divergence', or the 'negative genital divergence' model, but these models remain largely untested. We test their validity in the spider family Nephilidae known for the highest degrees of SSD among terrestrial animals. Results: Through comparative analyses of sex-specific somatic and genital sizes, we first demonstrate that 99 of the 351 pairs of traits are phylogenetically correlated. Through factor analyses we then group these traits for MCMCglmm analyses that test broader correlation patterns, and these reveal significant correlations in 10 out of the 36 pairwise comparisons. Both types of analyses agree that female somatic and internal genital sizes evolve independently. While sizes of non-intromittent male genital parts coevolve with male body size, the size of the intromittent male genital parts is independent of the male somatic size. Instead, male intromittent genital size coevolves with female (external and, in part, internal) genital size. All analyses also agree that SGD and SSD evolve independently. Conclusions: Internal dimensions of female genitalia evolve independently of female body size in nephilid spiders, and similarly, male intromittent genital size evolves independently of the male body size. The size of the male intromittent organ (the embolus) and the sizes of female internal and external genital components thus seem to respond to selection against genital size mismatches. In accord with these interpretations, we reject the validity of the existing theoretical models of genital and somatic size dimorphism in spiders.
Figure 4 from: Vujić V, Lučić L, Pavković-Lučić S, Ilić B, Jovanović Z, Makarov S, Dudić B (2020) Sexual size and shape dimorphism in Brachydesmus troglobius Daday, 1889 (Diplopoda, Polydesmida). In: Korsós Z, Dányi L (Eds) Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Myriapodology, Budapest, Hungary. ZooKeys 930: 75-88. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.930.48285
Figure 4 Intersexual differences in CS of: A antennae B heads C legs.
Figure 13 from: Sepúlveda TA, de Carvalho CJB, Pereira-Colavite A (2019) Systematics of the Neotropical genus Loxozus (Diptera: Neriidae), with notes on distribution and sexual dimorphism. Zoologia 36: 1-6. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.36.e26928
Figure 13 Localities of the species of L.cornutus examined.
Figure 1 in Sexual dimorphism in Trachylepis vittata (Olivier, 1804) (Sauria: Scincidae) in the Zagros Mountains, western Iran
Figure 1. Trachylepis vittata from the city of Darreh Shahr, Ilam Province, western Iran.
Figure 7 from: Menzel L (2011) First descriptions of copepodid stages, sexual dimorphism and intraspecific variability of Mesocletodes Sars, 1909 (Copepoda, Harpacticoida, Argestidae), including the description of a new species with broad abyssal distribution. ZooKeys 96: 39-80. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.96.1496
Figure 7 - Mesocletodes elmari sp. n., adult female, holotype. A P3 B P4. Scale bar: 50 µm
Figure 3 from: Baur H, Reichenbach F, Neubert E (2012) Sexual dimorphism in shells of Cochlostoma septemspirale (Caenogastropoda, Cyclophoroidea, Diplommatinidae, Cochlostomatinae). ZooKeys 208: 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.208.2869
Figure 3 - PCA ratio spectrum of first (a) and second principal component (b) in shape space.
Figure 9 from: Prado L (2013) Review on the use of sexually dimorphic characters in the taxonomy of Diabroticites (Galerucinae, Luperini, Diabroticina). ZooKeys 332: 33-54. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.332.4931
Figure 9 - Aristobrotica angulicollis (Erichson, 1878), detail of mesothoracic leg, male.
Figure 8 from: Prado L (2013) Review on the use of sexually dimorphic characters in the taxonomy of Diabroticites (Galerucinae, Luperini, Diabroticina). ZooKeys 332: 33-54. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.332.4931
Figure 8 - Zischkaita serrana Moura, 2003, ventral view, male.
Figure 1 from: Prado L (2013) Review on the use of sexually dimorphic characters in the taxonomy of Diabroticites (Galerucinae, Luperini, Diabroticina). ZooKeys 332: 33-54. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.332.4931
Figure 1 - Gynandrobrotica caviceps (Baly, 1889), head in frontal view (female, left, male, right).
Figure 2 from: Prado L (2013) Review on the use of sexually dimorphic characters in the taxonomy of Diabroticites (Galerucinae, Luperini, Diabroticina). ZooKeys 332: 33-54. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.332.4931
Figure 2 - Cerotoma variegata (Fabricius, 1792) head in frontal view (female, left, male, right).
Figure 1 from: Prena J, Zhang R (2014) A taxonomic revision of Parallelodemas Faust from South China (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Baridinae), with notes on sexually dimorphic characters. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 61(2): 105-119. https://doi.org/10.3897/dez.61.8142
Figure 1 - Parallelodemas docile, dorsal habitus (length 5.2 mm).
Figure 2 from: Prena J, Zhang R (2014) A taxonomic revision of Parallelodemas Faust from South China (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Baridinae), with notes on sexually dimorphic characters. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 61(2): 105-119. https://doi.org/10.3897/dez.61.8142
Figure 2 - Rostrum of Parallelodemas impar, male (left) and female (right), lateral view.
Figure 7 from: Villagomez F, Contreras-Ramos A, Marquez-López Y (2015) Rediscovery of Eremobittacus spinulatus Byers (Mecoptera, Bittacidae) in Mexico, with description of the female and comments on sexual dimorphism and potential mimicry. ZooKeys 539: 111-117. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.539.6623
Figure 7 - Present distribution of the genus Eremobittacus in Mexico.
Sexual Dimorphism Analysis in Egyptian Population by Locating the Mandibular Canal Using CBCT
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03175445. IPD Sharing: UNDECIDED. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Sexually Dimorphic Effects of GHRH in Adult Growth Hormone Testing
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00324064. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
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