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4,937 results for “Endemic species”
Continuous petal variation in Epimedium tianmenshanense (Berberidaceae), a species endemic to western Hunan, China
<p><span><span><i>Epimedium tianmenshanense</i> (Berberidaceae), a species endemic to western Hunan, China, was found to be highly variable in floral characteristics. In the protologue, its characteristics were described as "flower small, 0.2-0.4 cm diam., inner sepals white, petals as long as inner sepals or a little shorter than the latter, spur very short, ca. 5.0 mm". However, both morphological characteristics and molecular evidence proves that <i>E. tianmenshanense</i> is closely related to <i>E. baojingense</i>, a taxon with a long spur. Based on careful observation in the field and cultivation, the petals were found to be highly variable in morphology (both shape and size), being cucullate, subulate, short to long spurred, and with various transitions. The flowers size varied from small to large accordingly. The flowers with cucullate and subulate petals, which were a little shorter than the inner sepals or almost as long as the latter, were small (about 0.8 cm in diameter). The flowers with long spurs, which were much longer than the inner sepals, were large (about 2.5–3.5 cm in diameter). Finally, the flowers with short spurs, which were a little longer than the inner sepals, were medium-sized (about 1.0–1.2 cm in diameter). In addition, the color of inner sepals was revised from "white, occasionally light mulberry-purple" to yellowish green or yellowish white. <i>E</i><i>pimedium</i><i> </i><i>tianmenshanense</i> is a perfect example of natural petal evolution, which could be used for further taxonomic and evolutionary studies. The reason for the variation and the taxonomic treatment of the species still need further study.</span></span></p>
Data from: Between an ocean and a high place: coastal drainage isolation generates endemic cryptic species in the Cape Kurper Sandelia capensis (Anabantiformes: Anabantidae), Cape Region, South Africa
This study investigated the range-wide phylogenetics and biogeography of the Cape Kurper Sandelia capensis, a primary freshwater fish endemic to, and widespread within, the Cape Floristic Region (CFR) of South Africa. Maximum likelihood, Bayesian phylogenetic, and haplotype network analyses, based on two mitochondrial and two nuclear genes, revealed the existence of three reciprocally monophyletic, deeply divergent and allopatric clades that likely represent cryptic species. The West Coast Clade is largely confined to the Langvlei, Verlorenvlei, Berg, and Diep rivers, the Klein River Clade is endemic to the Klein River, and the South Coast Clade is found everywhere else in the range of S. capensis sensu lato. It was hypothesized that divergences within S. capensis sensu lato likely occurred because of (1) isolation of coastal drainages by persistent drainage divides and/or (2) vicariance of current tributaries by the drowning of their confluences by high sea levels. The current distribution of lineages could be due to historical range expansion and gene flow via (1) river capture or some other mode of transdivide dispersal, and/or (2) dispersal during periods of low sea level via paleoriver confluences of currently isolated coastal rivers. Comparison of BEAST2 estimated divergence times with the timing of climatic, geological, and geomorphological events supported long-term coastal drainage isolation, punctuated by rare transdivide dispersal events and limited paleoriver dispersal, as the best explanation of current phylogeographic and divergence patterns in S. capensis. Hydrological barriers that block upstream passage in palaeotributaries could hypothetically explain why S. capensis failed to disperse through certain palaeoriver confluences. There were several sites where biogeographic patterns have likely been confounded by human translocation of S. capensis. Alien fish predators and water extraction may threaten the three cryptic species more severely than previously realized, due to their smaller population sizes and inhabitation of only a portion of the range previously ascribed to S. capensis sensu lato. The preponderance of cryptic diversity and endemism in the CFR suggests that additional undescribed cryptic species of obligate freshwater fishes may be found in short coastal river systems around the world, especially in regions with a history of geological stability and a narrow continental shelf.
FIGURES 1–4. Franciscagrion longispinum. 1a. F0 in Final instar larva of Franciscagrion longispinum Machado & Bedê, 2015 (Odonata Coenagrionidae), an endemic species from the springs of the São Francisco river
FIGURES 1–4. Franciscagrion longispinum. 1a. F0 exuvia habitus; 2. antenna; 3. prementum: 3a. detail of labial palp, 3b. lateral row of setae; 4. right and left mandibles.
FIGURE 25 in Caves as a key habitat for rare and endemic species of the west coast of North America: a taxonomic revision of the spider genus Oaphantes (Araneae Linyphiidae)
FIGURE 25. Distribution map of Oaphantes pallidulus (Banks 1904), O. cryophilus n. sp. and O. prometheus n. sp.
FIGURES 9–16. Oaphantes cryophilus. 9 in Caves as a key habitat for rare and endemic species of the west coast of North America: a taxonomic revision of the spider genus Oaphantes (Araneae Linyphiidae)
FIGURES 9–16. Oaphantes cryophilus. 9, endite and chelicera of male, lateral view (arrow points to setose tubercle); 10, face of male, frontal view (arrow points to mastidion); 11, male palp, retrolateral view; 12, male palp, prolateral view (arrow points to embolus dentation); 13, embolic division of male palp, prolateral view; 14, epigynum, ventral view; 15, internal genitalia, dorsal view, 16, epigynum of female, lateral view. Scale bars for figures 9–10, 14–16 = 0.5mm; figures 11–13 = 0.1 mm.
FIGURES 1–8. Oaphantes pallidulus. 1 in Caves as a key habitat for rare and endemic species of the west coast of North America: a taxonomic revision of the spider genus Oaphantes (Araneae Linyphiidae)
FIGURES 1–8. Oaphantes pallidulus. 1, endite and chelicera of male, lateral view (arrow points to setose tubercle); 2, face of male, frontal view (arrow points to mastidion); 3, male palp, retrolateral view (arrow points to paracymbial keel); 4, male palp, prolateral view (arrow points to embolus spike): 5, embolic division of male palp, prolateral view; 6, epigynum, ventral view; 7, internal genitalia, dorsal view; 8, epigynum of female, lateral view. Scale bars for figures 1–4, 6–8 = 0.5mm, figure 5 = 0.1 mm.
FIGURES 17–24. Oaphantes prometheus 17 in Caves as a key habitat for rare and endemic species of the west coast of North America: a taxonomic revision of the spider genus Oaphantes (Araneae Linyphiidae)
FIGURES 17–24. Oaphantes prometheus 17, face of male, frontal view (arrow points to mastidion); 18, face of female, frontal view; 19, male palp, retrolateral view (arrow points to paracymbial keel); 20, male palp, prolateral view (arrow points to embolus blunt spike); 21, embolic division of male palp, prolateral view; 22, epigynum, ventral view; 23, internal genitalia, dorsal view, 24, epigynum of female, lateral view. Scale bars for figures 17–18, 22–24 = 0.5mm; figures 19–21 = 0.1 mm.
FIGURE 13 in Allocybaeina littlewalteri (Araneae: Cybaeidae): a new genus and species endemic to northwestern California
FIGURE 13. Distribution of Allocybaeina littlewalteri Bennett spec. nov. (●). AZ—Arizona, CA—California, ID—Idaho, NV—Nevada, OR—Oregon, UT—Utah.
FIGURES 9–11 in Allocybaeina littlewalteri (Araneae: Cybaeidae): a new genus and species endemic to northwestern California
FIGURES 9–11. Allocybaeina littlewalteri Bennett spec. nov., female from Caspar Creek, California, copulatory organ (9 epigynum, ventral; 10 vulva, ventral; 11 same, dorsal). Numerals in Fig. 10 indicate trajectory of lumina of vulva components from copulatory duct near its junction with atrium ("1") to end of spermathecal base near fertilization duct ("18"). Bracketed numerals indicate where the copulatory duct lies underneath (dorsal to) loops of the spermathecal stalk ("(3)", "(4)") and the spermathecal base lies underneath (dorsal to) the copulatory duct ("(16)", "(17)"). AT—atrium, CD—copulatory duct, FD—fertilization duct, HS—head of spermatheca, SP—simple spermathecal pores, SS—stalk of spermatheca.
FIGURE 12 in Allocybaeina littlewalteri (Araneae: Cybaeidae): a new genus and species endemic to northwestern California
FIGURE 12. Allocybaeina littlewalteri Bennett spec. nov., female from Dunlap Camp, California, copulatory organ (12 vulva, ventral). CD—copulatory duct, HS—head of spermatheca, SS—stalk of spermatheca.
FIGURES 6–8 in Allocybaeina littlewalteri (Araneae: Cybaeidae): a new genus and species endemic to northwestern California
FIGURES 6–8. Allocybaeina littlewalteri Bennett spec. nov., males, (6–7 from Caspar Creek, California; 8 from Dunlap Camp, California), left palpus (6 tibia, retrolateral; 7 patella, dorsal; 8 tibia and patella, dorsal). DTA—dorsal plate of tibial apophysis, PTA—patellar apophysis, RTA—retrolateral tibial apophysis.
FIGURES 3–5 in Allocybaeina littlewalteri (Araneae: Cybaeidae): a new genus and species endemic to northwestern California
FIGURES 3–5. Allocybaeina littlewalteri Bennett spec. nov., males, (3–4 from Caspar Creek, California; 5 from Dunlap Camp, California), left palpus (3 genital bulb, ventral; 4 tegular apophysis and embolus, retrolateral; 5 same, ventral). Embolus dislodged from usual resting position in folds of tegular apophysis in Figs. 3–4. DA—distal arm of tegular apophysis, E—embolus, MP—medial portion of tegular apophysis, PA—proximal arm of tegular apophysis.
FIGURES 1–2 in Allocybaeina littlewalteri (Araneae: Cybaeidae): a new genus and species endemic to northwestern California
FIGURES 1–2. Allocybaeina littlewalteri Bennett spec. nov., male from Dunlap Camp, California, left palpus (1 ventral; 2 dorsal). Unlabelled arrow indicates dorsal plate of tibial apophysis. DA—distal arm of tegular apophysis, E—embolus, PA—proximal arm of tegular apophysis, PTA—patellar apophysis, RTA—retrolateral tibial apophysis.
FIGURE 7 in A new endemic species of Hemidactylus (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from São Nicolau Island, Cabo Verde
FIGURE 7. Photos of live specimens of Hemidactylus boavistensis boavistensis (top left, A–C) versus H. b. chevalieri (top right, D–F), and H. bouvieri (bottom left, G–I) versus H. nicolauensis (bottom right, J–L). All photos by PG, GK, RV and PAC. A) Adult female from 1 km E of Sal Rei, Boavista (PGe.1479); B) adult male from 3 km E of Sal Rei, Boavista (PGe.1485); C) subadult female from 1 km E of Sal Rei, Boavista (PGe.1481); D) adult from 1 km SE Santa Maria, Sal (PGe.1499); E) adult from Buracona, Sal (PGe.1507); F) adult from 1 km ESE Santa Maria, Sal (PGe.1500); G) adult from Chã do Castelo, Raso (H28; PGe.1476); H) adult from Praia Grande, Calhau, São Vicente (Hrv3); I) adult from Lombo de Diogo, Santo Antão (Hrv1); J) adult female from Cachaço, São Nicolau (H06; BEV.T5651); K) adult female from Cachaço, São Nicolau (H07; BEV.T5652); L) adult female from Ribeira Funda, São Nicolau (UCV2018/004, paratype).
FIGURE 1 in A new endemic species of Hemidactylus (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from São Nicolau Island, Cabo Verde
FIGURE 1. Location of the study area and samples. Map of the Cabo Verde Islands showing the geographical location (latitudes and longitudes) and altitudes of the islands and the origins of the Hemidactylus samples included in the morphological (X) and genetic (+) analyses (Geographic Coordinate System, Datum WGS 84). Island and taxa colours match the colours used in the network analyses. No specimens were found on Maio.
FIGURE 4 in A new endemic species of Hemidactylus (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from São Nicolau Island, Cabo Verde
FIGURE 4. Scale details of the holotype of Hemidactylus nicolauensis (SMF 86992). A) Finger lamella; B) toe lamella; C) mid-dorsum scales; D) mid-venter scales; E) nasal scales; F) ventral tail scales. Scale bar = 1 mm.
FIGURE 3 in A new endemic species of Hemidactylus (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from São Nicolau Island, Cabo Verde
FIGURE 3. General and head views of the holotype of Hemidactylus nicolauensis (SMF 86992) from Cabo Verde. A) dorsal general view; B) ventral general view; C) right view of head; D) left view of head; E) dorsal view of head; F) ventral view of head. Scale bar = 5 mm in A and B, 1 mm in C to F.
FIGURE 5 in A new endemic species of Hemidactylus (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from São Nicolau Island, Cabo Verde
FIGURE 5. Phylogenetic tree with integrative taxonomy results. Relationships in endemic Cabo Verde Hemidactylus and their relatives based on a maximum-likelihood analysis of a 2524 base pairs (bp) concatenated alignment composed of two mitochondrial (669 bp of cyt b and approximately 380 bp of 12S rRNA) and two nuclear (668 bp of MC1R and 804 bp of RAG2) gene sequences. Black circles on top of nodes indicate bootstrap support for ML and Bayesian posterior probability values. Lines of evidence (in light grey): (1) Mitochondrial DNA (independent cyt b parsimony networks with a connection limit of 95%); (2) Nuclear DNA (absence of shared haplotypes in MC1R) and; (3) Morphology (detection of any diagnostic morphological character). Integration approaches (in red) from the most conservative to the most inflationist: ITC stands for an integration by total congruence (all lines of evidence should be congruent), IPC stands for integration by partial congruence which have been presently retained in this study (at least two lines of evidence are necessary); IC stands for an integration by cumulation (one line of evidence is sufficient). Species are represented in red bars, and for the IPC protocol, subspecies are represented within those bars in yellow. For fuller locality data and GenBank accession numbers see Table 1.
FIGURE 6 in A new endemic species of Hemidactylus (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from São Nicolau Island, Cabo Verde
FIGURE 6. Pairwise genetic distances. Distribution of K2P distances of the concatenated dataset using the four markers between all pairs of samples for samples belonging to different species based on current taxonomy (black), to the same species based on current taxonomy (pale grey), and between samples of São Nicolau and other islands (dark grey).
FIGURE 2 in A new endemic species of Hemidactylus (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from São Nicolau Island, Cabo Verde
FIGURE 2. Parsimony networks corresponding to cyt b (mtDNA), and MC1R (nDNA) sequence variation. Lines represent mutational steps, circles haplotypes and dots unsampled haplotypes. The size of circles is proportional to the number of individuals. Samples from the same geographic location are similarly coloured. For correspondences of sample and location codes see Table 1.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.