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opencc-by-4.0Jul 2015View details →

Figure 5 from: Hicks A (2015) In the shadow of a megalopolis, a new Flexamia from a threatened grass species in the New Jersey Pine Barrens (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae, Paralimnini). ZooKeys 511: 69-79. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.511.9572

Figure 5 - Pygofer and subgenital plates, male, lateral aspect. Note heavily sclerotized caudoventral margin (arrow) and length of subgenital plates relative to pygofer.

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Supplementary material for: A paleothermometer for the Northern Andes based on C3/C4 grass phytoliths

Grass-dominated ecosystems cover ~40% of Earth's surface with tropical grasses accounting for ~20% of global net primary productivity. C3 (cool/temperate) and C4 (tropical and subtropical) grass distribution is driven primarily by temperature. In this work, we used phytolith assemblages collected from vegetation plots along an elevation and temperature gradient in the Northern Andes (Colombia and Ecuador) to develop a paleothermometer for the region. To accomplish this, we created a transfer function based on the relationship between mean annual temperature (MAT) and the phytolith-based Climatic Index (1-Ic), which is the proportion of C4 grass phytoliths (GSSCP) over the sum of GSSCP. To evaluate how accurately the index reflects C4-C3 grass abundance in vegetation plots, we compared it with semi-quantitative floristic estimates of C4-C3 grass abundance. To further evaluate the 1-Ic index as a proxy for C4-C3 grass abundance, we compared it with corresponding ∂13C values (an independent proxy for C4-C3 vegetation). Results indicate that 1) GSSCP assemblages correctly estimate C4-C3 grass abundance in vegetation plots; 2) the Ic index outperforms the ∂13C record in estimating C4-C3 grass abundance, even in open vegetation types; and 3) our Ic index–based model accurately predicts MAT. This new calibrated proxy will help improve paleotemperature reconstructions in the northern Andes since at least the emergence and spread of C4 grasses in the region during the late Miocene.

opencc-zeroJan 2023View details →

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Characterization and improvement of novel bioenergy grasses (Tripidium spp.)

Growing economies, limited fossil fuel reserves, and environmental concerns have justified expanded research on renewable energy sources, including bioenergy crops. Taxa in the Poaceae Subtribe Saccharinae have gained attention as bioenergy crops based on their broad adaptability, pest resistance, and high biomass yields. Tripidium (syn. Erianthus, syn. Saccharum) is of particular interest due to perenniality, cold-hardiness, and high biomass yields. Tripidium ravennae is a cold-hardy, diploid species (2n = 2x = 20). Tripidium arundinaceum is a sub-tropical polyploid species (2n = 3x, 4x, 6x = 30, 40, 60) with high biomass yields. Conventional breeding efforts focused on developing Tripidium as a competitive bioenergy feedstock for temperate climates. Advanced interspecific hybrids between T. arundinaceum and T. ravennae were evaluated in field plots relative to Miscanthus ×giganteus over three years. Collected data evaluated biomass yield, plant fertility, cytogenetics, and compositional analyses for lignocellulosic ethanol and forage utility. Cytology and cytometry confirmed hybrids were tetraploid with 2n = 4x = 40 (2C genome size = 5.06 pg). Dry biomass yields varied as a function of year and accession and increased each year, ranging 3.4 - 10.6, 8.6 - 37.3, and 23.7 - 60.6 Mg/ha for Tripidium hybrids compared to 2.3, 16.2, and 27.9 Mg/ha for M. ×giganteus in 2016, 2017, and 2018, respectively. Variations in yield and compositional analyses contributed to variations in theoretical ethanol yields ranging from 10,181 to 27,546 L/ha for Tripidium accessions compared to 13,095 L/ha for M. ×giganteus. These initial findings for Tripidium hybrids are promising and warrant further development of Tripidium as a temperate bioenergy feedstock. A robust understanding of the molecular mechanism of flowering in Tripidium will enable future biotechnology applications by harnessing floral and seed development. Therefore, a differential gene expression (DGE) analysis was conducted to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with flower and seed development in T. ravennae. In the early phases of inflorescence development, the type II subfamily of MADS-box transcription factors were over-represented in both GO enrichment and differential expression analyses. As developing inflorescences matured, there was increased expression of inflorescence determinacy regulators, as well as transcripts related to meiotic, and multicellular organism developmental processes. In seed developmental samples, transcripts of multiple unigenes related to oxidative-reductive processes were identified. These results provide insights into the molecular regulation of reproductive development of Tripidium and provide a foundational database for future investigations and analyses, including genome annotation, functional genomics characterization, gene family evolutionary studies, comparative genomics, and precision breeding. The ability to improve value-added traits of Tripididum hybrids via biotechnology would significantly enhance crop improvement opportunities. The objective of this portion of the research was to develop an efficient regeneration and transformation procedure for genetic modification of Tripidium hybrids. Multiple studies investigated the effects of various hormones, tissue culture media adjuncts, culture duration, Agrobacterium density, and hygromycin concentration on callus induction, maintenance, regeneration, and transformation efficiency. Callus induction media containing 10 - 40 µM 2,4-D with 12.5 mM L-proline generated callus that maximized the number of regenerated shoots (mean of 37 to 45 shoots٠explant-1). Callus maintenance media containing four µM 2,4-D and 12.5 mM L-proline for durations less than 12 weeks resulted in callus that maximized shoot number (mean of 13 to 18 shoots٠explant-1) following regeneration. Final experiments evaluating hygromycin concentration on selection efficiency and bacterial density on transformation efficiency are in progress. Collectively, these research projects served to 1) evaluate and characterize new Tripidium hybrids as potential bioenergy crops, 2) establish foundational transcriptomic resources on flowering and reproductive development of Tripidium, and 3) develop a regeneration and transformation system to enable future biotechnology applications in these crops. These efforts will enable strategic advances in the development of Tripidium as a new bioenergy crop.

opencc-zeroJan 2023View details →

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2022View details →

Fig. 4. – Brachiaria dimorpha A. Camus. A in Revision of some Malagasy forage grasses and their relatives within Brachiaria, Echinochloa, Moorochloa, and Urochloa

Fig. 4. – Brachiaria dimorpha A. Camus. A. Habit; B. Ligule; C. Panicle branch; D. Spikelet; E. Lower glume, ventral view; F. Lower glume, dorsal view; G. Upper glume, ventral view; H. Upper glume, dorsal view; I. Lower lemma, ventral view; J. Lower lemma, dorsal view; K. Lower palea, ventral view; L. Lower palea, dorsal view; M. Lower floret lodicule; N. Lower floret stamens; O. Upper floret, ventral view; P. Upper lemma, ventral view; Q. Upper lemma, dorsal view; R. Upper floret, after removal of the lemma; S. Upper palea, dorsal view. Scale bars: A = 3 cm; B = 2.5 mm; C = 3.3 mm; D–S = 1.5 mm. [Nanjarisoa et al. 82, K] [Drawing: Lucy T. Smith]

Figure 8. A in Aloe liliputana, a new grass aloe from Pondoland, Eastern Cape, Republic of South Africa

Figure 8. A close-up of the distal view of the perianth Photograph: Adam Harrower

Figure 7. A in Aloe liliputana, a new grass aloe from Pondoland, Eastern Cape, Republic of South Africa

Figure 7. A close-up of the perianth of A. liliputana. Photograph: Adam Harrower

Figure 4 in Aloe liliputana, a new grass aloe from Pondoland, Eastern Cape, Republic of South Africa

Figure 4. The capitate raceme of A. liliputana. Photograph: Adam Harrower

Figure 3 in Aloe liliputana, a new grass aloe from Pondoland, Eastern Cape, Republic of South Africa

Figure 3. The plant with its distinctive fusiform fleshy roots. Photograph: Adam Harrower

Figure 10 in Aloe liliputana, a new grass aloe from Pondoland, Eastern Cape, Republic of South Africa

Figure 10. Known geographical distribution of Aloe liliputana.

Figure 1. A in Aloe liliputana, a new grass aloe from Pondoland, Eastern Cape, Republic of South Africa

Figure 1. A drawing of Aloe liliputana. Artist: Lisa Strachan

opennotspecifiedAug 2003View details →

Figure 1 in Aloe craibii Gideon F.Sm. (Asphodelaceae: Alooideae): a new species of grass aloe from the Barberton Centre of Endemism, Mpumalanga, South Africa

Figure 1. Known geographical distribution range (x) of Aloe craibii Gideon F.Sm.

opennotspecifiedAug 2003View details →

). Artist: Gillian Condy. in Aloe craibii Gideon F.Sm. (Asphodelaceae: Alooideae): a new species of grass aloe from the Barberton Centre of Endemism, Mpumalanga, South Africa

). Artist: Gillian Condy.

opennotspecifiedOct 2023View details →

FIGURE 5 in A new species of grass fern, Schizaea erecta (Schizaeaceae), from Dinagat Island, Mindanao, Philippines

FIGURE 5. Habit and habitat of Schizaea erecta.

Grass Pollen Immunotherapy Plus Dupilumab for Tolerance Induction

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04502966. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.

closedIPD-NOFeb 2026View details →

Efficacy of 2LALERG (Homeopathic Drug) in Allergic Rhinitis Related to Grass Pollen

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02690935. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.

ToleroMune Grass Follow on Study

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01923779. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 0. Publications: 1.

Lactobacillus Acidophilus L92 on Markers of Allergic Inflammation by Nasal Provocation With Grass Pollen

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00554736. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 0. Publications: 1.

Study Immunology and Safety of 60-day Treatment of SQ Grass SLIT (Sublingual Immunotherapy)-Tablet in Adult Subjects With Grass Pollen-induced Allergic Rhinoconjunctivitis

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02245360. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.

Efficacy and Safety of SUBLIVAC Phleum for Immunotherapy of Grass Pollen-Allergy

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02556801. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.

Grass Pollen Subcutaneous Immunotherapy in Elderly Patients

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02440243. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 0. Publications: 1.