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Figure 2. A in Overlooked cryptic diversity in Muschampia (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) adds two species to the European butterfly fauna
Figure 2. A, phylogenetic tree based on ITS2 data obtained through Bayesian inference. Posterior probabilities> 0.7 are indicated. Scale units are presented in substitutions per site. For each sample, boxes are filled if the genitalia were measured and/or the COI gene was sequenced. B, COI gene tree obtained through Bayesian inference, with the main groups collapsed. The x-axis indicates time (in millions of years), and the blue bars show the 95% highest posterior density range for the posterior distribution of node ages.
Figure 1 in Overlooked cryptic diversity in Muschampia (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) adds two species to the European butterfly fauna
Figure 1. Sampling sites (symbols) and the approximate range (shading) of the species recognized in this study (green squares, Muschampia proto; blue circles, Muschampia alta; red triangles Muschampia proteides). Photograph: M. proto from Jaén (southern Iberia) by V.D.
Data from: Papilio butterfly vs. hawkmoth pollination explains floral syndrome dichotomy in a clade of Lilium
<p>This dataset contains data described in the paper recently accepted by Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society:" Liu C-Q, Niu Y, Lu Q-B, Chen Z, Cai B, Fang Y, Gao Y-D. (2021) <i><span>Papilio</span></i> butterfly vs. hawkmoth pollination explains floral syndrome dichotomy in a clade of <i><span>Lilium</span></i>".</p> <div>The <span>Leucolirion </span>clade of <span>Lilium</span> contains species with either tepal-recurved or trumpet-shaped flowers. We hypothesized that the tepal-recurved flowers might be pollinated by butterflies and/or birds while the trumpet-shaped flowers might permit visitation by a variety of hawkmoths. <span>Lilium leucanthum</span> has trumpet shaped flowers, and some populations of this species show dark coloration on the floral outer surface, suggesting pollination by mammals. We examined the dependence of reproduction on pollinators by pollen load analysis and pollination experiments. We also analysed floral traits to contrast the two floral syndromes involving different lepidopteran groups.</div> <div> </div> <div>The tepal-recurved lilies delivered pollen by <span>Papilio</span> butterflies with pollen predominantly attached to the hindwings. The trumpet-shaped flowers attracted diverse species with proboscises of different lengths. Self-incompatibility prevails throughout the clade. Exclusion of lepidopteran visitors resulted in very low seed set. The butterfly- and hawkmoth-pollinated species display contrasting floral syndromes. Thus, the dichotomy in floral syndrome, including nectar, color, and morphology in the <span>Leucolirion</span> clade is associated with <span>Papilio</span> butterfly vs. hawkmoth pollination. Intraspecific variation in colour of the floral outer surface of <span>L</span>. <span>leucanthum</span> was also confirmed by our measurements.</div> <div> </div> <div>These data can be used in further research on the floral ecology and evolution of Lilium and may also be needed in reviews of flower-hawkmoth interactions and hawkmoth biology.</div>
FIGURE 2 in New records of two butterflies of the genus Polyommatus Latreille, 1804 (subgenus Agrodiaetus Hübner, 1822) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) from Iraq
FIGURE 2. Upperside (A) & Underside (B) of Polyommatus karindus ♂. Upperside (C) & Underside (D) of Polyommatus peilei ♀.
FIGURE 1 in New records of two butterflies of the genus Polyommatus Latreille, 1804 (subgenus Agrodiaetus Hübner, 1822) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) from Iraq
FIGURE 1. (A): Polyommatus karindus ♂: Swr Kêw Mountain, Siya Gwêz, Penjwen, Sulaymaniyah. (B): Polyommatus karindus ♀: Piramagroon Mountain, Zêwê Village, Sulaymaniyah. (C & D): Polyommatus peilei ♀: Piramagroon Mountain, Zêwê Village, Sulaymaniyah.
FIGURE 12 in Phylogeny of Amathusiini butterflies based on adult morphology (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae)
FIGURE 12. Illustrations of character states. Dissection codes are given for each illustration (see Materials and Methods for specimen data). Numbers on the figures correspond to the character list. Setae are not illustrated. All scale bars are 1 mm. M, male; F, female. a, Aemona amathusia M, CMP 07-151. b, Faunis eumeus M, CMP 02-13. c, Taenaris schoenbergi M, CMP 01- 64. d, Enispe cycnus M, CMP 01-86. e, Thaumantis odana M, CMP 02-04. f, Amathuxidia amythaon M, CMP 02-06. g, Zeuxidia sibulana M, CMP 02-08. h, Schematic representation of the juxta and anellus.
FIGURE 11 in Phylogeny of Amathusiini butterflies based on adult morphology (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae)
FIGURE 11. Illustrations of character states. Dissection codes are given for each illustration (see Materials and Methods for specimen data). Numbers on the figures correspond to the character list. Setae are not illustrated. All scale bars are 1 mm. M, male; F, female. a, Discophora celinde M, CMP 02-10. b, Thaumantis odana M, CMP 02-04. c, Stichophthalma louisa M, CMP 02-28. d, Faunis eumeus M, CMP 02-13. e, Taenaris urania M, CMP 02-01. f, Discophora necho M, CMP 02-12. g, Thaumantis diores M, CMP 13-02.
FIGURE 9 in Phylogeny of Amathusiini butterflies based on adult morphology (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae)
FIGURE 9. Illustrations of character states. Dissection codes are given for each illustration (see Materials and Methods for specimen data). Numbers on the figures correspond to the character list. Setae are not illustrated. All scale bars are 1 mm. M, male; F, female. a, Aemona amathusia M, CMP 07-151. b, Faunis aerope M, CMP 02-15. c, Amathusia binghami M, CMP 02- 23. d, Discophora necho M, CMP 02-12. e, Thaumantis odana M, CMP 02-04. f, Thauria aliris M, CMP 07-123. g, Zeuxidia sibulana M (dorso-lateral view), CMP 02-08. h, Amathuxidia amythaon M (dorso-lateral view), CMP 02-06.
FIGURE 1 in Phylogeny of Amathusiini butterflies based on adult morphology (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae)
FIGURE 1. Type species of Amathusiini genera. Image sets show male (M) in dorsal and ventral views, and female (F) in dorsal view, except for b, for which a female specimen was not available. a, Stichophthalma howqua M, Formosa [Taiwan], CMP 01-68; F, Formosa [Taiwan], CMP 01-69. b, Aemona amathusia M, [India] Assam, Kasia Hills, CMP 07-151. c, Faunis eumeus M, China, CMP 02-13; F, S.E. China, Kowloon, CMP 07-104. d, Taenaris urania M, [Indonesia] Ceram, CMP 02-01; F, [Indonesia] Ceram, CMP 02-02. e, Melanocyma faunula M, Malaya, Tanah Rata, Cameron Highlands, CMP 06-53; F, Siam [Thailand], Kao Bantad (sic). f, Thaumantis odana M, no data, CMP 02-05; F, East Indies, CMP 02-17. g, Discophora celinde M, India, Assam, Tista valley, CMP 02-10; F, Indonesia, Java, Djakarta (sic), CMP 06-52.
FIGURE 6 in Phylogeny of Amathusiini butterflies based on adult morphology (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae)
FIGURE 6. Illustrations of character states, numbers on the figures correspond to the character list. M, male; F, female. a, Elymnias hypermnestra M, Ceylon. b, Faunis eumeus M, Hong Kong. c, Stichophthalma howqua M, Formosa [Taiwan]. d, Zeuxidia luxeri M, West Java.
FIGURE 5 in Phylogeny of Amathusiini butterflies based on adult morphology (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae)
FIGURE 5. Illustrations of character states, numbers on the figures correspond to the character list. M, male; F, female. a, Taenaris artemis F forewing, Australian New Guinea, Kairiru Islands. b, Enispe euthymius M, India, Assam, Tista Valley. c, Thaumantis noureddin M, Malaysia, Perak. d, Callarge sagitta M, [probably from East China]. e, Taenaris catops M, Dutch New Guinea. f, Elymnias hypermnestra F, Pakistan, Hashnabad, Dacca. g, Taenaris artemis M, Dutch New Guinea, Kairiru Islands. h, Amathuxidia amythaon M, Malaya. i, Thauria aliris M, Formosa [Taiwan].
FIGURE 4 in Phylogeny of Amathusiini butterflies based on adult morphology (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae)
FIGURE 4. Comparison of relationships proposed by previous researchers and this study. The top two branching diagrams were drawn by hand based on published texts. Groups of genera are shaded to facilitate comparison, and genera in open boxes are no longer considered members of Amathusiini sensu Chazot et al. (2021). Note that those authors used the genus name Morphotenaris Fruhstorfer, which was synonymized with Taenaris by Stichel (1933).
FIGURE 7 in Phylogeny of Amathusiini butterflies based on adult morphology (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae)
FIGURE 7. Illustrations of character states, numbers on the figures correspond to the character list. M, male; F, female. a, Elymnias hypermnestra M, Ceylon. b, Amathuxidia amythaon M, Malaya. c, Amathusia phidippus M, Java. d, Discophora celinde M, India, Assam, Tista Valley. e, Thaumantis odana M, Java. f, Taenaris artemis, Dutch New Guinea, Kairiru Islands.
FIGURE 2 in Phylogeny of Amathusiini butterflies based on adult morphology (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae)
FIGURE 2. Type species of Amathusiini genera. Image sets show male (M) in dorsal and ventral views, and female (F) in dorsal view. a, Enispe euthymius M, India, Assam, Tista valley, CMP 02-30; F, India, Assam, CMP 02-31. b, Amathuxidia amythaon M, Malaya, CMP 02-06; F, no data, CMP 02-07. c, Amathusia phidippus M, Java, CMP 01-88; F, [Philippines] Mindanao, Davao, CMP 01-89. d, Zeuxidia luxerii M, [Indonesia] West Java, CMP 02-21; F, [Indonesia] West Java. e, Thauria aliris M, [Borneo] Mt. Dulit, CMP 07-123; F, [Malaysia] Sarawak, Baram District, CMP 07-109.
Figure 6 in The radiation of Satyrini butterflies (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a challenge for phylogenetic methods
Figure 6. Chronogram derived from the BEAST analysis with associated posterior credibility intervals. Numbers at the branches are posterior probability values for the node to the left of the number.
Figure 2 in The radiation of Satyrini butterflies (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a challenge for phylogenetic methods
Figure 2. Strict consensus of 12 equally parsimonious trees (29 647 steps; consistency index, CI = 0.13; retention index, RI = 0.44) from the maximum parsimony analysis (MP). Numbers given above branches are Bremer support values and the numbers below the branches are partitioned congruence index (PCI) values for the node to the right of the number.
Figure 4 in The radiation of Satyrini butterflies (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a challenge for phylogenetic methods
Figure 4. 'Bipartitions tree' obtained from the Maximum Likelihood (ML) analysis in RaxML. Numbers at the branches are bootstrap values for the node to the right of the number.
Figure 5 in The radiation of Satyrini butterflies (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a challenge for phylogenetic methods
Figure 5. Majority-rule cladogram based on Bayesian inference (BI), modelled with a GTR + G model. Numbers at the branches are posterior probability values for the node to the right of the number.
Figure 3 in The radiation of Satyrini butterflies (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a challenge for phylogenetic methods
Figure 3. Reduced cladograms from (A) maximum parsimony and (B) model-based methods (Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood), showing the incongruent hypotheses of relationships for the subtribes in the Satyrini.
Figure 7 in The radiation of Satyrini butterflies (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a challenge for phylogenetic methods
Figure 7. Results of a dispersal–vicariance analysis (DIVA), using three as the maximum number of ancestral areas in the DIVA. The topology of relationships for the out-groups are taken from Peña & Wahlberg (2008). Many terminals that belong to the same subtribe, and are distributed in the same biogeographical area of Figure 1, appear in one leaf: other Hypocystina, Pronophilina clade 1 and Pronophilina clade 2.
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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