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FIGURE 1 in Immature stages, new host plant records and shelter structures of Troyus phyllides (Röber, 1925) and Thoon ponka Evans, 1955 in the Peruvian Amazon (Lepidoptera Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae: Hesperiini)
FIGURE 1. Troyus phyllides life stages: a) egg in dorsal and lateral view (photo of 2021-FLP-IMM-0116); b) first instar in lateral view (photo of 2021-FLP-IMM-0366); c) second instar in lateral view, note that the larva had recently molted and the previous head capsule is visible nearby (photo of 2021-FLP-IMM-0367); d) third instar in lateral view (photo of 2021-FLP- IMM-0367); e) fourth instar in lateral view (photo of 2021-FLP-IMM-0366); f) fifth instar in lateral view (photo of 2021-FLP- IMM-0366); g) prepupa in lateral view (photo of 2021-FLP-IMM-0116); h, i) pupa in ventral and dorsal view (photo of 2021- FLP-IMM-0366); j) adult in dorsal and ventral view (photo of 2021-FLP-IMM-0116).
Performance data of Danaus larvae feeding on native and exotic host plants
<p>The consequences of the introduction of invasive plants for the diet of herbivorous insects have been little explored in nature where, potentially, abiotic and biotic factors operate. In this study we examined the larval performance of two Neotropical Danaini butterflies when using either a native or an exotic Apocynaceae species as host plant in both field and laboratory experiments. Hosts greatly differ in their amount of latex exudation and other physicochemical traits, as well as in the amount of evolutionary time they have interacted with herbivores. First, herbivore performance on the hosts was investigated under laboratory conditions. Larvae of both Danaini species took more time to develop on the exotic host; larval survivorship did not vary between hosts. Second, first instar survivorship on both hosts was evaluated in two field sites, one site per host. To do so, in both sites half of the larvae were bagged (protected against both abiotic and biotic factors) while the remainder were non-bagged (exposed). The interaction between larval exposure with the use of the exotic host reduced larval survival. We concluded that the combined effects of host plant traits and abiotic factors reduced survival of herbivores in field conditions. Therefore, the performance of herbivores when using hosts of different origins should be considered together with the multiple ecological factors found in natural environments, as these factors can modify the result of plant-herbivore interactions.</p>
Data from: Use of an exotic host plant shifts immunity, chemical defense, and viral burden in wild populations of a specialist insect herbivore
<p>Defense against natural enemies constitutes an important driver of herbivore host range evolution in the wild. Populations of the Baltimore checkerspot butterfly, <em>Euphydryas phaeton </em>(Nymphalidae), have recently incorporated an exotic plant, <em>Plantago lanceolata </em>(Plantaginaceae), into their dietary range. To understand the tritrophic consequences of utilizing this exotic host plant, we examined immune performance, chemical defense, and interactions with a natural entomopathogen (Junonia coenia densovirus, <em>Parvoviridae</em>) across wild populations of this specialist herbivore. We measured three immune parameters, sequestration of defensive iridoid glycosides (IGs), and viral infection load in field-collected caterpillars using either <em>P. lanceolata</em> or a native plant, <em>Chelone glabra </em>(Plantaginaceae). We found that larvae using the exotic plant exhibited reduced immunocompetence, compositional differences in IG sequestration, and higher <em>in situ </em>viral burdens compared to those using the native plant. On both host plants, high IG sequestration was associated with reduced hemocyte concentration in the larval hemolymph, providing the first evidence of incompatibility between sequestered chemical defenses and the immune response (i.e., the "vulnerable host" hypothesis) from a field-based study. However, despite this negative relationship between IG sequestration and cellular immunity, caterpillars with greater sequestration harbored lower viral loads. While survival of virus-infected individuals decreased with increasing viral burden, it ultimately did not differ between the exotic and native plants. These results provide evidence that (1) phytochemical sequestration may contribute to defense against pathogens even when immunity is compromised, and (2) herbivore persistence on exotic plant species may be facilitated by sequestration and its role in defense against natural enemies.</p>
Data for: Plant host domestication and soil nutrient availability determine positive plant microbial response across the Solanum genus
<p>Domestication of crops has changed how crops shape their associated microbial communities compared to their progenitors. However, studies testing how crop domestication-driven differences in rhizosphere microbial communities affect plant health are limited mostly to specific symbiont pairings. By conducting a soil manipulation greenhouse study, we examined plant growth and yield in response to differences in microbial communities and nutrient availability across a variety of wild, landrace, and cultivated potatoes. Coupled with this, we conducted 16S and ITS amplicon sequencing to examine plant host and soil treatment-driven differences in microbial community composition on potato plant roots. Our results found the plant response to microbes (PRM) is context-dependent. In low nutrient conditions, landraces responded positively to the presence of live soil microbial inocula. Conversely, modern potato varieties positively responded in high nutrient conditions. Amplicon sequencing found differences in bacterial communities due to environmental and temporal factors. However, potato clade (e.g. Andigenum, Chiletanum, <em>S. berthaulti</em>, and Modern) alone did not lead to differences in microbial communities that accounted for PRM differences. Differences in PRM between landraces and modern potatoes, and the correlation of PRM to microbial diversity, suggest that domestication has altered the <em>S. tuberosum</em> response to rhizosphere microbiomes.</p>
Figure 4. Clade 3 in Host conservatism or host specialization? Patterns of fungal diversification are influenced by host plant specificity in Ophiognomonia (Gnomoniaceae: Diaporthales)
Figure 4. Clade 3 of the genus Ophiognomonia. Spatial evolutionary and ecological vicariance analysis (SEEVA) results. Divergence indices of four host plant variables: host plant order, family, genus, and species. Histograms of divergence indices (0–1) for each variable are mapped onto the maximum-likelihood tree from the GARLI analysis for 17 species of Ophiognomonia. After applying a Bonferroni correction (P ≤ 0.0034), the statistically significant divergence indices are indicated by asterisks at each node (*). Nodes are labelled as clade #:node #. The host plant families are represented as shaded boxes. The complete host–fungus associations are listed in Table 1. Patterns of host conservatism, specialization, or switching are indicated by bold arrows. Nodes 3:3, 3:4, 3:5, 3:9, 3:11, 3:12, 3:13, and 3:14 are not supported by maximum-likelihood bootstrap values of ≥ 70%.
Figure 2. Clade 1 in Host conservatism or host specialization? Patterns of fungal diversification are influenced by host plant specificity in Ophiognomonia (Gnomoniaceae: Diaporthales)
Figure 2. Clade 1 of the genus Ophiognomonia. Spatial evolutionary and ecological vicariance analysis (SEEVA) results. Divergence indices of four host plant variables: host plant order, family, genus, and species. Histograms representing divergence indices (0–1) for each variable are mapped onto the maximum-likelihood tree from the GARLI analysis for 16 species of Ophiognomonia. After applying a Bonferroni correction (P ≤ 0.0034), the statistically significant divergence indices are indicated by asterisks at each node (*). Nodes are labelled as clade #:node #. The host plant orders and families are represented as shaded boxes. The complete host–fungus associations are listed in Table 1. Patterns of host conservatism, specialization, or switching are indicated by bold arrows. Only node 1:15 is not supported by a maximumlikelihood bootstrap value of ≥ 70%.
Figure 1 in Host conservatism or host specialization? Patterns of fungal diversification are influenced by host plant specificity in Ophiognomonia (Gnomoniaceae: Diaporthales)
Figure 1. Morphology of the species Ophiognomonia alni-viridis. From the top, left to right: perithecia on an overwintered leaf of Alnus sinuata; single perithecium extracted from host tissue; single ascospore; and single ascus.
Figure 3. Clade 2 in Host conservatism or host specialization? Patterns of fungal diversification are influenced by host plant specificity in Ophiognomonia (Gnomoniaceae: Diaporthales)
Figure 3. Clade 2 of the genus Ophiognomonia. Spatial evolutionary and ecological vicariance analysis (SEEVA) results. Divergence indices of four host plant variables: host plant order, family, genus, and species. Histograms of divergence indices (0–1) for each variable are mapped onto the maximum-likelihood tree from the GARLI analysis for 14 species of Ophiognomonia. After applying a Bonferroni correction (P ≤ 0.0039), the statistically significant divergence indices are indicated by asterisks at each node (*). Nodes are labelled as clade #:node #. The host plant orders and families are represented as shaded boxes. The complete host–fungus associations are listed in Table 1. Patterns of host conservatism, specialization, or switching are indicated by bold arrows. All branches are supported by maximum-likelihood values ≥ 70%.
Supplementary material 6 from: Tanaka S (2023) Biology of Patanga japonica (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Nymphal growth, host plants, reproductive activity, hatching behavior, and adult morphology. Journal of Orthoptera Research 32(1): 93-108. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.32.95753
Supplementary material 6 from: Tanaka S (2023) Biology of Patanga japonica (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Nymphal growth, host plants, reproductive activity, hatching behavior, and adult morphology. Journal of Orthoptera Research 32(1): 93-108. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.32.95753
Supplementary material 5 from: Tanaka S (2023) Biology of Patanga japonica (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Nymphal growth, host plants, reproductive activity, hatching behavior, and adult morphology. Journal of Orthoptera Research 32(1): 93-108. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.32.95753
Supplementary material 5 from: Tanaka S (2023) Biology of Patanga japonica (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Nymphal growth, host plants, reproductive activity, hatching behavior, and adult morphology. Journal of Orthoptera Research 32(1): 93-108. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.32.95753
Supplementary material 3 from: Tanaka S (2023) Biology of Patanga japonica (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Nymphal growth, host plants, reproductive activity, hatching behavior, and adult morphology. Journal of Orthoptera Research 32(1): 93-108. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.32.95753
Supplementary material 3 from: Tanaka S (2023) Biology of Patanga japonica (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Nymphal growth, host plants, reproductive activity, hatching behavior, and adult morphology. Journal of Orthoptera Research 32(1): 93-108. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.32.95753
Supplementary material 2 from: Tanaka S (2023) Biology of Patanga japonica (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Nymphal growth, host plants, reproductive activity, hatching behavior, and adult morphology. Journal of Orthoptera Research 32(1): 93-108. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.32.95753
Supplementary material 2 from: Tanaka S (2023) Biology of Patanga japonica (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Nymphal growth, host plants, reproductive activity, hatching behavior, and adult morphology. Journal of Orthoptera Research 32(1): 93-108. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.32.95753
Supplementary material 7 from: Tanaka S (2023) Biology of Patanga japonica (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Nymphal growth, host plants, reproductive activity, hatching behavior, and adult morphology. Journal of Orthoptera Research 32(1): 93-108. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.32.95753
Supplementary material 7 from: Tanaka S (2023) Biology of Patanga japonica (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Nymphal growth, host plants, reproductive activity, hatching behavior, and adult morphology. Journal of Orthoptera Research 32(1): 93-108. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.32.95753
Supplementary material 1 from: Tanaka S (2023) Biology of Patanga japonica (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Nymphal growth, host plants, reproductive activity, hatching behavior, and adult morphology. Journal of Orthoptera Research 32(1): 93-108. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.32.95753
Supplementary material 1 from: Tanaka S (2023) Biology of Patanga japonica (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Nymphal growth, host plants, reproductive activity, hatching behavior, and adult morphology. Journal of Orthoptera Research 32(1): 93-108. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.32.95753
Supplementary material 4 from: Tanaka S (2023) Biology of Patanga japonica (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Nymphal growth, host plants, reproductive activity, hatching behavior, and adult morphology. Journal of Orthoptera Research 32(1): 93-108. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.32.95753
Supplementary material 4 from: Tanaka S (2023) Biology of Patanga japonica (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Nymphal growth, host plants, reproductive activity, hatching behavior, and adult morphology. Journal of Orthoptera Research 32(1): 93-108. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.32.95753
Development time and fecundity of Spodoptera frugiperda fed on different host plant
<p>Data set of development time and fecundity of Spodoptera frugiperda fed on different host plant in Indonesia</p>
Host age affects the performance of the root hemiparasitic plant Rhinanthus alectorolophus
<p><span>Interactions between root hemiparasitic plants and their hosts are strongly affected by host identity but may also depend on the condition of the host. A</span><span>n important determinant of host quality could be host age, as it may influence host size, allocation patterns, responses to infection, and the strength of competition for light between parasite and host. </span><span>We investigated the effects of host species identity, host age and above-ground separation of hemiparasite and host on the </span><span>interactions between the hemiparasite <em>Rhinanthus</em> <em>alectorolophus</em> and five host species in a factorial experiment. The host species were planted at six different times, from ten weeks before the parasite was planted to four weeks after. </span><span>Host age strongly influenced the performance of the parasite, but these effects also varied among host species. </span><span>Parasites grew largest with hosts planted at the same time or two weeks earlier, but their performance strongly declined both with increasing host age and with the time they grew autotrophically. A large part of the variation due to host age but not of that due to host species identity could be related to the negative influence of host size at the likely time of parasite attachment. The low quality of older hosts was not due to light competition, suggesting that effective exploitation of these hosts was prevented by other factors like harder roots, stronger defence against parasite attack or competition for resources taken up by the host roots. Suppression of host growth by the parasites declined with increasing host age. The results indicate that the choice of host age may influence the results of studies on hemiparasites. They also highlight the importance for annual root hemiparasites of attachment in early spring, i.e. at a time when their mostly perennial hosts produce fresh roots but are still poorly developed above ground.</span></p>
Figure 1 in Host plant utilisation of two Dicraeus species (Diptera: Chloropidae) feeding on bamboo flowers
Figure 1. Photos of Dicraeus species and its host plants. (a) Dicraeus nartshukae larva feeding on the floret of Sasa palmata. (b) Adult of D. nartshukae on an inflorescence of S. palmata. (c) Many short and slender shoots of Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis emerging from the forest floor. (d) Branch buds of Pleioblastus chino var. chino covered with culm sheath (left) and with culm sheath removed (right). (e) Eggs of D. phyllostachyus oviposited under the culm sheath of short and slender shoots of P. nigra var. henonis. (f) Final instar larva of D. phyllostachyus feeding on the internode of short and slender shoots of P. nigra var. henonis. (g) Eggs of D. nartshukae on a floret of Lolium arundinaceum. (h) Larva of D. nartshukae on a floret of Leymus mollis. (i) D. nartshukae adults coupling on an inflorescence of L. mollis. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.
Fig. 3 in Ecological fitting: Chemical profiles of plant hosts provide insights on selection cues and preferences for a major buprestid pest
Fig. 3. Average time spent (s ± 1SE) of gravid emerald ash borer females (Agrilus planipennis) in arms of Y-tube olfactometer with foliage emissions of olive (OL, Olea europaea), white fringetree (WF, Chionanthus virginica), green ash (GA, Fraxinus pennsylvanica), Manchurian ash (MA, F. mandshurica) or blank air (BL). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 1 in Ecological fitting: Chemical profiles of plant hosts provide insights on selection cues and preferences for a major buprestid pest
Fig. 1. Mean emission rates of volatiles (ng/hour/g/foliage ± 1SE) of black ash (BA, Fraxinus nigra), blue ash (Blue, F. quadrangulata), Manchurian ash (MA, F. mandshurica), olive (OL, Olea europaea), and white fringetree (WF, Chionanthus virginicus), five plant hosts of emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) collected in summer 2017. a) Overall plant profiles, b) antennally active compounds c) Green leaf volatile (GLV) profiles, d) sesquiterpene profiles, and e) Monoterpene profiles. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
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