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Fig. 1 in New insights into the systematics and molecular phylogeny of the Malagasy snake genus Liopholidophis suggest at least one rapid reversal of extreme sexual dimorphism in tail length

Fig. 1 Phylogenetic tree of all Liopholidophis species based on sequences of three mitochondrial and one nuclear gene (16S rRNA, cytb, COI and c-mos). For L. baderi no 16S sequence was available. Bayesian posterior probabilities (10 million generations) are given above branches, parsimony bootstrap values (2,000 replicates) below branches. The relation of tail length/snout-vent length (red: female, blue: male) is given for all species of Liopholidophis, and for Liophidium torquatum, on the right of the species names. Reconstructed values for nodes are given at the branches, as results of parsimony/maximum likelihood (95% confidence interval). The lower figure shows the same tree with sexual dimorphism in relative tail length plotted on taxa (expressed as ratio of relative tail length of males/ females). Ancestral values calculated on ML-reconstructed values for males and females. Symbols show origin (>) and reversal (<) of extreme dimorphism (values 0.43-0.53, i.e. females having relative tail lengths roughly half that of males or lower)

Fig. 3 in Phylogeny, molecular ecology and taxonomy of southern Iberian lineages of Triops mauritanicus (Crustacea: Notostraca)

Fig. 3 Distribution of Triops mauritanicus lineages in southwestern Iberian Peninsula, limited to records from this and a preceding study (Korn et al. 2006), as literature records could not be assigned to the phylogenetic lineages. Black lines show political borders, grey lines the major rivers; dashed area indicates extension of marismas (natural temporary marshes) in Guadalquivir River delta around the year 1900

Fig. 9 Triops vicentinus n in Phylogeny, molecular ecology and taxonomy of southern Iberian lineages of Triops mauritanicus (Crustacea: Notostraca)

Fig. 9 Triops vicentinus n. sp., adult male (holotype). a Proximal region of 3rd endite of 10th trunk limb, anterior view; meshwork spines (and associat- ed row of spinules) shown in black, submarginal spines and edge of endite in grey. b Detail of 10th trunk limb, anterior view (EN3, 4 = 3rd, 4th endite; MWSP = meshwork spines; SMSP = submarginal spines). c Distal part of 2nd trunk limb. d Proximal region of 5th endite of 2nd trunk limb. e Telson, dorsal view. f Detail of 4th endite of 10th trunk limb, posterior view; only proximalmost parts of posterior row of meshwork spines shown, anterior row of meshwork spines in grey

Fig. 2 in Phylogeny, molecular ecology and taxonomy of southern Iberian lineages of Triops mauritanicus (Crustacea: Notostraca)

Fig. 2 Hypotheses on Triops mauritanicus ("T.m.") and T. c. cancriformis ("T.c.") phylogeny as reflected by our mitochondrial sequence data; outgroups (Triops longicaudatus, T. granarius, Lepidurus a. apus, L. a. lubbocki, L. arcticus, L. lemmoni) removed for clarity. a ML 12S tree based on large 12S dataset, using TVM+G model of evolution; ML/ MP bootstrap support values given for selected branches. b First of two ML trees based on combined 12S and 16S sequences from selected samples, using GTR+G model; ML

Fig. 10 Triops emeritensis n in Phylogeny, molecular ecology and taxonomy of southern Iberian lineages of Triops mauritanicus (Crustacea: Notostraca)

Fig. 10 Triops emeritensis n. sp., adult male (holotype). a Distal part of 2nd trunk limb. b Telson, dorsal view. c Proximal region of 3rd endite of 10th trunk limb, anterior view; meshwork spines and associated row of spinules shown in black, submarginal spines and edge of endite in grey

Fig. 8 Triops gadensis n in Phylogeny, molecular ecology and taxonomy of southern Iberian lineages of Triops mauritanicus (Crustacea: Notostraca)

Fig. 8 Triops gadensis n. sp., adult male (holotype). a Telson, dorsal view. b Distal part of 2nd trunk limb. c Proximal region of 5th endite of 2nd trunk limb

Fig. 7 Triops baeticus n in Phylogeny, molecular ecology and taxonomy of southern Iberian lineages of Triops mauritanicus (Crustacea: Notostraca)

Fig. 7 Triops baeticus n. sp., adult male (holotype). a Telson, dorsal view. b Distal part of 2nd trunk limb. c Proximal region of 5th endite of 2nd trunk limb

Fig. 5 in Molecular phylogeny and comparative morphology reveal the species validity and systematic position of Lepidodesma (Bivalvia: Unionidae)

Fig. 5 Fossil-calibrated phylogeny based on the three-gene dataset. Node bars denote the mean ages of 95% highest posterior density (HPD). Fossil calibrations are marked by star signs. Mya, million years ago

Fig. 4 in Molecular phylogeny and comparative morphology reveal the species validity and systematic position of Lepidodesma (Bivalvia: Unionidae)

Fig. 4 Phylogenetic trees inferred from Bayesian Inference (BI) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) analyses. Left is the BI and ML tree based on the AA dataset. Right is the BI tree based on the NT dataset; taxon names correspond to the left tree. Numbers close to the nodes for the left tree indicate bootstrap support (BS)/posterior probabilities (PP), and those for the right tree indicate PP. Hidden node numbers and asterisks (*) denote PP> 0.9 and BS> 75%. Different colored clades represent four subfamilies in Unionidae. Pentagrams symbolize sequences from this study. Dotted lines in the right tree indicate inconsistent clades compared to the left tree. The figure depicts the topology of Unionidae, while the complete topology is presented in Supplementary Fig. S5

Fig. 2 in Molecular phylogeny and comparative morphology reveal the species validity and systematic position of Lepidodesma (Bivalvia: Unionidae)

Fig. 2 Anatomical features of Lepidodesma aligera with left valve removed and Lepidodesma languilati with right valve removed. a L. aligera; b L. languilati. c–h close-up of apertures and gills: c–e Lepidodesma aligera; f–h, Lepidodesma languilati. Abbreviations: aam, anterior adductor muscle; pam, posterior adductor muscle; exa, excurrent aperture; ia, incurrent aperture; f, foot; ig, inner gill; og, outer gill; lp, labial palps; m, mantle; p ia, papillae in incurrent aperture; pg exa, pigmentation of excurrent aperture

Fig. 1 in Molecular phylogeny and comparative morphology reveal the species validity and systematic position of Lepidodesma (Bivalvia: Unionidae)

Fig. 1 Shell images of Lepidodesma aligera and Lepidodesma languilati. a (1–4): Lepidodesma aligera; b (1–4): Lepidodesma languilati

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Fig. 2 in Nereididae (Annelida) phylogeny based on molecular data

Fig. 2 Bayesian inference tree. Values on nodes are clade credibility (posterior probabilities). Clades with posterior probability less than 50% were collapsed. Colors identifies subfamilies

Fig. 8 in High species diversity of fish tapeworms in congeneric hosts in Africa: revision of Monobothrioides (Cestoda: Caryophyllidea), including description of two new species and molecular phylogeny

Fig. 8 Scanning electron micrographs of Monobothrioides species. a, b M. cunningtoni Fuhrmann and Baer, 1925 (type species) from Auchenoglanis occidentalis, Democratic Republic of the Congo; c, d M. chalmersius (Woodland, 1924) from Clarias sp., Sudan; e–h M.

Fig. 7 Monobothrioides zuheiri n in High species diversity of fish tapeworms in congeneric hosts in Africa: revision of Monobothrioides (Cestoda: Caryophyllidea), including description of two new species and molecular phylogeny

Fig. 7 Monobothrioides zuheiri n. sp. from Auchenoglanis occidentalis, White Nile at Kostí, Sudan. a total view, ventrally; b, c anterior end with first testes and vitelline follicles; d region of gonopores, laterally; e posterior part, ventrally; note posterior extent of vitelline follicles reaching ovary; f scolex; g cross section at testicular level; note tightly packed testes in two layers and longitudinal musculature formed by separated muscle fibres

Fig. 4 Monobothrioides tchadensis Troncy, 1978 in High species diversity of fish tapeworms in congeneric hosts in Africa: revision of Monobothrioides (Cestoda: Caryophyllidea), including description of two new species and molecular phylogeny

Fig. 4 Monobothrioides tchadensis Troncy, 1978 from Auchenoglanis occidentalis, Lower Congo River at Bulu, Democratic Repulic of the Congo. a Total view, ventrally; b, e anterior end with first testes and vitelline follicles; c scolex; d posteriod end, ventrally; note large, elongate cirrus-sac; f cross section at testicular level; note outer and inner longitudinal musculature formed by isolated muscle fibres

Fig. 6 Monobothrioides longicollis n in High species diversity of fish tapeworms in congeneric hosts in Africa: revision of Monobothrioides (Cestoda: Caryophyllidea), including description of two new species and molecular phylogeny

Fig. 6 Monobothrioides longicollis n. sp. from Auchenoglanis occidentalis, Democratic Republic of the Congo. a Total view, dorsally; note that testes and median vitelline follicles are omitted in middle part of the body; b anterior end with first vitelline follicles and testes; note long neck and conspicuous distance between first vitelline follicles and testes; c scolex; note numerous longitudinal grooves and wide band of dark cells in posterior part of the scolex; d posterior part, ventrally; note posterior extent of vitelline follicles reaching the ovary; e cross section at testicular level; note bundles of muscle fibres of the inner longitudinal musculature extended laterally around lateral osmoregulatory canals

Fig. 5 in High species diversity of fish tapeworms in congeneric hosts in Africa: revision of Monobothrioides (Cestoda: Caryophyllidea), including description of two new species and molecular phylogeny

Fig. 5 Monobothrioides woodlandi Mackiewicz and Beverley-Burton, 1967 from Clarias ngamensis (= C. mellandi), Lake Chali, Zambia. a Total view of holotype (USNPC 61727); b, c scoleces (c— paratype BMNH 1967.1.16.1); d posterior end of holotype; e cross section at testicular level; note inner longitudinal musculature formed by bundles of muscle fibres, with a pair of lateral and two pairs of sublateral wide bundles of muscles

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Fig. 5 in Molecular taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of the Niphargus tatrensis species complex (Amphipoda, Niphargidae) in Austria

Fig. 5 Time-calibrated maximum clade credibility tree of the Niphargus tatrensis species complex derived from a BEAST analysis of concatenated 28S and COI sequences. Both the posterior probabilities of the nodes and the 95% confidence intervals of their ages are reported. Colours of node dots and wedges of pie charts represent the ancestral area of distribution of each main clade (Slovenia: purple; North

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Fig. 3 in Molecular taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of the Niphargus tatrensis species complex (Amphipoda, Niphargidae) in Austria

Fig. 3 Results of the species delimitation methods compared with the maximum clade credibility tree of the Niphargus tatrensis complex, derived from BEAST analysis of COI sequences. Both the posterior probabilities of each node and the 95% confidence interval on its relative age (shown as a blue bar) are reported. Morphospecies delimitation is derived by the cladistic analysis conducted by Fišer et al.