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Figure 1 in Late autumn occurrence of non-diapause male adults in various geographic populations of a pierid butterfly, Eurema mandarina
Figure 1. The latitude, longitude and winter length at survey sites. Winter length was defined as the number of days when the average maximum temperature in 1981–2010 was below 15°C. The average maximum temperature was obtained from the Japan Meteorological Agency (2017). Because there were no temperature data for Kashiwa City, Kameoka City, or Joyo City, the data of Ryugasaki City (35.53°N, 140.13°E, located within 20 km from Kashiwa City), Nantan City (35.07°N, 135.27°E, located within 15 km from Kameoka City) and Kyotanabe City (34.50°N, 135.46°E, located within 5 km from Joyo City), respectively, were used instead.
Figure 2 in Late autumn occurrence of non-diapause male adults in various geographic populations of a pierid butterfly, Eurema mandarina
Figure 2. The proportion of summer-form adults in various geographic populations (20°C: Iinuma/ Watari, Kyoto and Shibushi, 25°C: Iinuma/Watari, Kashiwa, Ise, Kyoto and Shibushi) in Eurema mandarin at 20°C (males (a), females (b)) and 25°C (males (c), females (d)). One plot indicates one lineage, and the plot size is proportional to the sample size of the lineage. Winter length was defined as the number of days when the average maximum temperature in 1981–2010 was below 15°C for each investigation site (Japan Meteorological Agency 2017).
Figure 3 in Late autumn occurrence of non-diapause male adults in various geographic populations of a pierid butterfly, Eurema mandarina
Figure 3. The number of immature eggs (a) and the number of eupyrene sperm stored in the spermatheca (b) in relation to the winter length of autumn-form females in 7 local populations (Morioka, Iinuma/Watari, Kameoka, Joyo, Shimanto, Nichinan, Shibushi and Okinoerabu) of E. mandarina. Winter length was defined as the number of dates that the average maximum temperature in 1981–2010 was below 15°C for each investigation site (Japan Meteorological Agency 2017).
Figure 4 in Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I barcode species delineation methods imply critically underestimated diversity in 'common' Hermeuptychia butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)
Figure 4. Percentage of pairwise comparisons within each class of genetic distances (p-distance) for Hermeuptychia sequences calculated between (black bars) and within (grey bars) species. Species delimitation was based on the recursive partitioning ABGD analysis.
Figure 3. A in Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I barcode species delineation methods imply critically underestimated diversity in 'common' Hermeuptychia butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)
Figure 3. A, relationships from our phylogenetic analyses based on Bayesian inference. Support values> 50 are indicated with posterior probability values indicated above the branch and bootstrap values indicated below the branch. Names and morphology group symbols are as presented in Seraphim et al. (2014), 'ns' indicates new sequences, and numbers in parentheses indicate the number of species within clades as indicated by the ABGD (recursive partitioning) approach. B, relationships among Hermeuptychia species redrawn from the phylogeny presented in Seraphim et al. (2014), for comparison.
Figure 2 in Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I barcode species delineation methods imply critically underestimated diversity in 'common' Hermeuptychia butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)
Figure 2. Bayesian inference (BEAST2) tree for Hermeuptychia COI barcode sequences with posterior probabilities (top)> 0.5 and bootstrap values (bottom)> 50 indicated. Sequences generated in this study have voucher numbers beginning 'LEP' or 'IN' and are highlighted in blue. Species boundaries as indicated by the three most plausible implementations of each approach, bPTP (ML) (black), ABGD (recursive partitioning) (green) and GMYC (multiple thresholds) (grey), are illustrated as coloured bars on the side. * indicates groups that were recovered as one putative species but appear separated owing to the underlying phylogeny. Red vertical bars denote putative species that do not include an previously published sequences. Horizontal coloured bars and symbols beside sample voucher names denote morphology groupings identified in Seraphim et al. (2014).
In search of an honest butterfly: Sexually selected wing coloration and reproductive traits from wild populations of the Cabbage White Butterfly
Abstract <p></p><p>Sexual selection is central to many theories on mate selection and individual behavior. Relatively little is known, however, about the impacts that human-induced rapid environmental change are having on secondary sexually selected characteristics. Honest signals function as an indicator of mate quality when there are differences in nutrient acquisition and are thus potentially sensitive to anthropogenically altered nutrient inputs. We used the cabbage white butterfly, Pieris rapae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), to investigate differences in color and testes size in a system that is often exposed to agricultural landscapes with nitrogen addition. We collected individuals from four sites in California and Nevada to investigate variation in key traits and the possibility that any relationship between wing color and a reproductive trait (testes size) could vary among locations in the focal butterfly. Coloration variables and testes size were positively albeit weakly associated across sites, consistent with the hypothesis that females could use nitrogen-based coloration in the cabbage white as an indicator for a male mating trait that has the potential to confer elevated mating success in progeny. However, variation in testes size and in the relationship between testes size and wing color suggest complexities that need exploration, including the possibility that the signal is not of equal value in all populations. Thus these results advance our understanding of complex relationships among environmental change and sexual selection in the wild.</p><p></p>
Influence of habitat quality and resource density on breeding-season female monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) movement and space use in north-central USA agroecosystem landscapes
<ol> <li> The eastern North American monarch butterfly is at risk of quasi-extinction due, in part, to the loss of breeding habitat in agricultural landscapes of the USA Midwest. Because adult females are not patch residents, egg abundance and distribution across the landscape are a function of their perceptual range, flight directionality, and flight step lengths. Conservation actions that account for habitat use in agricultural landscapes can enhance functional connectivity.</li> <li>Field-captured females (n=114) were released in a 64-ha area containing restored prairies, grass-dominated fields, and crop fields in Floyd County, Iowa, USA, and two 1,000 m linear north-south sections of grass-dominated roadside along secondary roads (~ 35 ha) with different proximity to prairie habitat in rural Story County, Iowa. Radio-tagged or untagged monarchs were released in areas with high-density, low-density, and zero density of forage and oviposition resources, as well as on habitat edges between high and zero-density habitats. Monarchs were observed for one hour. Radio-tagged individuals that flew beyond visual detection were relocated using handheld radio telemetry.</li> <li>Monarchs moved within and between habitat classes and typically performed up-wind search behavior. Monarchs successfully located resources, with some flying over 500 m to find high-density areas, providing evidence that the monarch's perceptual distance is > 100 m. Regardless of habitat class or field site, most step lengths were < 50 m, and turn angles were directional. Large steps (≥ 50 m) crossing habitat boundaries occurred with approximately half of the monarchs, which may indicate initiation of long-range searches for suitable habitat, consistent with their vagile behavior. Establishing habitat patches 50 m apart in agricultural landscapes would facilitate efficient movement.</li> <li>This study provides an extensive dataset of directly observed breeding-season monarch butterflies to assess the utilization of agricultural landscapes. Documentation of step lengths > 50 m in complex, agricultural landscapes would not have been possible without the aid of radio telemetry. Results provide improved estimates of perceptual range and flight patterns within and between habitat patches that support models that simulate natural population dynamics to enable conservation planning at a landscape scale.</li> </ol>
Carry-over effects of larval food stress on adult energetics and life history in a nectar-feeding butterfly
<p>Stressful juvenile developmental conditions can affect performance and fitness later in life. In holometabolous insects such as butterflies, development under stressful conditions may lead to smaller adult size, lower reproductive output and shorter lifespan. However, how larval developmental stress affects energy intake and expenditure in adult individuals is poorly understood.</p> <p>We subjected last-instar larvae of <i>Speyeria mormonia</i> Edwards (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) to periodic dietary restriction (DR) to examine the allocation of energy and nutrients among different life-history processes. We measured adult food intake, resting metabolic rate (RMR), metabolic flight capacity, lifespan, and reproductive output. Consistent with pressure to disperse from a poor environment while maintaining offspring number, we predicted that stressed individuals would have increased adult food intake and higher flight capacity.</p> <p>Adult body size was strongly reduced. Contrary to predictions, we found no compensatory adult feeding. Mass-adjusted flight metabolic rate was reduced, suggesting poor dispersal capacity. Larval DR did not affect adult lifespan, nor did the rate of metabolic senescence change. Larval DR did affect RMR, as stressed females had a steeper slope between RMR and body mass, which may reflect differences in physiological activity due to condition.</p> <p>Fecundity decreased less than predicted based on body mass. Instead of investing in flight capacity, females increased relative allocation to reproduction, which may partly buffer against poor environmental conditions.</p> <p>Understanding the interplay of energy acquisition and allocation to life history traits across the life cycle is vital for predicting responses to environmental change.</p>
Data from Wilson et al.: Applying computer vision to digitised natural history collections for climate change research: temperature-size responses in British butterflies
<p>This dataset supports the publication: Wilson et al. "Applying computer vision to digitised natural history collections for climate change research: temperature-size responses in British butterflies". These are the data used for the data figures (Fig 3-6, SI Figs 1-2) and the supplementary information tables.</p>
Fruit-feeding butterflies of Nyungwe National Park, Rwanda
<p>A study was conducted in Nyungwe National Park, Rwanda from October 2019 to August 2020. The study aimed at documenting the diversity and distribution of fruit-feeding butterflies across an elevation gradient in Nyungwe National Park. Sampling was conducted seasonally using fruit-bated traps. Higher species richness was documented at low altitudes and decline with increasing elevation. </p>
On following pages: 147 Pied Butterfly Bat (Glauconycteris superba); 148. Common Butterfly Bat (Glauconycteris argentata); 149. Bibundi Butterfly Bat (Glauconycteris egeria): 150. Abo Butterfly Bat (Glauconycteris poensis); 151. Striped Butterfly Bat (Glauconycteris alboguttata); 152. Beatrix's Butterfly Bat (Glauconycteris beatrix); 163. Curry's Butterfly Bat (Glauconycteris curryae); 154. Spotted Butterfly Bat (Glauconycteris humeralis): 155. Blackish Butterfly Bat (Glauconycteris atra); 156. Kenyan Butterfly Bat (Glauconycteris kenyacola); 157. Doria's False Serotine (Hesperoptenus doriae): 158. Tickell's False Serotine (Hesperoptenus tickell); 159. Blanford's False Serotine (Hesperoptenus blanford): 160. Large False Serotine (Hesperoptenus tomesi); 161. Gaskell's False Serotine (Hesperoptenus gaskell): 162. Great Evening Bat (/a io); 163. Harlequin Bat (Scotomanes ornatus); 164. Riippell's Broad-nosed Bat (Scoteanax rueppelli); 165. Northern Broadnosed Bat (Scotorepens sanborni); 166. Little Broad-nosed Bat (Scotorepens greyi); 167. Inland Broad-nosed Bat (Scotorepens balstoni); 168. Eastern Broad-nosed Bat (Scotorepens orion): 169. Silverhaired Bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans). in Vespertilionidae
On following pages: 147 Pied Butterfly Bat (Glauconycteris superba); 148. Common Butterfly Bat (Glauconycteris argentata); 149. Bibundi Butterfly Bat (Glauconycteris egeria): 150. Abo Butterfly Bat (Glauconycteris poensis); 151. Striped Butterfly Bat (Glauconycteris alboguttata); 152. Beatrix's Butterfly Bat (Glauconycteris beatrix); 163. Curry's Butterfly Bat (Glauconycteris curryae); 154. Spotted Butterfly Bat (Glauconycteris humeralis): 155. Blackish Butterfly Bat (Glauconycteris atra); 156. Kenyan Butterfly Bat (Glauconycteris kenyacola); 157. Doria's False Serotine (Hesperoptenus doriae): 158. Tickell's False Serotine (Hesperoptenus tickell); 159. Blanford's False Serotine (Hesperoptenus blanford): 160. Large False Serotine (Hesperoptenus tomesi); 161. Gaskell's False Serotine (Hesperoptenus gaskell): 162. Great Evening Bat (/a io); 163. Harlequin Bat (Scotomanes ornatus); 164. Riippell's Broad-nosed Bat (Scoteanax rueppelli); 165. Northern Broadnosed Bat (Scotorepens sanborni); 166. Little Broad-nosed Bat (Scotorepens greyi); 167. Inland Broad-nosed Bat (Scotorepens balstoni); 168. Eastern Broad-nosed Bat (Scotorepens orion): 169. Silverhaired Bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans).
Multitrophic metacommunity dataset (butterflies, flowering plants, and butterfly predators)
<p>This dataset includes measures of butterfly and floral diversity and richness collected across 15 sites at Burnt Lands Provincial Park in Ontario, Canada, during the summer of 2019. It also includes information on the number of predator and grasshopper attacks on experimental clay butterfly models at each site. It also contains data on site size, connectivity within the site network, and distance to the closest site outside of the network, for the 15 sites.</p>
Data and Code for: Oh, the places you will grow: intraspecific latitudinal clines in butterfly size suggest a phylogenetic signal
<p>This publication contains the R-Scripts and other supplementary files necessary to reproduce the analyses and figures of Merwin A, Hilliard J, Larsen<span> </span>A, Lasken A, Johnson I (2022) Oh, the places you will grow: intraspecific latitudinal clines in butterfly size suggest a phylogenetic signal. Ecology and Evolution</p> <p>All files are compressed into a single ZIP folder. All directories contain README files that explain their contents.</p>
Contrasting genetic responses to habitat fragmentation for two Lycaenid butterfly species
<p>Biodiversity is currently declining at the global scale. Apart from species declines and lowered abundances, the loss of genetic diversity is equally concerning as it may undermine fitness and the potential to adapt to future environmental change. We compared genetic diversity of historical and recent Alpine populations of two butterfly species, <em>Lycaena helle</em> and <em>L. hippothoe</em>, over a period of about 10 years. Using microsatellite markers, we found no changes over time in <em>L. helle</em>, while genetic diversity decreased, and differentiation increased in <em>L. hippothoe</em>. <em>Lycaena helle</em> inhabits peat bogs and wetland fallows with populations being strongly isolated, while <em>L. hippothoe</em> used to occur in population networks on hay meadows, with the latter being strongly exposed to agricultural intensification. We conclude that currently <em>L. hippothoe</em> populations are strongly declining due to changes in land use, resulting in genetic erosion potentially due to the collapse of population networks.</p>
FIGURE 2 in A checklist of the butterflies of Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia and some adjacent areas
FIGURE 2: The east coast of Papua New Guinea, Bismarcks, Admiralties, D'Entrecasteaux, Trobriands and Louisiades
Bringing Back the Manchester Argus Coenonympha tullia ssp. davus (Fabricius 1777): Quantifying the habitat resource requirements to inform the successful reintroduction of a specialist peatland butterfly
<p>2021-30 has been designated the UN decade of ecosystem restoration. A landscape scale peatland restoration project is being undertaken on Chat Moss, Greater Manchester, UK, with conservation translocations an important component of this work. The Manchester Argus Coenonympha tullia ssp. davus, a specialist butterfly of lowland raised bogs in the northwest of England, UK is under threat due to severe habitat loss and degradation. A species reintroduction was planned for spring 2020. </p> <p>This study aimed to quantify the resource thresholds for C. tullia, in order to assess potential risks for the project. Thirteen peatland habitat patches with either recent historic or current C. tullia populations were surveyed for biotic and abiotic factors based on previous qualitative research on the species' requirements. </p> <p>Percentage cover of two habitat resources were found to be the strongest predictors in models of C. tullia presence: cross-leaved heath Erica tetralix and hair's-tail cotton-sedge Eriophorum vaginatum. </p> <p>Critical inflection points on logistic regression curves were used to make quantitative estimates of the minimum requirement of each resource for population survival and the near-optimum abundance of each resource. </p> <p>The results of this study improve our understanding of C. tullia's ecology and the restoration of peatlands for its reintroduction. Additionally, the method has wider utility for the quantitative assessment of habitat readiness before attempting species reintroductions.</p>
Richness and abundance of both butterflies and floral resources in residential gardens across southwestern Melbourne, Australia's greater metropolitan area
<p><span>Wildlife gardening is a popular activity undertaken within residential areas. It is broadly promoted as a means of encouraging residents to make their gardens more 'wildlife friendly'. While theory and anecdotal evidence suggest these schemes should be effective, quantitative evaluation of wildlife gardening practices and programs is lacking across most taxa they target. </span></p> <p><span>Our overall objective in collecting this data was to determine if there was a difference in butterfly richness or abundance between gardens managed and not managed to benefit wildlife. </span>To test this, the data were collected at two spatial scales: landscape level representing our 500x500 m sampling cells and garden level representing our wildlife and traditional residential gardens. At the landscape level, butterfly and floral data were collected along a 1-km long Pollard walk through the sampling cell. At the garden level<span> we conducted point counts for butterflies in residential gardens participating in a wildlife gardening program and compared them to non-participating control gardens within the same sampling cell and from areas not targeted by the gardening program. At both levels we counted floral resources and calculated tree cover (%) within the surrounding landscape as both are important potential resources for butterflies within the landscape. The amount </span>(%) of impervious surface cover within the entire sampling cell and within the landscape surrounding each garden was also measured as it is known to have a negative effect on the butterfly community. </p>
Data from: A phylogenetic study to assess the link between biome specialisation and diversification in swallowtail butterflies
<p><span>The resource-use hypothesis, proposed by E.S. Vrba, states that habitat fragmentation caused by climatic oscillations would affect particularly biome specialists (species inhabiting only one biome), which might show higher speciation and extinction rates than biome generalists. If true, lineages would accumulate biome-specialist species. This effect would be particularly exacerbated for biomes located at the periphery of the global climatic conditions, namely, biomes that have high/low precipitation and high/low temperature such as rainforest (warm-humid), desert (warm-dry), steppe (cold-dry), and tundra (cold-humid). Here, we test these hypotheses in swallowtail butterflies, a clade with more than 570 species, covering all the continents but Antarctica, and all climatic conditions. Swallowtail butterflies are among the most studied insects, and they are a model group for evolutionary biology and ecology studies. Continental macroecological rules are normally tested using vertebrates, this means that there are fewer examples exploring terrestrial invertebrate patterns at global scale. Here, we compiled a large GIS database on swallowtail butterflies' distribution maps and used the most complete time-calibrated phylogeny to quantify diversification rates. In this paper we aim to answer the following questions: 1) Are there more biome-specialists swallowtail butterflies than biome-generalists? 2) Is diversification rate related to biome specialisation? 3) If so, do swallowtail butterflies inhabiting extreme biomes show higher diversification rates? 4) What is the effect of species distribution area? Our results showed that swallowtail family presents a great number of biome specialists which showed substantially higher diversification rates compared to generalists. We also found that biome-specialists are unevenly distributed across biomes. Overall, our results are consistent with the resource-use hypothesis., species climatic niche and biome fragmentation as key factors promoting isolation.</span></p>
Figure 5 in Molecular phylogeny, systematics and generic classification of the butterfly subfamily Trapezitinae (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea: Hesperiidae)
Figure 5. Pupal cap of Atkinsia dominula comb. nov.: A, anterior view; B, ventral view; and C, lateral view.
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.