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Figure 12 in Taxonomy and morphological characterization of Allotettix simoni (Bolívar, 1890) and implications for the systematics of Metrodorinae (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae)

Figure 12. Environmental scanning electron micrographs of last nymphal instar of Allotettix simoni (Aragua, Venezuela). See text for detailed description. A, frontal view of head; B, antenna; C, mandibles; D, lateral view of anterior portion of body; E, wing; F, anterior femur; G, lateral view of nymphal male cerci; H, lateral view of nymphal female terminalia. Scale bars = 500 Mm, except G = 200 Mm.

Figure 4 in Taxonomy and morphological characterization of Allotettix simoni (Bolívar, 1890) and implications for the systematics of Metrodorinae (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae)

Figure 4. Dorsal view of: A, adult and B, last nymphal instar of Allotettix simoni from Henri Pittier National Park (Venezuela) (drawing by I. Díez).

Figure 1 in Taxonomy and morphological characterization of Allotettix simoni (Bolívar, 1890) and implications for the systematics of Metrodorinae (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae)

Figure 1. Lateral view of type specimens of: A, B, Paratettix peruvianus Bolívar, 1887 from 'Pumamarca' (Peru), and C, D, Paratettix simoni Bolívar, 1890 from 'Colonia Tovar' (Venezuela). Type series are composed of two syntypes each (shown), located at the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN) (Madrid, Spain). Scale bars = 2 mm.

Figure 2 in Taxonomy and morphological characterization of Allotettix simoni (Bolívar, 1890) and implications for the systematics of Metrodorinae (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae)

Figure 2. Dorsal view of type specimens of: A, B, Paratettix peruvianus Bolívar, 1887 from 'Pumamarca' (Peru), and C, D, Paratettix simoni Bolívar, 1890 from 'Colonia Tovar' (Venezuela) (Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid, Spain). Scale bars = 2 mm.

Figure 7 in Taxonomy and morphological characterization of Allotettix simoni (Bolívar, 1890) and implications for the systematics of Metrodorinae (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae)

Figure 7. Details of adult antenna of Allotettix simoni (Aragua, Venezuela), from environmental scanning electron micrographs. A, dorsal view of anterior part of head; B, flagellum of the antennae, note variation on sensorial structures from base to tip; C, mound-like protuberances on antennal surface; D, placoid sensillae on terminal segments of flagellum. Abbreviation: pd, pedicel. Scale bars as indicated in figure.

Figure 10 in Taxonomy and morphological characterization of Allotettix simoni (Bolívar, 1890) and implications for the systematics of Metrodorinae (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae)

Figure 10. Thoracic details of Allotettix simoni adult (Aragua, Venezuela), from environmental scanning electron micrographs. See text for detailed description. A, lateral view of anterior portion of body; B, lateral view of hind femur; C, lateral view of the terminal portion of hind tibia and tarsus; D, terminal portion of hind tarsus. Scale bars as indicated in figure.

Figure 5 in Taxonomy and morphological characterization of Allotettix simoni (Bolívar, 1890) and implications for the systematics of Metrodorinae (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae)

Figure 5. Lateral view of: A, an adult female and B, last nymphal instar of Allotettix simoni from Henri Pittier National Park (Venezuela) (drawing by I. Díez).

Figure 3 in Taxonomy and morphological characterization of Allotettix simoni (Bolívar, 1890) and implications for the systematics of Metrodorinae (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae)

Figure 3. Bayesian phylogenetic hypothesis generated using molecular characters (mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I sequence data). Basal branching within Tetrigidae is not supported either by posterior probabilities (Bayesian) or bootstrap values (maximum likelihood). Sequences of Metrodorinae (indicated by pink branches) and Tetriginae (green) do not form reciprocally monophyletic groups. Despite morphological similarity, Allotettix is not a close relative of Paratettix. Nymphs from Aragua (Venezuela) share a single haplotype with adults of Allotettix simoni. Specimens photographed correspond to localities indicated in Table 1.

Figure 9 in Taxonomy and morphological characterization of Allotettix simoni (Bolívar, 1890) and implications for the systematics of Metrodorinae (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae)

Figure 9. Environmental scanning electron micrographs of thoracic details of Allotettix simoni adult (Aragua, Venezuela). A, dorsal view of anterior portion; B, scapular area; C, lateral view of the terminal portion of pronotum. Abbreviations: acp, anterior carina of the pronotum; hc, humeral carina; mcp, median carina of the pronotum; tf, anterior transversal furrows. Scale bars = 100 Mm.

Figure 103 in Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Asphondylia species (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of North American goldenrods: challenging morphology, complex host associations, and cryptic speciation

Figure 103. Phylogenetic tree of Asphondylia species associated with goldenrods based on Bayesian analysis of partial sequence of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) mitochondrial gene. Support values are shown next to nodes.

Figures 96–101 in Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Asphondylia species (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of North American goldenrods: challenging morphology, complex host associations, and cryptic speciation

Figures 96–101. Youngomyia podophyllae: 96, male terminalia, dorsal; 97, male terminalia, inset, ventral; 98, female post-abdomen; 99, proximal part of larval spatula with associated papillae; 100, larval head and prothorax; 101, pupal exuviae, head. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Figure 104 in Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Asphondylia species (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of North American goldenrods: challenging morphology, complex host associations, and cryptic speciation

Figure 104. Phylogenetic tree of Asphondylia species associated with goldenrods based on combined Bayesian analysis of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) mitochondrial and elongation factor 1α (EF-1α) genes. Support values are shown next to nodes. Colours refer to host-plant species; icons on branches refer to galled plant organ. Rectangular brackets on right indicate species boundaries.

Figures 88–95 in Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Asphondylia species (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of North American goldenrods: challenging morphology, complex host associations, and cryptic speciation

Figures 88–95. Youngomyia podophyllae: 88, head; 89, female flagellomere 3; 90, female flagellomere 12; 91, acropod (second tiny tooth on claw not shown); 92, wing; 93, male flagellomere 3; 94, male flagellomere 8; 95, male flagellomere 12. Scale bars: 0.1 mm, except 1 mm for wing.

Figures 84–87 in Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Asphondylia species (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of North American goldenrods: challenging morphology, complex host associations, and cryptic speciation

Figures 84–87. Clinodiplosis comitis sp. nov.: 84, female post-abdomen; 85, larva head and prothorax; 86, male terminalia, dorsal; 87, larva terminal segment with associated papillae. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Figures 78–83 in Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Asphondylia species (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of North American goldenrods: challenging morphology, complex host associations, and cryptic speciation

Figures 78–83. Clinodiplosis comitis sp. nov.: 78, head; 79, male flagellomere 3; 80, female flagellomere 9; 81, female flagellomere 12; 82, wing; 83, acropod. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 4 in Phylogeny and taxonomy of Meeboldia, Sinodielsia and their relatives (Apiaceae: Apioideae) inferred from nrDNA ITS, plastid DNA intron (rpl16 and rps16) sequences and morphological characters

FIGURE 4. Mericarp morphology of Meeboldia yunnanensis, S. microloba, S. thibetica, Tongoloa zhongdianensis and Hymenidium apiolens (a–c, d–f, g–i, j–l and m–o). Fruit views are dorsal side, commissural side and transverse section for each row from left to right. Scale bars are 1 mm. Terminologies followed Kljuykov et al. (2004). cv = commissural vittae; lr = lateral rib; mar = marginal rib; mer = median rib; vv = vallecular vittae.

FIGURE 1 in Phylogeny and taxonomy of Meeboldia, Sinodielsia and their relatives (Apiaceae: Apioideae) inferred from nrDNA ITS, plastid DNA intron (rpl16 and rps16) sequences and morphological characters

FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic tree of Acronema clade (A) and Sinodielsia clade (B) derived from Bayesian inference analysis using the ITS dataset. The numbers above and below the nodes are BI-PP and ML-BS presented as percentages, respectively (> 50%). Those nodes not occurring in the ML tree are indicated by pound symbols (#). The names of the clades follow the study of Downie et al. (2010).

FIGURE 6 in Phylogeny and taxonomy of Meeboldia, Sinodielsia and their relatives (Apiaceae: Apioideae) inferred from nrDNA ITS, plastid DNA intron (rpl16 and rps16) sequences and morphological characters

FIGURE 6. Habit and morphology of Sinodielsia microloba. a. Habit. b. Compound umbels. c. Flowers. d. Cauline leaf. e. Bracts. f. Bracteoles. g. Basal leaves. h. Root. i. Fruits.

FIGURE 3 in Phylogeny and taxonomy of Meeboldia, Sinodielsia and their relatives (Apiaceae: Apioideae) inferred from nrDNA ITS, plastid DNA intron (rpl16 and rps16) sequences and morphological characters

FIGURE 3. Specimen and fruits of Meeboldia achilleifolia. a. Specimen of M. achilleifolia (From herbarium BM, barcode BM000622295, Wallich 568 (Natural History Museum 2014)). b. Attachment on the specimen with note "Meeboldia 3402 Type of Meeboldia". c. Morphology of fruits in the attachment. d. Fruits drawing of M. achilleifolia from previous research (Pu & Peng 2005).

FIGURE 5 in Phylogeny and taxonomy of Meeboldia, Sinodielsia and their relatives (Apiaceae: Apioideae) inferred from nrDNA ITS, plastid DNA intron (rpl16 and rps16) sequences and morphological characters

FIGURE 5. Diagnostic morphological characters of Meeboldia yunnanensis from Kunming, Yunnan. a. Habit. b–c. Compound umbels. d. Basal leaf. e. Root. f. Fruits.