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1,253 results for “pastures”
Data from: Climate warming and plant biomechanical defences: silicon addition contributes to herbivore suppression in a pasture grass
1. Plants, notably the Poacae, often accumulate large amounts of silicon (Si) from the soil. Si has multiple functional roles, particularly for alleviating abiotic and biotic stresses (e.g. defence against herbivores). Recent evidence suggests that environmental change, including temperature changes, can diminish Si accumulation which could affect functions such as herbivore defence. 2. Using a field warming experiment, we grew a pasture grass (Phalaris aquatica) that was either supplemented or untreated with Si (+Si and -Si, respectively) under ambient and elevated (+2.8ºC above ambient) air temperatures. We quantified soil water, plant growth rates, Si accumulation, leaf biomechanical properties and in situ relative growth rates of a herbivorous global insect pest (Helicoverpa armigera). 3. Si supplementation promoted shoot and root biomass by c. 48% and 61%, respectively under ambient temperatures, but these gains were not apparent under warmed conditions. 4. Warmer temperatures reduced Si uptake by -Si plants by c. 17%, potentially due to the lower levels of soil water content in warmed plots. Si supplementation, however, increased Si accumulation in leaves by c. 24% in warmed plots restoring Si levels to those seen under ambient temperatures. 5. Si supplementation enhanced biomechanical properties in the leaves, but this was only statistically significant under ambient temperatures; leaves of +Si plants required 42% more force to fracture and were 30% tougher at the midrib than leaves of -Si plants. The relative growth rates of H. armigera declined by 56% when feeding on +Si plants under ambient temperatures and while Si supplementation caused a trend towards declining herbivore growth rates under warmer conditions, this was not statistically significant. 6. We conclude that climate warming may mitigate the beneficial effects of Si on Phalaris aquatica in the short term, potentially by reducing Si uptake. While Si uptake can be restored with Si supplementation, Si-enhanced biomechanical defences against a global pest may not be fully restored under warmer temperatures.
Data from: Dung beetles reduce livestock gastrointestinal parasite availability on pasture
Anthelmintics are widely used to control gastrointestinal parasites of livestock. However, the residues of these compounds, particularly the macrocyclic lactones, are excreted largely unmetabolised in faeces, where they may have toxic effects on dung-colonising insects. Impoverishment of the coprophagous beetle community impairs the process of dung recycling and, as a result, may enhance the persistence of dung-dwelling helminth parasitic stages. To test this possibility, a large-scale field trial was conducted in south-west England. The availability of infective parasite helminth larvae (L3) was investigated on the herbage around 240 artificial 1 kg dung pats that had been constructed from the faeces of beef cattle with naturally acquired strongyle infections. Herbage up to 15 cm surrounding each pat was sampled at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks after deposition. Pats were subject to enhanced, natural or no dung beetle colonisation and uncontrolled or enhanced rainfall. Under uncontrolled rainfall conditions, 2 weeks after pat deposition, significantly more L3 were recovered from around pats that were exposed to beetle colonisation than from pats that were not colonised. However, by week 8, significantly fewer L3 were recovered from around pats that were exposed to beetle colonisation compared to uncolonised pats. Under conditions of enhanced rainfall, pats yielded significantly more L3 than under uncontrolled rainfall conditions, and there were no differences in recovery from herbage around pats with enhanced, natural, or no beetle colonisation. The data suggest that over the duration of a summer grazing season, temperate habitat dung colonizing insect communities, which include mainly small endocoprid dung beetles of the genus Aphodius, can reduce the development and survival of livestock gastrointestinal parasites on pastures, but that this can be overridden by the effect of high rainfall. Synthesis and applications. The work demonstrates that conservation of dung beetle populations in temperate climates is important in livestock management, not only for their essential role in dung degradation and nutrient cycling, but because their activity can also reduce the survival and availability of gastrointestinal parasites on pastures.
IMPROVING THE SYSTEM OF UTILIZING EFFICIENTS FROM PASTURE PLACES
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Figure 2 in First Occurrence and Population Dynamics of Blissus pulchellus (Hemiptera: Blissidae) in Brazil: a new pest of pastures in Roraima
Figure 2 Population dynamics of Blissus pulchellus (A) and climatic data (B) (maximum, mean and minimum temperatures and rainfall) in the municipality of Alto Alegre, Roraima, Brazil, from June 2016 to June 2018.
Fig. 6 in Elaphostrongylus and Dictyocaulus infections in Norwegian wild reindeer and red deer populations in relation to summer pasture altitude and climate
Fig. 6. Calculated range and mean (horizontal bar) of temperature for June–August 1959–2018, at the average altitude of the main summer pasture areas for eight wild reindeer and red deer populations sampled for parasitological studies 2012–2014. The results are presented separately for the two 30-year periods 1959–1988 (brown symbols) and 1989–2018 (red symbols). Reindeer populations (No): 14 Nordfjella, 2 Snøhetta, 19 Setesdal Ryfylke, 1 Forollhogna, 6 Rondane, 20 Setesdal Austhei. Red deer populations (No): 24 Ørsta, 25 Kvinnherad. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 7 in Elaphostrongylus and Dictyocaulus infections in Norwegian wild reindeer and red deer populations in relation to summer pasture altitude and climate
Fig. 7. Annual number of summer months (June–August) 1989–2018 with a calculated mean temperature ≥12 ̊C in the main summer grazing area of six wild reindeer populations and two red deer municipalities in South Norway sampled for parasitology 2012–2014. The sampling year of each population is indicated by a red dot. Reindeer populations (No): 14 Nordfjella, 2 Snøhetta, 19 Setesdal Ryfylke, 1 Forollhogna, 6 Rondane, 20 Setesdal Austhei. Red deer populations (No): 24 Ørsta, 25 Kvinnherad. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Figure 1 in Importance of riparian vegetation and wood-pastures in the maintenance of bat assemblages in a highly fragmented landscape in Veracruz, Mexico
Figure 1: Location of the study site on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico.
Predicting parasite dynamics in mixed-use trans-Himalayan pastures to underpin management of cross-transmission between livestock and bharal
<p>The complexities of multi-use landscapes require sophisticated approaches to addressing disease transmission risks. We explored gastro-intestinal nematode (GINs) infections in the North India Trans-Himalayas through a socio-ecological lens, integrating parasite transmission modelling with field surveys and local knowledge, and evaluated the likely effectiveness of potential interventions. Bharal (blue sheep; <i>Pseudois nayaur</i>), a native wild herbivore, and livestock share pasture year-round and livestock commonly show signs of GINs infection. While both wild and domestic ungulates had GINs infections, egg counts indicated significantly higher parasite burdens in bharal than livestock. However, due to higher livestock densities, they contributed more to the total count of eggs and infective larvae on pasture. Herders also reported health issues in their sheep and goats consistent with parasite infections. Model simulations suggested that pasture infectivity in this system is governed by historical pasture use and gradually accumulated larval development during the summer, with no distinct short-term flashpoints for transmission. The most effective intervention was consequently predicted to be early-season parasite suppression in livestock using temperature in spring as a cue. A one-month pause in egg output from livestock could lead to a reduction in total annual availability of infective larvae on pasture of 76%, potentially benefitting the health of both livestock and bharal. Modelling suggested that climate change over the past 33 years has led to no overall change in GINs transmission potential, but an increase in the relative influence of temperature over precipitation in driving pasture infectivity. Our study provides a transferable multi-pronged approach to investigating disease transmission, in order to support herders' livelihoods and conserve wild ungulates.</p>
Data from: Climate warming and plant biomechanical defences: silicon addition contributes to herbivore suppression in a pasture grass
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Data from: Abandoned pastures cannot spontaneously recover the attributes of old-growth savannas
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Data from: Dung beetles reduce livestock gastrointestinal parasite availability on pasture
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Data from: Interactive effects of pasture management intensity, release from grazing and prescribed fire on forty subtropical wetland plant assemblages
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Predicting parasite dynamics in mixed-use trans-Himalayan pastures to underpin management of cross-transmission between livestock and bharal
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Degraded pastures: technical efficiency, stocking rates, pasture allocation and rural credit data
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LBA-ECO ND-03 Forest and Pasture Watershed Hydrochemistry, Rondonia, Brazil
This data set consists of water chemistry data from streams, wells, rainwater, and canopy throughfall samples. The field measurements were carried out at Rancho Grande in the Brazilian state of Rondonia, in the southwestern Brazilian Amazon basin, at two adjacent watersheds, a forest (1.37 ha), and pasture (0.73 ha). Samples were collected during one entire rainy season starting in August 2004 and ending in April 2005. There is one comma-delimited data file with this data set.
LBA-ECO CD-03 Nocturnal Meteorological Data, Forest and Pasture Sites, Para, Brazil
This data set contains measurements of nocturnal meteorological profiles collected from tethered balloon platforms during July 2001, October 2001, and November 2003. Measurements were made near the pasture/agricultural tower site at km 77 on BR-163 just south of the city of Santarem, and the near the Tapajos National Forest, km 83 tower site, Santarem, Para, Brazil. Measurements collected include air temperature, wind speed and direction, and specific humidity. The 2003 measurements also included CO2 concentrations. Sites were near enough to allow comparison between sounding profiles and tower data. There are three comma-delimited ASCII files with this data set. Profiles were obtained from sunset until the first hours after sunrise. Each sounding provided information on temperature, humidity, horizontal wind magnitude and direction as the balloon went up and down. Typical soundings went up to 300 to 400 m. During most of the night, soundings were performed hourly. The balloon rose at a rate of 0.5 m per second in the first 100 m, and 2 m per second above it. The time between successive samplings was 10 s. Intensive periods of shallow, successive soundings were performed starting at dawn, to catch the early development of the convective boundary layer (CBL). These early morning soundings went up only to the capping inversion.
LBA-ECO ND-02 Cation Leaching from Forest and Pasture Soils, Para, Brazil
This data set provides a time series of calcium, magnesium, and potassium concentrations extracted from soil samples from a laboratory column extraction study conducted in 2002. Soils used in the columns were originally collected in 1998 in Fazenda Vitoria, a cattle ranch 6 km north of the town of Paragominas, Para, Brazil. The soils were from contrasting land uses of primary forest (mata), secondary forest (capoeira), or pasture (pasto). Water equilibrated with increasing concentrations of CO2 was used to extract cations from the soil columns. Data represent the time series of cation concentrations in the extract solutions as well as the total content of cations removed from the soils. There is one comma-delimited ASCII file with this data set.
LBA-ECO ND-01 Reflectance and Biophysical Measures, Grass Pastures: Rondonia, Brazil
This data set provides the results of spectral reflectance (350 to 2,500 nm at 1-nm increments) and biophysical measurements on grass pastures in eight cattle ranches in the state of Rondonia, located in the southwestern Brazilian Amazon. The ranches are located near the cities of Porto Velho, Ariquemes, Ouro Preto, Ji-Parana, and Presidente Medici. Field measurements were collected in July and August 2003. The primary grass species sampled were Brachiaria brizantha and Brachiaria decumbens. Spectrometer measurements were taken at 5-m intervals along 100 m transects on the pastures - fourteen total transects. Vegetation was sampled at 20-m intervals along the transects. All standing biomass and litter on the soil surface were collected and separated into live and senesced biomass and then dried to calculate water content. Sixty-eight reflectance spectra coincided with grass biophysical samples.Note that the research was done on private lands in Rondonia, and to protect the privacy of those land owners no geographic information is associated with the reported measurements. Three data files are included: an ENVI spectral library file with reflectance data for 484 pasture sampling points, an ASCII comma-separated file with reflectance data for the 484 pasture sampling points, and an ASCII comma-separated file with the biophysical measurements.
LBA-ECO TG-02 Biogenic VOC Emissions from Brazilian Amazon Forest and Pasture Sites
This data set reports concentrations of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) collected from tethered balloon-sampling platforms above selected forest and pasture sites in the Brazilian Amazon in March 1998, February 1999, and February 2000. The air samples were collected from forested sites in Brazil: the Tapajos forest (Para) in the Tapajos/Xingu moist forest; Balbina (Amazonas) in the Uatuma moist forest; and Jaru (Rondonia) in the Purus/Madeira moist forest. Two other sites were also located in Rondonia: at a forest reserve (Rebio Jaru) and a pasture (Fazenda Nossa Senhora Aparecida). The BVOCs measured included isoprene, alpha and beta pinene, camphene, sabinene, myrcene, limonene, and other monoterpenes. Approximately 24 to 40 soundings, including as many as four VOC samples collected simultaneously at various altitudes, were made at each site. There is one comma-delimited data file with this data set.
LBA-ECO TG-08 Soil Gas Flux after Forest and Pasture Fertilization, Rondonia, Brazil
This data set provides nitric oxide (NO), nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2) flux measurements, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) pools, net N mineralization and nitrification rates, and measurements of soil moisture, in response to nitrogen and phosphorus soil fertilization treatments. The research was conducted in a mature moist tropical forest and an 11-year pasture at Nova Vida in Rondonia, in the Brazilian Amazon, in 1998 and 1999. There is one comma-delimited ASCII data file with this data set.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.