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1,568 results for “slope”
Data from: Numerical simulation of the free surface and water inflow of a slope, considering the nonlinear flow properties of gravel layers: a case study
Groundwater is an important factor of slope stability, and ninety percent of slope failures are related to the influence of groundwater. In the past, free surface calculations and the prediction of water inflow were based on Darcy's law. However, Darcy's law for steady fluid flow is a special case of non-Darcy flow, and many types of non-Darcy flows occur in practical engineering applications. In this paper, based on the experimental results of laboratory water seepage tests, the seepage state of each soil layer in the open-pit slope of the Yanshan Iron Mine, China, were determined, and the seepage parameters were obtained. The seepage behaviour in the silt layer, fine sand layer, silty clay layer, and gravelly clay layer followed the traditional Darcy law, while the gravel layers showed clear nonlinear characteristics. The relation among the permeability, the porosity and the non-Darcy coefficient is investigated. A coupled mathematical model is established for two flow fields, on the basis of Darcy flow in the low-permeability layers and Forchheimer flow in the high-permeability layers. In addition, we considered the effect of the seepage in the slope on the transition from Darcy flow to Forchheimer flow. Then, a numerical simulation was conducted by using finite element software (LELAC 2.2). The results indicate that the free surface calculated by the Darcy-Forchheimer model is in good agreement with the in situ measurements; however, there is an evident deviation of the simulation results from the measured data when the Darcy model is used. Through a parameter sensitivity analysis of the gravel layers, we found that the height of the overflow point and the water inflow calculated by the Darcy-Forchheimer model are consistently less than those of the Darcy model, and the discrepancy between these two models increase as the permeability increases. The necessity of adopting the Darcy-Forchheimer model was explained.
Data from: Artificial selection on allometry: change in elevation but not slope
To what extent within-species (static) allometries constitute a constraint on evolution is the subject of a long-standing debate in evolutionary biology. A prerequisite for the constraint hypothesis is that static allometries are hard to change. Several studies have attempted to test this hypothesis with artificial-selection experiments, but their results remain inconclusive due to various methodological issues. Here, we present results from an experiment in which we selected independently on the slope and the elevation of the allometric relation between caudal-fin size and body size in male guppies (Poecilia reticulata). After three episodes of selection, the allometric elevation (i.e. intercept at constant slope) had diverged markedly between the lines selected to increase or decrease it, and showed a realized heritability of 50%. In contrast, the allometric slope remained unaffected by selection. These results suggest that the allometric elevation is more evolvable than the allometric slope, this latter representing a potential constraint on adaptive trait evolution. To our knowledge, this study is the first artificial-selection experiment that directly tests the evolvability of static allometric slopes.
Data from: Evolution of static allometries: adaptive change in allometric slopes of eye span in stalk-eyed flies
Julian Huxley showed that within-species (static) allometric (power-law) relations can arise from proportional growth regulation with the exponent in the power law equaling the factor of proportionality. Allometric exponents may therefore be hard to change and act as constraints on the independent evolution of traits. In apparent contradiction to this, many empirical studies have concluded that static allometries are evolvable. Many of these studies have been based, however, on a broad definition of allometry that includes any monotonic shape change with size, and do not falsify the hypothesis of constrained narrow-sense allometry. Here, we present the first phylogenetic comparative study of narrow-sense allometric exponents based on a reanalysis of data on eye span and body size in stalk-eyed flies (Diopsidae). Consistent with a role in sexual selection, we found strong evidence that male slopes were tracking "optima" based on sexual dimorphism and relative male trait size. This tracking was slow, however, with estimated times of 2-3 million years for adaptation to exceed ancestral influence on the trait. Our results are therefore consistent with adaptive evolution on million-year time scales, but cannot rule out that static allometry may act as a constraint on eye-span adaptation at shorter time scales.
Supplementary material 1 from: Haľková B, Tuf IH, Tajovský K, Mock A (2020) Subterranean biodiversity and depth distribution of myriapods in forested scree slopes of Central Europe. In: Korsós Z, Dányi L (Eds) Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Myriapodology, Budapest, Hungary. ZooKeys 930: 117-137. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.930.48914
Table S1
Figure 1 from: Haľková B, Tuf IH, Tajovský K, Mock A (2020) Subterranean biodiversity and depth distribution of myriapods in forested scree slopes of Central Europe. In: Korsós Z, Dányi L (Eds) Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Myriapodology, Budapest, Hungary. ZooKeys 930: 117-137. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.930.48914
Figure 1 Location of the study sites. 1 Doline next to Silická ľadnica Ice Cave 2 Vysoká Hill (both sites in Slovak Karst National Park) 3 Drienok Valley (Revúcka Highlands) 4 Belinské skaly (Cerová vrchovina Highlands) 5 Okopanec Hill (Malé Karpaty Mts.) 6–8 Three localities near the Zbrašov Aragonite Caves and Hůrka u Hranic (Moravian-Silesian Foothills) 9–11 Three localities in Chrudim region (Iron Mts.).
Supplementary material 2 from: Haľková B, Tuf IH, Tajovský K, Mock A (2020) Subterranean biodiversity and depth distribution of myriapods in forested scree slopes of Central Europe. In: Korsós Z, Dányi L (Eds) Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Myriapodology, Budapest, Hungary. ZooKeys 930: 117-137. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.930.48914
Table S2
Figure 4 from: Haľková B, Tuf IH, Tajovský K, Mock A (2020) Subterranean biodiversity and depth distribution of myriapods in forested scree slopes of Central Europe. In: Korsós Z, Dányi L (Eds) Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Myriapodology, Budapest, Hungary. ZooKeys 930: 117-137. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.930.48914
Figure 4 Graphical presentation of myriapod community characteristics in different fixative solutions (N = number of individuals). A Formaldehyde to ethylene glycol ratio of sampled centipede species from all study sites, where both fixating solutions were used B formaldehyde to ethylene glycol ratio of sampled millipede species from all study sites, where both fixating solutions were used.
Figure 2 from: Haľková B, Tuf IH, Tajovský K, Mock A (2020) Subterranean biodiversity and depth distribution of myriapods in forested scree slopes of Central Europe. In: Korsós Z, Dányi L (Eds) Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Myriapodology, Budapest, Hungary. ZooKeys 930: 117-137. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.930.48914
Figure 2 A Overall depth distribution of centipede individuals and species B values of Shannon's diversity index and Pielou's evenness index, calculated for centipedes, at each of the study sites C mean values of Shannon's diversity index (±SD) calculated for centipedes, at each depth of the gradient (summarised data from all localities) D overall depth distribution of millipede individuals and species E values of Shannon's diversity index and Pielou's evenness index, calculated for millipedes, at each of the study sites F mean values of Shannon's diversity index (±SD) calculated for millipedes, at each depth of the gradient.
Figure 5 from: Haľková B, Tuf IH, Tajovský K, Mock A (2020) Subterranean biodiversity and depth distribution of myriapods in forested scree slopes of Central Europe. In: Korsós Z, Dányi L (Eds) Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Myriapodology, Budapest, Hungary. ZooKeys 930: 117-137. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.930.48914
Figure 5 Vertical distribution of myriapods along the depth gradient in different fixative solutions (data recalculated for the same number of traps). Trend line: dashed = formaldehyde, dotted = ethylene glycol. A Vertical distribution of Chilopoda specimens along the depth gradient (5–95 cm) at five scree slopes in different fixative solutions B vertical distribution of centipede species along the depth gradient at five scree slopes in different fixative solutions C vertical distribution of Diplopoda specimens along the depth gradient (5–95 cm) at five scree slopes in different fixative solutions D vertical distribution of millipede species along the depth gradient at five scree slopes in different fixative solutions.
Figure 3 from: Haľková B, Tuf IH, Tajovský K, Mock A (2020) Subterranean biodiversity and depth distribution of myriapods in forested scree slopes of Central Europe. In: Korsós Z, Dányi L (Eds) Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Myriapodology, Budapest, Hungary. ZooKeys 930: 117-137. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.930.48914
Figure 3 Generalised Additive Models of depth distribution pattern of A centipedes and B millipedes. Only species with significant pattern are illustrated. (F-values, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01): ALamyctes emarginatus (13.1**), Lithobius forficatus (17.2**), Lithobius lucifugus (5.0*), Lithobius nodulipes (9.7**) BArchiboreoiulus pallidus (22.7**), Cylindroiulus nitidus (5.4*), Glomeris connexa (5.4*), Hylebainosoma tatranum (5.4*), Leptoiulus proximus (7.3*), Mastigona bosniensis (10.5**), Megaphyllum projectum (5.4*), Melogona transsylvanica (15.2**), Polydesmus complanatus (13.1**), Trachysphaera acutula (5.4*), Unciger foetidus (4.9*).
FIGURE 3 in A beautiful new yellow salamander, genus Bolitoglossa (Caudata: Plethodontidae), from the northeastern slopes of the Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica
FIGURE 3. Bolitoglossa aurae sp. nov. Photograph taken by BK.
FIGURE 3 in A new species of Noblella (Amphibia: Strabomantidae) from the western slopes of the Andes of Ecuador
FIGURE 3. Ventral view of hand and foot of Noblella coloma, QCAZ 26307, adult male, holotype.
FIGURE 1 in A new species of Noblella (Amphibia: Strabomantidae) from the western slopes of the Andes of Ecuador
FIGURE 1. Noblella coloma in life, QCAZ 26307, adult male, holotype. Photos by Luis A. Coloma.
FIGURE 5 in On new collections of deep-sea Gadiformes (Actinopterygii: Teleostei) from the Brazilian continental slope, between 11 ° and 23 ° S
FIGURE 5. Bathymetric distribution of the gadiforms collected on the Brazilian continental slope.
FIGURE 1 in A new species of fringe-limb frog, genus Ecnomiohyla (Anura: Hylidae), from the Atlantic slope of Costa Rica, Central America
FIGURE 1. Ecnomiohyla sukia new species. Hand (left) and foot (right). Uncataloged paratype.
FIGURE 8 in Mudwigglus gen. n. (Nematoda: Diplopeltidae) from the continental slope of New Zealand, with description of three new species and notes on their distribution
FIGURE 8. Mudwigglus plebeius gen. et sp. n. A: Entire male; B: entire female. Scale bar = 50 Μm.
FIGURE 6. Paramphimonhystrella barbula A in Four new Paramphimonhystrella species (Nematoda: Xyalidae) from the continental slope of New Zealand
FIGURE 6. Paramphimonhystrella barbula A: Entire male; B: entire female. Scale bar = 50 µm.
FIGURE 1 in New and little-known cheilostomatous Bryozoa from the south and southeastern Brazilian continental shelf and slope
FIGURE 1. Map of sampling area.
FIGURE 2 in An enigmatic new species of Glassfrog (Amphibia: Anura: Centrolenidae) from the Amazonian Andean slopes of Ecuador
FIGURE 2. Map of Ecuador showing the type locality of Cochranella amelie
FIGURE 1 in An enigmatic new species of Glassfrog (Amphibia: Anura: Centrolenidae) from the Amazonian Andean slopes of Ecuador
FIGURE 1. Holotype of Cochranella amelie in life (DHMECN 3066), adult male, SVL = 18.3 mm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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