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Figure 4 in Molecular phylogeny, systematics and generic classification of the butterfly subfamily Trapezitinae (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea: Hesperiidae)

Figure 4. Wing venation of male Atkinsia dominula comb. nov.: A, forewing, showing sex-brand; and B, hindwing.

Figure 3 in Molecular phylogeny, systematics and generic classification of the butterfly subfamily Trapezitinae (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea: Hesperiidae)

Figure 3. Female genitalia of Atkinsia dominula comb. nov. from the northern and southern ends of its geographical range: A, ventral view, Barrington Tops, NSW, Australia; and B, ventral view, Great Lake, TAS, Australia.

Figure 2 in Molecular phylogeny, systematics and generic classification of the butterfly subfamily Trapezitinae (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea: Hesperiidae)

Figure 2. Male genitalia of Atkinsia dominula comb. nov. from the northern and southern ends of its geographical range: A, lateral view with left valva removed, Deervale, NSW, Australia; B, external view of left valva, Deervale, NSW, Australia; C, lateral view with left valva removed, Great Lake, TAS, Australia; and D, external view of left valva, Great Lake, TAS, Australia.

Figure 1 in Molecular phylogeny, systematics and generic classification of the butterfly subfamily Trapezitinae (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea: Hesperiidae)

Figure 1. Maximum likelihood molecular phylogeny of the Trapezitinae inferred using a concatenated dataset of five loci (one mitochondrial and four nuclear). Branch support is given according to the embedded key. Taxa for which taxonomic changes are proposed in the present study are highlighted in purple. Photographs of specimens in situ are presented on the right side of the figure, and illustrated species are labelled with a small asterisk (ordered from top to bottom). Photograph credits: Hesperilla ornata © Michael Jefferies; Anisynta dominula © John Tann; Trapezites iacchoides © Steven Brown; Rachelia icosia © C.J.M.; all others are by M.F.B.

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Deep cis-regulatory homology of the butterfly wing pattern groundplan

Butterfly wing patterns derive from a deeply conserved developmental groundplan, yet are highly diverse and evolve rapidly. It is poorly understood how gene regulatory architectures can accommodate both deep homology and adaptive change. To address this, we characterized the cis-regulatory evolution of the groundplan gene WntA in nymphalid butterflies. Comparative ATAC-seq and in vivo knockouts of 46 Cis-Regulatory Elements (CREs) across five species revealed extensive sequence homology of groundplan CREs, except in monarch butterflies. Most CRE perturbation assays showed effects spanning multiple elements and encoding both positive and negative regulatory functionality. Our results provide little support for models predicting rapid turnover of single-trait enhancers and suggest morphological change within a tissue is achieved by tuning deeply conserved and highly sensitive networks of interdependent CREs.

Fig. 6 in Extremely Endangered Butterflies of Scattered Central European Dry Grasslands Under Current Habitat Alteration

Fig. 6. Species Distribution Models (MaxEnt) for three steppe butterflies, (a) C. briseis, (b) P. damon, (c) P. dorylas. Diagrams show BIOCLIM variables selected by jackknife procedure and their contribution to the model (explained variation) (x-axes: the value of the variable, y-axes: predicted values).The climatic niche is modelled for the last interglacial period (–130 ky), the glacial maximum (–21 ky), Younger Dryas (–12 ky), mid Holocene (–6 ky), current situation, and the future (2050) with an RCP4.5 climate change scenario. Purple colors show the suitability, including the least suitable training record (minimum training presence threshold), and orange colors the suitability of 90% of the training data (tenth percentile training presence threshold).The glacial sheet was adopted after Ehlers et al. (2011).

Fig. 3. Phylogeographic analyses for the butterfly P in Extremely Endangered Butterflies of Scattered Central European Dry Grasslands Under Current Habitat Alteration

Fig. 3. Phylogeographic analyses for the butterfly P. damon: (a) distribution range (shaded) with locations of samples colored and symbolized by COI BAPS groups, (b) TCS haplotype network, (c) Maximum Likelihood tree (COI + wingless). Branch labels show bootstrap values higher than 50%. Sequences in the network and the tree were assigned to geographical or political regions (described by the legend). Question marks on the map stand for uncertainty in the species distribution and EX. for extinct populations.

Fig. 2. Phylogeographic analyses for the butterfly C in Extremely Endangered Butterflies of Scattered Central European Dry Grasslands Under Current Habitat Alteration

Fig. 2. Phylogeographic analyses for the butterfly C. briseis: (a) distribution range (shaded) with locations of samples colored and symbolized by COI BAPS groups, (b) TCS haplotype network, (c) Maximum Likelihood tree (COI + wingless). Branch labels show bootstrap values higher than 50%. Sequences in the network and the tree were assigned to geographic or political regions (described by the legend).

Fig. 5 in Extremely Endangered Butterflies of Scattered Central European Dry Grasslands Under Current Habitat Alteration

Fig. 5. Genetic landscapes for three steppe butterflies, (a) C. briseis, (b) P. damon, (c) P. dorylas, based on residual COI genetic distances. Warmer colors show higher genetic distances among neighboring populations (barriers).

Fig. 1 in Extremely Endangered Butterflies of Scattered Central European Dry Grasslands Under Current Habitat Alteration

Fig. 1. Localities of the study species in Central Europe (AT, CZ, four federal states of DE, HU, SK), distinguishing recently occupied (color), recently (i.e., post- 2010) extinct (white), recently not inventoried (light gray), and (re)introduced (including failed attempts, dark gray) populations of C. briseis (circles), P. damon (triangles), and P. dorylas (stars). See text for comments on their much denser distribution in the region just a few decades ago. Species P. damon and P. dorylas are present also in the Austrian Alps (not displayed on the map), and a few more (sub)recent populations of the two species are expected in lowland eastern AT.

Fig. 4. Phylogeographic analyses for the butterfly P in Extremely Endangered Butterflies of Scattered Central European Dry Grasslands Under Current Habitat Alteration

Fig. 4. Phylogeographic analyses for the butterfly P. dorylas: (a) distribution range (shaded) with locations of samples colored and symbolized by COI BAPS groups, (b) TCS haplotype network, (c) Maximum Likelihood tree (COI + wingless). Branch labels show bootstrap values higher than 50%. Sequences in the network and the tree were assigned to geographical or political regions (described by the legend). Question marks on the map stand for uncertainty in the species distribution and EX. for extinct populations.

FIGURE 38 in Sertania gen. nov., a new genus of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) from the South American dry diagonal

FIGURE 38. Relationships among Sertania gen. nov. and selected species in the genus Emesis, Baeotis and Apodemia based on DNA "barcodes". Numbers near branch nodes are bootstrap branch support.

FIGURES 34–37 in Sertania gen. nov., a new genus of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) from the South American dry diagonal

FIGURES 34–37. Overview of Sertania gen. nov. habitats in South American 'dry diagonal'. 34–35, Sertania guttata comb. nov., monte vegetation (34) in Anillaco, La Rioja, and Chaco serrano (35) in Capilla del Monte, Cordoba, Argentina; 36, Sertania jaibensis comb. nov., stat. nov., rocky montane fields in Sempre Vivas National Park, Buenópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil; 37, Sertania lambedor comb. nov., stat. nov., arboreal caatinga in Custódia, Pernambuco, Brazil. Photos (36) by CA Iserhard and (37) by DHA Melo.

FIGURE 33 in Sertania gen. nov., a new genus of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) from the South American dry diagonal

FIGURE 33. Distribution map of Sertania gen. nov. species (based on examined material and additional records; see text for details), showing the distribution of the three major dry South American biomes (Caatinga, Cerrado and Chaco). Black triangles = Sertania guttata comb. nov,; black dots = Sertania jaibensis comb. nov., stat. nov.; black squares = Sertania lambedor comb. nov., stat. nov.

FIGURES 27–32 in Sertania gen. nov., a new genus of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) from the South American dry diagonal

FIGURES 27–32. Female genitalia of Sertania gen. nov. species. 27, Sertania guttata comb. nov. from Pichinal, Salta, Argentina (CJC), ventral view. 28–30, Sertania jaibensis comb. nov., stat. nov. from Buenópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil (ZUEC), papilla analis (28), sterigma in ventral view (29), note the oval opening (arrow), signus (30). 31–32, Sertania lambedor comb. nov., stat. nov. from Ibimirim, Pernambuco, Brazil (ZUEC), sterigma in ventral view (31), note the circular opening (arrow), signus (32). Scale bars = 0.5 mm (Fig. 27) and 0.1 mm (Figs 28–32).

FIGURES 19–26 in Sertania gen. nov., a new genus of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) from the South American dry diagonal

FIGURES 19–26. Male genitalia of Sertania gen. nov. species. 19–22, Sertania guttata comb. nov. from Punta de los Llanos, La Rioja, Argentina (ZUEC), lateral view (19), tegumen and uncus in dorsal view (20), tegumen and uncus in lateral view (21), valvae in lateral view (22). 23–24, Sertania jaibensis comb. nov., stat. nov. paratype from Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil (DZUP), tegumen and uncus in lateral view (23), valvae in lateral view (24). 25–26, Sertania lambedor comb. nov., stat. nov. from Ibimirim, Pernambuco, Brazil (ZUEC), tegumen and uncus in lateral view (25), valvae in lateral view (26). Scale bars = 0.25 mm.

FIGURES 39–44 in Sertania gen. nov., a new genus of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) from the South American dry diagonal

FIGURES 39–44. Live adults of Sertania gen. nov. in the field. 39–41, Sertania guttata comb. nov., male in Capilla del Monte (39–40) and female (41) in Carlos Paz, Cordoba, Argentina; 42–44, Sertania lambedor comb. nov., stat. nov., perching male in Custódia (42) and Floresta (43) and female (44) on flower in Salgueiro, Pernambuco, Brazil. Scale bar = 1 cm. Photos (41) by G. Muriziasco and (42–44) by DHA Melo.

FIGURES 13–18 in Sertania gen. nov., a new genus of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) from the South American dry diagonal

FIGURES 13–18. Adult morphology of Sertania guttata comb. nov. from Punta de los Llanos, La Rioja, Argentina. 13–16 in lateral view. 13, male palpus; 14, male foreleg; 15, male middle leg; 16, female foreleg; 17, forewing venation; 18, hind wing venation. Scale bars = 0.5 and 1.8 mm.

FIGURES 1–12 in Sertania gen. nov., a new genus of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) from the South American dry diagonal

FIGURES 1–12. Sertania gen. nov. species in dorsal and ventral views, respectively. 1–4, Sertania guttata comb. nov., male (DNA-voucher BLU882) (1–2) from Capilla del Monte, Cordoba, Argentina (ZUEC), and female (3–4) from La Rioja, Argentina (MACN); 5–8, Sertania jaibensis comb. nov., stat. nov., male holotype (5–6) from Jaíba, Minas Gerais, Brazil (MNRJ), and female (DNA-voucher NS0104) (7–8) from Sempre Vivas National Park, Buenópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil (ZUEC); 9–12, Sertania lambedor comb. nov., stat. nov., male (DNA-voucher BLU889) (9–10) from Custódia, Pernambuco, Brazil (ZUEC), and female (11–12) from Catimbau National Park, Pernambuco, Brazil (Cemafauna-Univasf). Scale bar = 1 cm.