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FIGURES 2–25 in Taxonomy and ecology of Achnanthidium (Bacillariophyta, Achnanthidiaceae) from southeastern Brazil with the description of six new species

FIGURES 2–25. LM and SEM images of Achnanthidium acutum sp. nov. from type material (SP-427898), Rio Grande reservoir, São Paulo state. Figure 17 corresponds to the holotype. 2–12. LM views of raphe valves. 13–20. LM views of rapheless valves. 21. SEM external view of raphe valves showing striation pattern, axial and central areas. 22. SEM external detail of the distal raphe end. 23. SEM external view of the rapheless valve showing striation pattern, axial and central areas. 24. SEM internal view of the raphe valve. 25. SEM internal view of the rapheless valve. LM scale bar = 10 μm. SEM scale bars indicated in each figure.

FIGURES 194–214 in Taxonomy and ecology of Achnanthidium (Bacillariophyta, Achnanthidiaceae) from southeastern Brazil with the description of six new species

FIGURES 194–214. LM and SEM images of Achnanthidium ritae sp. nov. from the type (SP-427904) from Billings complex, Taquacetuba branch, São Paulo state. Figure 205 corresponds to the holotype. 194–201. LM views of raphe valves. 202–210. LM views of rapheless valves. 211. SEM external view of raphe valve showing striation pattern, axial and central areas. 212. SEM internal view of the raphe valve. 213. SEM external view of the rapheless valves showing striation pattern, axial and central areas. 214. SEM internal view of the rapheless valve. LM scale bar = 10 μm. SEM scale bars indicated in each figure.

FIGURES 238–259 in Taxonomy and ecology of Achnanthidium (Bacillariophyta, Achnanthidiaceae) from southeastern Brazil with the description of six new species

FIGURES 238–259. LM and SEM images of Achnanthidium tropicocatenatum from Cachoeira do França reservoir, São Paulo state (type locality, SP-469430). 238–243. LM views of raphe valves. 244–251. LM views of rapheless valves. 252, 253. Girdle views of the taxon. 254. SEM external view of raphe valve showing striation pattern, axial and central areas. 255. SEM internal view of the raphe valve. 256. SEM internal detail of the proximal raphe end. 257, 258. SEM external view of the rapheless valves showing striation pattern, axial and central areas. 259. SEM internal view of the rapheless valve. LM scale bar = 10 μm. SEM scale bars indicated in each figure.

FIGURES 100–116 in Taxonomy and ecology of Achnanthidium (Bacillariophyta, Achnanthidiaceae) from southeastern Brazil with the description of six new species

FIGURES 100–116. LM and SEM images of Achnanthidium parvicapitatum sp. nov. from the type (SP-469524) from Santa Helena reservoir, São Paulo state. Figure 108 corresponds to the holotype. 100–105. LM views of raphe valves. 106–111. LM views of rapheless valves. 112. Girdle view of the new taxon. 113. SEM external view of raphe valve showing striation pattern, axial and central areas. 114. SEM internal view of the raphe and rapheless valves. 115. SEM external view of the rapheless valves showing striation pattern, axial and central areas, including the presence of two small punctuations on central area. 116. SEM internal view of the rapheless valve. LM scale bar = 10 μm. SEM scale bars indicated in each figure.

FIGURES 45–71 in Taxonomy and ecology of Achnanthidium (Bacillariophyta, Achnanthidiaceae) from southeastern Brazil with the description of six new species

FIGURES 45–71. LM and SEM images of Achnanthidium lusitanicum from Garças Lake, São Paulo state (SP-469485). 45–56. LM views of raphe valves. 57–65. LM views of rapheless valves. 66, 67. SEM external view of raphe valves showing striation pattern, axial and central areas. 68. SEM internal view of the raphe valve. 69, 70. SEM external view of the rapheless valves showing striation pattern, axial and central areas. 71. SEM internal view of the rapheless valve. LM scale bar = 10 μm. SEM scale bars indicated in each figure.

FIGURES 144–165 in Taxonomy and ecology of Achnanthidium (Bacillariophyta, Achnanthidiaceae) from southeastern Brazil with the description of six new species

FIGURES 144–165. LM and SEM images of Achnanthidium peetersianum from Rifaína city, São Paulo state (SP371175). 144–154. LM views of raphe valves. 155–157. LM views of rapheless valves. 158, 159. Girdle views of the taxon. 160–162. SEM external view of raphe valves showing striation pattern, axial and central areas and the terminal raphe fissures deflected. 163. SEM internal view of the raphe valve. 164, 165. SEM external view of the rapheless valves showing striation pattern, axial and central areas. LM scale bar = 10 μm. SEM scale bars indicated in each figure.

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Socio-ecological gap analysis to forecast species range contractions for conservation

Conservation requires both a needs assessment and prioritization scheme for planning and implementation. Range maps are critical for understanding and conserving biodiversity, but current range maps often omit content, negating important metrics of variation in populations and places. Here, we integrate a myriad of conditions that are spatially explicit across distributions of carnivores to identify gaps in capacity necessary for their conservation. Expanding on traditional gap analyses that focus almost exclusively on quantifying discordance in protected area coverage across a species' range, our work aggregates threat layers (e.g., drought, human pressures) with resources layers (e.g., protected areas, cultural diversity) to identify gaps in available conservation capacity (ACC) across ranges for 91 African carnivores. Our model indicated that all species have some portion of their range at risk of contraction, with an average of 15 percentage range loss. We found that the ACC differed based on body size and taxonomy. Results deviated from current perceptions of extinction risks for species with an International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) threat status of Least Concern and yielded insights for species categorized as Data Deficient. Our socio-ecological gap analysis presents a geospatial approach to inform decision-making and resource allocation in conservation. Ultimately, our work advances forecasting dynamics of species' ranges that are increasingly vital in an era of great socio-ecological change to mitigate human–wildlife conflict and promote inclusive carnivore conservation across geographies.

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Abundance variations within feeding guilds reveal ecological mechanisms behind avian species richness pattern along the elevational gradient of Mount Cameroon

Two distinct diversity patterns are observed along tropical elevations: (a) decreasing number of species towards high elevations and (b) a hump-shaped pattern with the peak at mid-elevations. As diversity is likely supported by ecological capacity of the environment, decomposition of the overall richness into ecological facets and considering number of individuals within them is crucial for the proper understanding of richness patterns. We examined abundances of different avian guilds along the forested part of the elevational gradient on Mt. Cameroon. We (a) compared richness and abundance elevational patterns, (b) assessed the effective contribution of multiple guilds to richness and abundance patterns, and (b) assessed to which extent observed abundances of guilds differ from those expected by chance. We sampled birds in 2011–2015 during the dry season at seven elevations (30 m, 350 m, 650 m, 1100 m, 1500 m, 1850 m, 2200 m a.s.l.). For each assemblage, we estimated proportions of species and individuals that use particular diets, foraging modes, and feeding strata. We found that a rather decreasing pattern of species richness turns into a hump-shaped one if we look at the total abundances, implying different mechanisms behind these patterns. The number of species and individuals thus do not seem to be directly related, contrary to 'the more-individuals hypothesis'. Abundances of foliage gleaners at mid-elevations, nectarivores at high elevations, and frugivores at low elevations deviated from random expectations. Our results suggest that parts of ecological space are filled partly separately by bird species and individuals along elevation of Mt. Cameroon.

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Ensemble Ecological Niche Models, in 2019 and across RCP 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5 scenarios in 2050 and 2100, of 1508 European Marine Species based on Ecological Niche Models developed with Artificial Neural Networks, Maximum Entropy, Support Vector Machines, and AquaMaps at 0.5° Resolution

Ensemble Ecological Niche Models, in 2019 and across RCP 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5 scenarios in 2050 and 2100, of 1508 European marine species based on Ecological Niche Models developed with (i) Artificial Neural Networks, (ii) Maximum Entropy, (iii) Support Vector Machines, and (iv) AquaMaps at 0.5° Resolution. The data report, for each 0.5° cell, how many models (from 0 to 4) overcome a model-specific decision threshold to assess species presence in the cell.

FIGURE 53 in Revision of Alpheus euphrosyne De Man, 1897 and A. microrhynchus De Man, 1897, with description of three new species and taxonomic remarks on several other morphologically and ecologically similar snapping shrimps (Malacostraca: Decapoda: Alpheidae)

FIGURE 53. Alpheus euphrosyne De Man, 1897 complex in the northern and western Indian Ocean: A—Alpheus cf. mangalis sp. nov. (upper row) and A. euphrosyne (lower row) from an estuary near Kochi, India; B, C—Alpheus cf. eurydactylus De Man, 1920, ovigerious female (cl indet.) from Kochi, India (RMNH.Crus.D.49749), lateral view (B) and pleon and tail fan, dorsal view; D, E—Alpheus sp. euphrosyne complex (?), female photographed in situ in a mangrove at Watamu, Kenya. Photographs courtesy of Mahadevan Harikrishnan (A), Juan C. Miquel (B, C) and Dawn Goebbels (D, E).

FIGURE 51 in Revision of Alpheus euphrosyne De Man, 1897 and A. microrhynchus De Man, 1897, with description of three new species and taxonomic remarks on several other morphologically and ecologically similar snapping shrimps (Malacostraca: Decapoda: Alpheidae)

FIGURE 51. Distributional maps for species of Alpheus treated in this study: A—A. eurphrosyne De Man, 1897; B—A. eurydactylus De Man, 1920; C—A. richardsoni Yaldwyn, 1971; D—A. microrhynchus De Man, 1897; E—A. cyanoteles Yeo & Ng, 1996; F—A. nomurai sp. nov.

FIGURE 52 in Revision of Alpheus euphrosyne De Man, 1897 and A. microrhynchus De Man, 1897, with description of three new species and taxonomic remarks on several other morphologically and ecologically similar snapping shrimps (Malacostraca: Decapoda: Alpheidae)

FIGURE 52. Distributional maps for species of Alpheus treated in this study: A—A. takla sp. nov.; B—A. mangalis sp. nov. and A. cf. mangalis sp. nov.; C—A. songkla Banner & Banner, 1966 and A. cf. songkla (see text); D—A. paludicola Kemp, 1915, A. nipa Banner & Banner, 1985 and A. bunburius Banner & Banner, 1982; E—A. pontederiae de Rochebrune, 1883; F—A. firmus Kim & Abele, 1988 and A. cf. firmus (see text).

FIGURE 47 in Revision of Alpheus euphrosyne De Man, 1897 and A. microrhynchus De Man, 1897, with description of three new species and taxonomic remarks on several other morphologically and ecologically similar snapping shrimps (Malacostraca: Decapoda: Alpheidae)

FIGURE 47. Alpheus pontederiae de Rochebrune, 1883: female (cl indet.) from Orinoco Delta, Venezuela (MZUSP) [A–E]; male (cl indet.) from the same locality (MZUSP) [F–H]; A—frontal region, dorsal view; B, F—major (left) cheliped, mesial view; C—same, lateral view; D—same, chela fingers opened, mesial view; E—minor (right) cheliped, mesial view; G—minor (right) cheliped, lateral view; H, same, chela, dorsal view.

FIGURE 49 in Revision of Alpheus euphrosyne De Man, 1897 and A. microrhynchus De Man, 1897, with description of three new species and taxonomic remarks on several other morphologically and ecologically similar snapping shrimps (Malacostraca: Decapoda: Alpheidae)

FIGURE 49. Alpheus firmus Kim & Abele, 1988: female (cl indet.) [A] and male (cl indet.) [B] from Miraflores Locks, Panama Canal, Panama (specimens not deposited, see text); A, B—habitus, dorsal view. Photographs by the author.

FIGURE 46 in Revision of Alpheus euphrosyne De Man, 1897 and A. microrhynchus De Man, 1897, with description of three new species and taxonomic remarks on several other morphologically and ecologically similar snapping shrimps (Malacostraca: Decapoda: Alpheidae)

FIGURE 46. Alpheus bunburius Banner & Banner, 1982: holotype, female (cl 13.7 mm) from Bunbury, Western Australia (WAM 271-65) [A–D]; A—third pereiopod, lateral view; B—same, propodus and dactylus, lateral view; C, D—same, dactylus in mesial [C] and dorsal [D] views (simple setae omitted in B–D). Alpheus richardsoni Yaldwyn, 1971: female (cl 9.5 mm) from Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia (OUMNH.ZC. 2009.09.16) [E–G]; E—third pereiopod, lateral view; F—same, distal part of propodus and dactylus, lateral view; G—same, dactylus, dorsal view (simple setae omitted in F, G).

FIGURE 45 in Revision of Alpheus euphrosyne De Man, 1897 and A. microrhynchus De Man, 1897, with description of three new species and taxonomic remarks on several other morphologically and ecologically similar snapping shrimps (Malacostraca: Decapoda: Alpheidae)

FIGURE 45. Alpheus nipa Banner & Banner, 1985: paratype, male (cl indet., range: 6.2–7.5 mm) from off Medan, Sumatra, Indonesia (ZMUC CRU-7526); A—rostro-orbital region of carapace, dorsal view; B—frontal region, lateral view; C— ventromesial carina of first article of antennular peduncle, lateral view; D—antennal scaphocerite, dorsal view; E—third maxilliped, lateral view [arthrobranch not drawn]; F—same, detail of branchial structures on exopod, mesial view; G—major (right) cheliped, chela, mesial view; H—same, distal part of chela, fingers open, lateral view; I—second pleopod, appendices masculina and interna; J—right uropod, detail of distolateral angle, dorsal view.

FIGURE 43. Alpheus paludicola Kemp 1915 in Revision of Alpheus euphrosyne De Man, 1897 and A. microrhynchus De Man, 1897, with description of three new species and taxonomic remarks on several other morphologically and ecologically similar snapping shrimps (Malacostraca: Decapoda: Alpheidae)

FIGURE 43. Alpheus paludicola Kemp 1915: paralectotype, male (cl 5.2 mm) from from Chilika Lake, India (NHM 1919.11.1.2) [A, C]; lectotype, male (cl 5.5 mm) from the same locality (NHM 1919.11.1.1) [B, D–H]; A—frontal region, dorsal view; B— same, lateral view; C—antennal scaphocerite (detached), dorsal view; D—major (left) cheliped, chela, carpus and distal part of merus, mesial view; E—same, lateral view; F—same, distal part of chela, fingers open, mesial view; G—minor (right) cheliped, lateral view (linea impressa omitted); H—same, chela, lateral view.

FIGURE 44 in Revision of Alpheus euphrosyne De Man, 1897 and A. microrhynchus De Man, 1897, with description of three new species and taxonomic remarks on several other morphologically and ecologically similar snapping shrimps (Malacostraca: Decapoda: Alpheidae)

FIGURE 44. Alpheus nipa Banner & Banner, 1985: paratypes, males (cl 6.2–7.5 mm) from off Medan, Sumatra, Indonesia (ZMUC CRU-7526), detached chelipeds; A—major (right) cheliped, lateral view; B—same, mesial view; C—minor (right) cheliped, lateral view; D—same, dorsolateral view; E—same, mesial view.

FIGURE 40 in Revision of Alpheus euphrosyne De Man, 1897 and A. microrhynchus De Man, 1897, with description of three new species and taxonomic remarks on several other morphologically and ecologically similar snapping shrimps (Malacostraca: Decapoda: Alpheidae)

FIGURE 40. Alpheus mangalis sp. nov.: paratype, male (cl 9.8 mm) from Lim Chu Kang, Singapore (MNHN-IU-2018-5749) [A, B]; male (cl indet.) from Fannie Bay near Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (NTM) [C]; male (cl 9.2 mm) from Lombok, Indonesia (OUMNH.ZC. 2019.06.65) [D, E]; A—frontal region and chelipeds, dorsal view; B—tail fan, dorsal view; C, D— habitus, dorsal view; E—major (left) chela, fingers opened, mesial view. Photographs by the author (A, B, D, E) and courtesy of Christopher J. Glasby (C).

FIGURE 37 in Revision of Alpheus euphrosyne De Man, 1897 and A. microrhynchus De Man, 1897, with description of three new species and taxonomic remarks on several other morphologically and ecologically similar snapping shrimps (Malacostraca: Decapoda: Alpheidae)

FIGURE 37. Alpheus mangalis sp. nov.: paratype, male (cl 8.9 mm) from Sungei Buloh, Singapore (MNHN-IU-2018-5600); A—frontal region, dorsal view; B—telson, dorsal view; C—ventromesial carina of first article of antennular peduncle, lateral view; D—antennal basicerite, lateral view; E—third maxilliped, lateral view; F—second pereiopod, lateral view; G—third pereiopod, lateral view; H, I—same, dactylus, in dorsal [H] and ventral [I] views, (simple setae omitted in I); J—fifth pereiopod, lateral view; K—same, propodus and dactylus, mesial view; L—second pleopod, appendices masculina and interna, anterior view; M—left uropod, dorsal view.