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Figure 2. Abundance data for S in Life history of the spider Selenops occultus Mello-Leitão (Araneae, Selenopidae) from Brazil with notes on the natural history of the genus
Figure 2. Abundance data for S. occultus plotted together with the average monthly precipitation and minimum and maximum temperatures for each month during which the study took place. The numbers in the black circles are the total number of S. occultus collected during each month.
Figure 3 in Life history of the spider Selenops occultus Mello-Leitão (Araneae, Selenopidae) from Brazil with notes on the natural history of the genus
Figure 3. Chart depicting mean numbers of males, females, penultimate males and penultimate females collected during the dry season and the wet season. The data from the immature specimens were omitted to increase the clarity of the graph (the much higher number of immature specimens would greatly increase the scale). The error bars depict the standard error, and the asterisks indicate statistically significant differences between the number of specimens of a group collected during the dry season and the number collected during the wet season.
Ageing as early-life inertia: disentangling life-history trade-offs along a lifetime of an individual
<p>The theory that ageing evolves because of competitive resource allocation between the soma and the germline has been challenged by studies showing that somatic maintenance can be improved without impairing reproduction. However, it has been suggested that cost-free improvement in somatic maintenance is possible only under a narrow range of benign conditions. Here we show that experimental downregulation of insulin/IGF-1 signalling (IIS) in C. elegans nematodes, a robustly reproducible lifespan and healthspan-extending treatment, reduces fitness in a complex variable environment when initiated during development but does not reduce fitness when initiated in adulthood. Thus, our results show that the costs and benefits of reduced IIS can be uncoupled when organisms inhabit variable environments, and, therefore, do not provide support for the resource allocation theory. Our findings support the theory that the force of natural selection on gene expression in evolutionarily conserved signalling pathways that shape life-history traits declines after the onset of reproduction resulting in organismal senescence.</p>
Data from: Coalescence times, life history traits and conservation concerns: an example from four coastal shark species from the Indo-Pacific
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Dispersal abilities play a crucial role in shaping the extent of population genetic structure, with more mobile species being panmictic over large geographic ranges and less mobile ones organized in meta-populations exchanging migrants to different degrees. In turn, population structure directly influences the coalescence pattern of the sampled lineages, but the consequences on the estimated variation of the effective population size<i> </i>(<i>Ne</i>) over time obtained by means of <i>unstructured</i>demographic models remain poorly understood. However, this knowledge is crucial for biologically interpreting the observed <i>Ne </i>trajectory and further devising conservation strategies in endangered species. Here we investigated the demographic history of four shark species (<i>Carharhinus melanopterus</i>, <i>Carharhinus limbatus</i>, <i>Carharhinus amblyrhynchos</i>, <i>Galeocerdo cuvier</i>) with different degrees of endangered status and life history traits related to dispersal distributed in the Indo-Pacific and sampled off New Caledonia. We compared several evolutionary scenarios representing both <i>structured</i> (meta-population) and<i> unstructured</i> models and then inferred the <i>Ne</i> variation through time. By performing extensive coalescent simulations, we provided a general framework relating the underlying population structure and the observed <i>Ne</i> dynamics. On this basis, we concluded that the recent decline observed in three out of the four considered species when assuming <i>unstructured</i> demographic models can be explained by the presence of population structure. Furthermore, we also demonstrated the limits of the inferences based on the sole site frequency spectrum and warn that statistics based on linkage disequilibrium will be needed to exclude recent demographic events affecting meta-populations.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
FIGURE 5 in A phylogeny and evolutionary natural history of mesoamerican toads (Anura: Bufonidae: Incilius) based on morphology, life history, and molecular data
FIGURE 5. Bayesian analyses of the non-molecular (44 characters) and molecular data (5,898 bp) combined. Analyses were run for 50 x 106 generations, sampling every 1000, with the first 10,000 trees discarded as burn-in, posterior probabilities are shown for branches supported by> 0.50. The taxon Incilius sp. nov. is described by Mendelson et al. (in press).
FIGURE 4 in A phylogeny and evolutionary natural history of mesoamerican toads (Anura: Bufonidae: Incilius) based on morphology, life history, and molecular data
FIGURE 4. Parsimony analyses of the combined non-molecular (44 characters) and molecular data (5,898 bp). A strict consensus of two trees is shown, with bootstrap values> 50 based on 1000 replicates, with 100 random additions per replicate. The taxon Incilius sp. nov. is described by Mendelson et al. (in press).
FIGURE 3 in A phylogeny and evolutionary natural history of mesoamerican toads (Anura: Bufonidae: Incilius) based on morphology, life history, and molecular data
FIGURE 3. Bayesian consensus of the combined mtDNA and nuclear data (5,898 bp). Analyses were based on 50 x 106 generations, sampling every 1000, with the first 10,000 trees discarded as burn-in, posterior probabilities are shown for branches supported by> 0.50. The taxon Incilius sp. nov. is described by Mendelson et al. (in press).
FIGURE 6 in A phylogeny and evolutionary natural history of mesoamerican toads (Anura: Bufonidae: Incilius) based on morphology, life history, and molecular data
FIGURE 6. Summary hypothesis for the phylogenetic relationships among all known species of Incilius. Taxa indicated by an asterisk (*) and dashed lines were not included in our analyses because of lack of material available; their positions shown here are tentative, based on other lines of evidence (see Discussion). We hope that samples of these missing taxa may become available in the future, so that this hypothesis may be tested. The taxon Incilius sp. nov. is described by Mendelson et al. (in press).
FIGURE 2 in A phylogeny and evolutionary natural history of mesoamerican toads (Anura: Bufonidae: Incilius) based on morphology, life history, and molecular data
FIGURE 2. Parsimony analyses of the combined mtDNA and nuclear data (5,898 bp). A strict consensus of two trees is shown, with bootstrap values> 50 based on 1000 replicates, each with 100 random additions per replicate. The taxon Incilius sp. nov. is described by Mendelson et al. (in press).
FIGURE 1 in A phylogeny and evolutionary natural history of mesoamerican toads (Anura: Bufonidae: Incilius) based on morphology, life history, and molecular data
FIGURE 1. Parsimony analysis of the non-molecular data (44 transformation series; Appendix III). Shown here is the strict consensus tree of the 149 equally most parsimonious trees (170 steps; CI = 0.353; RI = 0.637). Bootstrap values are shown above nodes, decay indices are shown below. We note the lack of basal resolution within the clade containing the "Forest toads" (e.g., Incilius campbelli, I. macrocristatus, etc.), and especially the position of Rhinella marina that renders Incilius paraphyletic.
Greater Prairie-chicken data used in "Responses to land cover and grassland management vary across life-history stages for a grassland specialist"
<p>Grassland birds have exhibited dramatic and widespread declines since the mid-20th century. Greater Prairie-Chickens (<i>Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus</i>) are considered an umbrella species for grassland conservation and are frequent targets of management, but their responses to land use and management can be quite variable. We used data collected during 2007-2009 and 2014-2015 to investigate effects of land use and grassland management practices on habitat selection and survival rates of Greater Prairie-Chickens in central Wisconsin, USA. We examined habitat, nest-site, and brood-rearing site selection by hens and modeled effects of land cover and management on survival rates of hens, nests, and broods. Prairie-chickens consistently selected grassland over other cover types, but selection or avoidance of management practices varied among life-history stages. Hen, nest, and brood survival rates were influenced by different land cover types and management practices. At the landscape scale, hens selected areas where brush and trees had been removed during the previous year, which increased hen survival. Hens selected nest sites in hay fields and brood-rearing sites in burned areas, but prescribed fire had a negative influence on hen survival. Brood survival rates were positively associated with grazing and were highest when home ranges contained ≈15-20% shrub/tree cover. The effects of landscape composition on nest survival were ambiguous. Collectively, our results highlight the importance of evaluating responses to management efforts across a range of life history stages, and suggest that a variety of management practices are likely necessary to provide structurally heterogeneous, high-quality habitat for Greater Prairie-Chickens. Brush and tree removal, grazing, hay cultivation, and prescribed fire may be especially beneficial for prairie-chickens in central Wisconsin, but trade-offs among life-history stages and the timing of management practices must be considered carefully.</p>
FIGURE 1 in Rodents of the subfamily Sigmodontinae (Myomorpha: Cricetidae) as hosts for South American hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) with hypotheses on life history
FIGURE 1. Neighbour-joining condensed tree using the Tamura-Nei model for 16S rDNA mitochondrial sequences of all Neotropical (exclusive and non-exclusive) species of Ixodes deposited in GenBank and for Nearctic species usually found on Cricetidae, with species of Argasidae (Ornithodoros moubata and Otobius megnini) as outgroups. Numbers on the branches represent bootstrap support (more than 70 %) generated from 1,000 replications. Codes following each species name correspond to GenBank accession numbers. Names in bold indicate ticks often found on Cricetidae different to Sigmodontinae in the Nearctics and Neotropics. Names underlined indicate ticks often found on Sigmodontinae.
Figure 9 in Postcranial skeletal development of Mugil cephalus (Teleostei: Mugiliformes): morphological and life-history implications for Mugiliformes
Figure 9. Schematic depictions of the squamation development of Mugil cephalus. A, L6: 7.2 mm standard length (SL), 25 days post-hatching (dph). B, L6: 7.4 mm SL, 25 dph. C, J1: 9.5 mm SL, 31 dph. D, J1: 9.6 mm SL, 31 dph. E, J2: 9.8 mm SL, 40 dph. White, no scales; light grey, area of newly developed scales; dark grey, area of differentiated scales.
Figure 7 in Postcranial skeletal development of Mugil cephalus (Teleostei: Mugiliformes): morphological and life-history implications for Mugiliformes
Figure 7. Drawings of development stages of the pelvic girdle in Mugil cephalus larvae. A, L5: 5.2 mm standard length (SL; DMM IE/16314). B, L6: 7.2 mm SL, 25 dph, C, L6: 7.4 mm SL, 25 dph. D, L6: 8.6 mm SL (DMM IE/16314). Blue, cartilage; pink, bone; light pink, membranous bone. Abbreviations: abp, anterior basipterygial process; ba, basipterygial arm; bp, basipterygial plate; ew, external wing; iw, internal wing; pbp, posterior basipterygial plate; pcv, ventral postcleithrum. Scale bars: 200 µm.
Figure 5 in Postcranial skeletal development of Mugil cephalus (Teleostei: Mugiliformes): morphological and life-history implications for Mugiliformes
Figure 5. Drawings of development stages of the caudal fin in Mugil cephalus larvae. A, L2: 3.2 mm notochord length (NL), 14 days post-hatching (dph). B, L3: 3.9 mm standard length (SL), 15 dph. C, L4: 4.4 mm SL, 19 dph. D, L4: 4.5 mm SL, 21 dph. E, L4: 4.6 mm SL, 19 dph. F, L5: 5.3 mm SL, 19 dph. G, L6: 7.2 mm SL, 25 dph. H, L6: 6.5 mm SL, 31 dph. Blue, cartilage; pink, bone; transparent pink, ossifying cartilage; light grey, notochord. Abbreviations: ahs, autogenous haemal spine; ans, autogenous neural spine; cc, compound centrum; eu, epural; hyp, hypural; ihc, interhaemal spine cartilage; lhp, lower hypural plate; ph, parhypural; uc, ural centrum; uhp, upper hypural plate; ur, uroneural. Scale bars: 200 µm.
Figure 3 in Postcranial skeletal development of Mugil cephalus (Teleostei: Mugiliformes): morphological and life-history implications for Mugiliformes
Figure 3. Schematic illustration of the development of the axial skeleton (lateral view) of Mugil cephalus. A, L1: 3.1 mm notochord length (NL), 10 days post-hatching (dph). B, L2: 3.2 mm NL, 14 dph. C, L3: 3.7 mm NL, 14 dph. D, L3: 3.6 mm NL, 18 dph. E, L4: 4.4 mm standard length (SL), 19 dph. F, L6: 7.2 mm SL, 25 dph. Blue, cartilage; pink, bone; light grey, notochord. Abbreviations: af, anal fin; ahs, autogenous haemal spine; ans, autogenous neural spine; ap, anal fin pterygiophore; cc, compound centrum; d1p, first dorsal pterygiophore; d2p, second dorsal pterygiophore; df2, second dorsal fin; ep, epipleural; eu, epural; ha, haemal arch; hyp, hypural; ip, interdorsal pterygiophore; na, neural arch; pa, parapophysis; ph, parhypural; ri, rib; sn, supraneural; uc, ural centrum; ur, uroneural; vc, vertebral column.
Figure 2 in Postcranial skeletal development of Mugil cephalus (Teleostei: Mugiliformes): morphological and life-history implications for Mugiliformes
Figure 2. Schematic illustration of the sequence of first appearance and development of skeletal elements in Mugil cephalus. Ossification of cartilaginous precursors is shown by the first appearance of bone. The end of the bar indicates the end of isometric growth of the respective structure. Length is shown as notochord length (*) or as standard length (specimen after notochord flexion). Dots indicate hatching, and random dashed lines indicate notochord flexion. Light grey bars, cartilage; dark grey bars, notochordal sheath; black bars, bone. Abbreviations: abdo, abdominal vertebrae; abp, anterior basipterygial process; af, anal fin rays; ap, anal fin pterygiophores; ba, basipterygial arm; bp, basipterygial plate; caud, caudal vertebrae; cl, cleithrum; co, coracoid; d1f, first dorsal fin rays; d1p, first dorsal fin pterygiophores; d2f, second dorsal fin rays; d2p, second dorsal fin pterygiophores; dr, distal radials; eu, epural; ew, external wing; fr, fin rays; ha, haemal arch; hs, haemal spine; hyp, hypural; ip, interdorsal pterygiophores; iw, internal wing; na, neural arch; ns, neural spine; pbp, posterior basipterygial process; pcd, dorsal postcleithrum; pcv, ventral postcleithrum; ph, parhypural; pr, proximal radial; ptm, posttemporal; ri, paired ribs; sc, scapula; su, supracleithrum; uc, ural centrum; ur, uroneural; vc, vertebral centrum.
FIG. 7 in New species, synonymies and life-histories in the South-East Asian treehopper genus Pyrgauchenia Breddin (Auchenorrhyncha: Membracidae: Centrotinae)
FIG. 7. Nymphs of Pyrgauchenia tristaniopsis. (A, B) First instar: (A) habitus left lateral view, rostrum and legs not drawn; (B) apex of abdomen, dorsal view. (C, D) second instar, ditto. (E, F) Third instar, ditto. (G, H) Fourth instar, ditto. (I, J) Fifth instar: (I) apex of abdomen; (J) habitus, left lateral view, rostrum and legs not drawn. (K) Pronotum left lateral view (®fth instar female, for arrow see text). (L) Head and thorax, dorsal view (®fth instar). 1st, 2nd, 3rd Instars and 4th±5th Instars drawn to scale, respectively.
FIG. 4 in New species, synonymies and life-histories in the South-East Asian treehopper genus Pyrgauchenia Breddin (Auchenorrhyncha: Membracidae: Centrotinae)
FIG. 4. Pyrgauchenia colorata. (A± C) Aedeagus, posterior, apical and left lateral view, respectively (broken line in (C) indicates gonoduct on posterior side and median groove on anterior side). (D) Left style in lateral view (broken line indicates membrane connecting styles). (E) Left style, posterior view, i.e. as indicated by arrowhead in ®gure 2I, line indicates median plane.
FIG. 3 in New species, synonymies and life-histories in the South-East Asian treehopper genus Pyrgauchenia Breddin (Auchenorrhyncha: Membracidae: Centrotinae)
FIG. 3. External features in Pyrgauchenia colorata. (A± C) Habitus, right lateral and frontal view: (A) brunnei paratype male; (B) male leg. U. Stegmann; (C) colorata paralectotype female. (D, E) Distal lobes of anterior process of pronotum, anterodorsal and left lateral view respectively, male leg. U. Stegmann (dotted and solid line, respectively: median carina). (F±H) Habitus female, right lateral and frontal view: (F) colorata lectotype; (G) angulata paratype; (H) leg. U. Stegmann. (I) Female pronotum, left lateral view, leg. U. Stegmann. (J) Apex of anterior process of female, posterior view, leg. U. Stegmann.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.