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Fig. 1 in A new genus and species of uncertain phylogenetic position within the family Hydrobiidae (Caenogastropoda, Truncatelloidea) discovered in Tunisian springs
Fig. 1. Map and photographs of the studied sampling sites. A. Map showing the geographic distribution of Bullaregia tunisiensis sp. nov. B. Aïn Gnaa (Bulla-régia, Jendouba). C. Djebba (Thibar, Beja).
Data for: Fluid Geochemistry of Hot Springs at the Tengchong Field, Southwest China
<p>Major elements analyses of the vent fluid in the Tengchong hydrothermal system</p>
Fig. 9 in Taxonomy of the spring dwelling amphipod Synurella ambulans (Crustacea: Crangonyctidae) in West Russia: with notes on its distribution and ecology
Fig. 9. Variability of (A) lateral cephalic lobe of Synurella ambulans (F. Müller, 1846) from different populations; (B) posterior margin of pereopod 7 basis; (C) epimera 2 and 3. (Digital Photomicrography).
Data from: Live, dead, and fossil mollusks in Florida freshwater springs and spring-fed rivers: taphonomic pathways and the formation of multi-sourced, time-averaged death assemblages
Taphonomic processes are informative about the magnitude and timing of paleoecological changes but remain poorly understood with respect to freshwater invertebrates in spring-fed rivers and streams. We compared taphonomic alteration among freshwater gastropods in live, dead (surficial shell accumulations), and fossil (late Pleistocene-early Holocene in situ sediments) assemblages from two Florida spring-fed systems, the Wakulla and Silver/Ocklawaha Rivers. We assessed taphonomy of two gastropod species: the native <i>Elimia floridensis</i> (n=2504) and introduced <i>Melanoides tuberculata</i> (n=168). We quantified seven taphonomic attributes (aperture condition, color, fragmentation, abrasion, juvenile spire condition, dissolution, and exterior luster) and combined those attributes into a total taphonomic score (TT). Fossil <i>E. floridensis</i> specimens exhibited the greatest degradation (highest TT scores), whereas live specimens of both species were least degraded. Specimens of <i>E. floridensis</i> from death assemblages were less altered than fossil specimens of the same species. Within death assemblages, specimens of <i>M. tuberculata</i> were significantly less altered than specimens of <i>E. floridensis</i>, but highly degraded specimens dominated in both species. Radiocarbon dates on fossils clustered between 9792 and 7087 cal. BP, whereas death assemblage ages ranged from 10,692 to 1173 cal. BP. Possible explanations for the observed taphonomic patterns include: (1) rapid taphonomic shell alteration, (2) prolonged near-surface exposure to moderate alteration rates, and/or (3) introduction of reworked fossil shells into surficial assemblages. Combined radiocarbon dates and taphonomic analyses suggest that all these processes may have played a role in death assemblage formation. In these fluvial settings, shell accumulations develop as a complex mixture of specimens derived from multiple sources and characterized by multi-millennial time averaging. These findings suggest that, when available, fossil assemblages may be more appropriate than death assemblages for assessing pre-industrial faunal associations and recent anthropogenic changes in freshwater ecosystems.
San Solomon Springs Baseflow Period Hydrochemistry Data Set
<p>San Solomon Springs Dec 19' - April 20'</p>
Spring Assembly Experiment Dataset
<p>Dataset generated during and/or analyzed during for the spring assembly bimanual manipulation task in the <a href="https://sahr.epfl.ch/">SAHR</a> project.</p>
Earlier springs enable High-Arctic wolf spiders to produce a second clutch - supplementary data
<p>Spiders at southern latitudes commonly produce multiple clutches, but this has not been observed at high latitudes where activity seasons are much shorter. Yet the timing of snowmelt is advancing in the Arctic, which may allow some species to produce an additional clutch. To determine if this is already happening, we used specimens of the wolf spider <i>Pardosa glacialis</i> caught by pitfall traps from the long-term (1996-2014) monitoring program at Zackenberg, Northeast Greenland. We dissected individual egg sacs and counted the number of eggs and partially developed juveniles, and measured carapace width of the mothers. Upon discovery of a bimodal frequency distribution of clutch sizes, as is typical for wolf spiders at lower latitudes producing a second clutch, we assigned egg sacs to being a first or second clutch depending on clutch size. We tested whether the median capture date differed among first and second clutches, whether clutch size was correlated to female size, and whether the proportion of second clutches produced within a season was related to climate. We found that assigned second clutches appeared significantly later in the season than first clutches. In years with earlier snowmelt, first clutches occurred earlier and the proportion of second clutches produced was larger. This is likely a result of female spiders producing their first clutches earlier in those years and allowing them time to produce another clutch. Clutch size for first clutches was correlated to female size, while this was not the case for second clutches. Our results provide the first evidence for Arctic invertebrates producing additional clutches in response to warming. This could be a common but overlooked phenomenon due to the challenges associated with long-term collection of life history data in the Arctic. Moreover, given that wolf spiders are a widely distributed, important tundra predator, we may expect to see population and food web consequences of their increased reproductive rates.</p>
Fig. 2 in Malacological mapping in Austria distribution of the Austrian spring snail Bythinella austriaca (v. F , 1857) in the federal state of Salzburg
Fig. 2: Distribution map of B. austriaca for the federal state of Salzburg. The results presented here are based upon local abundances of the gastropod published in literature and detected during own faunistic mapping campaigns.
Fig. 3 in Malacological mapping in Austria distribution of the Austrian spring snail Bythinella austriaca (v. F , 1857) in the federal state of Salzburg
Fig. 3: Main biotopes colonized by the Austrian spring snail and their statistical evaluations. As can be clearly recognized from the graph, highest probabilities of occurrence and related population densities could be determined for spring brooks, followed by ponds, larger brooks, moors, and intermediately sized lakes.
Figure 4 in At the crossroads from Asia to Europe: spring migration of raptors and black storks in Dadia National Park (Greece)
Figure 4. Polar plot of the directions of migrating raptors and black storks in Dadia NP during spring 2003, 2004 and 2005. The average direction considering all species was 359°. Species are located along the radial axes (scale: log natural) according to the number of individuals observed, ranging from the lesser spotted eagle (n = 29) to the common buzzard (n = 715).
Figure 3 in At the crossroads from Asia to Europe: spring migration of raptors and black storks in Dadia National Park (Greece)
Figure 3. Performance of the 34 sampling units for raptor migration surveys. Numbers represent the average of migrating individuals and species among the three years 2003, 2004 and 2005. Each sampling unit was surveyed for 5 h in each of the five months March, April, May, June and July.
Earlier and slower or later and faster: Spring migration pace linked to departure time in a Neotropical migrant songbird
<p><span>1. Migratory birds travel vast distances and the timing of migratory flights can affect survival and the ability to reproduce. For Neotropical migrant songbirds, <span>early spring departure from wintering sites, early arrival to the breeding grounds and higher reproductive success have been related to the use of suitable habitats and environmental conditions during the non-breeding season. However, how migratory strategies are shaped by winter habitat choice is largely unknown due to the general </span>inability to track birds from specific wintering habitats to stopovers or breeding destinations<span>. </span></span></p> <p><span>2. We assessed how winter habitat (native forest vs. shade-grown coffee plantations) relates to spring departure date and migration pace in Swainson's Thrush (<i>Catharus ustulatus</i>). We also determined the effect of departure date and total migration duration on the arrival date of birds detected near or within their breeding range. </span></p> <p><span>3. We used a novel application of Motus radio telemetry arrays to track individuals from their wintering grounds in the Andes of South America along their migratory journey to North America.</span></p> <p><span>4. We found variation in migratory strategies between habitats, with birds wintering in native forest departing later than birds in coffee. We present isotopic evidence for native forest being of higher quality than shade coffee for Swainson's Thrush and hypothesize that moister conditions in forest, as shown by stable isotope (δ<sup>13</sup>C) analysis of thrush whole blood, provides favourable pre-migratory conditions allowing birds to delay departure from wintering grounds. Habitat, between-site and -year variation in departure date, suggests that birds made facultative adjustments to winter habitat quality and environmental conditions. Independent of habitat, birds that departed later migrated faster and this pattern was maintained along the migration route (<i>n</i> = 44). <span>Migrating earlier and slower or later and faster was unlikely to result in significant differences in arrival time to breeding destinations. </span></span></p> <p><span><span>5. Our</span></span> findings reveal underappreciated complexity in migratory decisions by long-distance migrants that contrast with the current paradigm of earlier departures and arrival from optimal habitats. The next step is to understand the relative fitness benefits of early versus late schedules or whether each strategy is an equally good response to experienced conditions.</p>
Experimental harvest regulations reveal that water availability during spring, not harvest, affects change in a waterfowl population
<p>Population change is regulated by vital rates that are influenced by environmental conditions, demographic stochasticity and increasingly, anthropogenic effects. Habitat destruction and climate change threaten the future of many wildlife populations, and there are additional concerns regarding the effects of harvest rates on demographic components of harvested organisms. Further, many population managers strictly manage harvest of wild organisms to mediate population trends of these populations. The goal of our study was to decouple harvest and environmental variability in a closely monitored population of wild ducks in North America, where we experimentally regulated harvest independently of environmental variation over a period of four years. We used nine years of capture-mark-recapture data to estimate breeding population size during the spring for a population of wood ducks in Nevada. We then assessed the effect of one environmental variable and harvest pressure on annual changes in the breeding population size. Climatic conditions influencing water availability were strongly positively related to population growth rates of wood ducks in our study system. In contrast, harvest regulations and harvest rates did not affect population growth rates. We suggest efforts to conserve waterfowl should focus on the effects of habitat loss in breeding areas and climate change, which will likely affect precipitation regimes in the future. We demonstrate the utility of capture-mark-recapture methods to estimate abundance of species which are difficult to survey and test the impacts of anthropogenic harvest and climate on populations. Finally, our results continue to add to the importance of experimentation in applied conservation biology, where we believe that continued experiments on non-threatened species will be critically important as researchers attempt to understand how to quantify and mitigate direct anthropogenic impacts in a changing world.</p>
The eye size of the bluefin killifish (Lucania goodei) varies from springs to swamps
<p>Variation in lighting environments creates different demands of visual systems for the successful detection and interpretation of visual signals in a given setting. Eye size is a critical property of the visual system as it is has strong effects on visual acuity and visual sensitivity. While many comparative studies have examined eye size across fishes that live in disparate lighting environments (i.e., caves versus surface habitats, mesopelagic versus pelagic depths, turbid versus clear water), fewer have investigated differences in eye size as a function of water clarity at the among population - within species level. Here, we compared relative eye size (eye size residuals on standard length) between wild-caught individuals from swamps and springs and across four drainages in Florida. We also performed a laboratory experiment where we reared animals in clear or tea-stained water, which mimic spring and swamp conditions to determine whether phenotypic plasticity as a function of lighting conditions influences relative eye size. Field caught animals greatly varied in relative eye size among populations, but there was no clear relationship with lighting environment. Fish from southern populations (where swamps are common) had greater relative eye size than those from northern populations (where springs are common). However, in North Florida, bluefin killifish from swamps had smaller eyes than those from springs. This is consistent with the results of our laboratory rearing experiment, which indicated that animals raised in tea-stained water had slightly smaller eyes than those raised in clear water conditions. These two disparate patterns suggest that the determinants of eye size are currently unknown.</p>
Data from: Differences in speed and duration of bird migration between spring and autumn
It has been suggested that birds migrate faster in spring than in autumn because of competition for arrival order at breeding grounds and environmental factors such as increased daylight. Investigating spring and autumn migration performances is important for understanding ecological and evolutionary constraints in the timing and speed of migration. We compiled measurements from tracking studies and found a consistent predominance of cases showing higher speeds and shorter durations during spring compared to autumn, in terms of flight speeds (airspeed, ground speed, daily travel speed), stopover duration, and total speed and duration of migration. Seasonal differences in flight speeds were generally smaller than those in stopover durations and total speed/duration of migration, indicating that rates of foraging and fuel deposition were more important than flight speed in accounting for differences in overall migration performance. Still, the seasonal differences in flight speeds provide important support for time selection in spring migration.
Data from: Tree phenology responses to winter chilling, spring warming, at north and south range limits
Increases in primary production may occur if plants respond to climate warming with prolonged growing seasons, but not if local adaptation, cued by photoperiod, limits phenological advance. It has been hypothesized that trees with diffuse porous xylem anatomy and early successional species may respond most to warming. Within species, northern populations may respond most due to the fact that growing seasons are relatively short. Species most sensitive to spring temperature may show little overall response to warming if reduced chilling in fall/winter offsets accelerated winter/spring development. Because current thermal models consider only highly aggregated variables, e.g., degree days or chilling units (temperature sums for a season or year) they may not accurately represent warming effects. We show that assumptions contained in current thermal (degree-day) models are unrealistic for climate change analysis. Critical threshold parameters are not identifiable, and they do not actually have much to do with thresholds for development. Traditional models further overlook the discrete nature of observations, observation error, and the continuous response of phenological development to temperature variation. An alternative continuous development model (CDM) that addresses these problems is applied to a large experimental warming study near northern and southern boundaries of 15 species in the eastern deciduous forest of the US, in North Carolina and Massachusetts. Results provide a detailed time course of phenological development, including vernalization during winter and warming in spring, and challenge the basic assumptions of thermal models. Where traditional models find little evidence of a chilling effect (most are insignificant or have the wrong sign), the continuous development model finds evidence of chilling effects in most species. Contrary to the hypothesis that northern populations respond most, we find southern populations are most responsive. Because northern populations already have a compressed period for spring development they may lack flexibility to further advance development. A stronger response in the southern range could allow residents to resist northward migration of immigrants as climate warms. If potential invaders fail to exploit a prolonged growing season to the same degree as residents, then there is a resident advantage. Hypothesized effects of warming for xylem anatomy and successional status are not supported by the 15 species in this study.
Data from: Metabolic characteristics of dominant microbes and key rare species from an acidic hot spring in Taiwan revealed by metagenomics
Background: Microbial diversity and community structures in acidic hot springs have been characterized by 16S rRNA gene-based diversity surveys. However, our understanding regarding the interactions among microbes, or between microbes and environmental factors, remains limited. Results: In the present study, a metagenomic approach, followed by bioinformatics analyses, were used to predict interactions within the microbial ecosystem in Shi-Huang-Ping (SHP), an acidic hot spring in northern Taiwan. Characterizing environmental parameters and potential metabolic pathways highlighted the importance of carbon assimilatory pathways. Four distinct carbon assimilatory pathways were identified in five dominant genera of bacteria. Of those dominant carbon fixers, Hydrogenobaculum bacteria outcompeted other carbon assimilators and dominated the SHP, presumably due to their ability to metabolize hydrogen and to withstand an anaerobic environment with fluctuating temperatures. Furthermore, most dominant microbes were capable of metabolizing inorganic sulfur-related compounds (abundant in SHP). However, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans was the only species among key rare microbes with the capability to fix nitrogen, suggesting a key role in nitrogen cycling. In addition to potential metabolic interactions, based on the 16S rRNAs gene sequence of Nanoarchaeum-related and its potential host Ignicoccus-related archaea, as well as sequences of viruses and CRISPR arrays, we inferred that there were complex microbe-microbe interactions. Conclusions: Our study provided evidence that there were numerous microbe-microbe and microbe-environment interactions within the microbial community in an acidic hot spring. We proposed that Hydrogenobaculum bacteria were the dominant microbial genus, as they were able to metabolize hydrogen, assimilate carbon and live in an anaerobic environment with fluctuating temperatures.
Data from: Faster spring migration in northern wheatears is not explained by an endogenous seasonal difference in refueling rates
A widespread phenomenon in migrant birds is that they travel faster in spring than in autumn. During migration birds spend most time at stopover sites and, correspondingly, the faster spring migration is mainly explained by shorter stopovers in spring than autumn. Because a main purpose of stopovers is to replenish the fuel used in flight, a higher rate of fuel deposition (FDR) in spring is thought to explain the shorter stopovers and hence shorter total duration of migration in spring. Critical migratory processes, including the onset and extent of pre-migratory fueling, are endogenously regulated. It is therefore not unlikely that refueling at stopover sites is, at least partly, also under endogenous control. We here tested whether there is an endogenous seasonal difference in food intake and FDR, which could contribute to shorter stopovers and hence faster migration in spring. We measured daily food intake and daily FDR in two subspecies of the northern wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe, temporarily confined at stopover under identical constant indoor conditions in spring and autumn. The two wheatear subspecies differed markedly in absolute food intake and FDR. Within subspecies, however, food intake and FDR did not differ between spring and autumn, indicating that faster spring migration in northern wheatears is not explained by an endogenously controlled seasonal difference in birds' motivation to refuel. To further substantiate this claim, similar measurements should be taken at other locations along northern wheatears' migration routes. Comparable experiments in other species could test the generality of our results.
Data from: Spring weather conditions influence breeding phenology and reproductive success in sympatric bat populations.
1. Climate is known to influence breeding phenology and reproductive success in temperate zone bats, but long-term population level studies and interspecific comparisons are rare. 2. Investigating the extent to which intrinsic (i.e. age), and extrinsic (i.e. spring weather conditions), factors influence such key demographic parameters as the proportion of females becoming pregnant, or completing lactation, each breeding season, is vital to understanding of bat population ecology and life-history traits. 3. Using data from twelve breeding seasons (2006 - 2017), encompassing the reproductive histories of 623 Myotis daubentonii and 436 M. nattereri adult females, we compare rates of recruitment to the breeding population, and show that these species differ in their relative sensitivity to environmental conditions and climatic variation, affecting annual reproductive success at the population level. 4. We demonstrate that i) Spring weather conditions influence breeding phenology, with warm, dry and calm conditions leading to earlier parturition dates and advanced juvenile development, whilst cold, wet and windy weather delays birth timing and juvenile growth, ii) Reproductive rates in first-year females are influenced by spring weather conditions in that breeding season and in the preceding breeding season when each cohort was born. Pregnancy and lactation rates were both higher when favourable spring foraging conditions were more prevalent, iii) Reproductive success increases with age in both species, but at different rates, iv) Reproductive rates were consistently higher, and showed less inter-annual variation, in second-year and older M. daubentonii (mean 91.55% ± 0.05 SD) than M. nattereri (mean 72.74% ± 0.15 SD), v) Estimates of reproductive success at the population level were highly correlated with the size of the juvenile cohort recorded each breeding season. 5. Improving understanding of the influence of environmental conditions, especially extreme climatic fluctuations, and the identification of critical periods (i.e. spring for reproductive female bats in temperate zones), which have disproportionate and lasting impacts on breeding phenology and reproductive success at a population level, is critical for improving predictions of the likely impact of climate change on bat populations.
Data from: Integrating viscoelastic mass spring dampers into position-based dynamics to simulate soft tissue deformation in real time
We propose a novel method to simulate soft tissue deformation for virtual surgery applications. The method considers the mechanical properties of soft tissue, such as its viscoelasticity, nonlinearity, and incompressibility; its speed, stability, and accuracy also meet the requirements for a surgery simulator. Modifying the traditional equation for mass spring dampers introduces nonlinearity and viscoelasticity into the calculation of elastic force. Then, the elastic force is used in the constraint projection step for naturally reducing constraint potential. The node position is enforced by the combined spring force and constraint conservative force through Newton's second law. We conduct a comparison study of conventional mass spring dampers and position based dynamics (PBD) for our new integrating method. Our approach enables stable, fast, and large step simulation by freely controlling visual effects based on nonlinearity, viscoelasticity and incompressibility. We implement a laparoscopic cholecystectomy simulator to demonstrate the practicality of our method, in which liver and gallbladder deformation can be simulated in real time. Our method is an appropriate choice for the development of real-time virtual surgery applications.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.