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Figure 4. Lateral hindfoot. A in Molecular phylogeny of Chinese raspy crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllacrididae) reveals incongruences in current classification

Figure 4. Lateral hindfoot. A, Apt. quadrimaculata; B, Apt. digitate; C, Apt. huanglianensis; D, Apt. biloba; E, T. huanglianensis sp. nov.; F, Ni. testaceus (arrow in F indicates extremely extended spine in the middle of hind tibia).

Figure 3. Living Gryllacrididae. A in Molecular phylogeny of Chinese raspy crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllacrididae) reveals incongruences in current classification

Figure 3. Living Gryllacrididae. A, Apt. quadrimaculata; B, Diaphanogryllacris sp.; C, Apt. biloba; D, Microlarnaca sp.; E, Apt. huanglianensis; F, Me. obscurata; G, T. huanglianensis sp. nov.; H, Ni. testaceus.

Figure 4 in Molecular phylogeny, biogeography, and species delimitation of segmented spider genus Liphistius (Araneae: Liphistiidae) in Thailand

Figure 4. The historical biogeography of Liphistius. A, chronogram and ancestral area reconstructions for Liphistius. The numbers in front of the names of taxa correspond to those in Table 1. B, distribution routes of the trang species group (red arrows) and the bristowei species group (blue arrows). Areas are as follows: A = Mainland Sibumasu; B = Peninsular Sibumasu; C = Inthanon region; D = Central basin; E = Bentong–Reaub suture zone; F = Sukhothai terrain; G = Chantaburi region; H = Indochina terrain (based on Metcalfe 2017); I = East Asia [the distributions of all heptatheline taxa combined into a single area (not shown)].

Figure 13 in Molecular phylogeny of Chinese raspy crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllacrididae) reveals incongruences in current classification

Figure 13. Head in frontal view (A–C), pronotum (D–F). A, Pr. silacea; B, Ne. longipenna; C, Ha. bilobulata; D, Mar. sequestris; E, Dr. spinose; F, Dr. melanocrania. (The horizontal line at B, C indicates the width of fastigium verticis.).

Figure 6. Wings. A in Molecular phylogeny of Chinese raspy crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllacrididae) reveals incongruences in current classification

Figure 6. Wings. A, Mar. sequestris; B, Dr. spinose; C, Dr. melanocrania; D, U. pulchra rubricapitis; E, Capnogryllacris sp.; F, Bo. xujuni.

Figure 14 in Molecular phylogeny of Chinese raspy crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllacrididae) reveals incongruences in current classification

Figure 14. Tenuigryllacris huanglianensis sp. nov.. A, head in frontal view; B, pronotum in dorsal view; C, ovipositor in lateral view; D, living female individual.

Figure 3 in Molecular phylogeny, biogeography, and species delimitation of segmented spider genus Liphistius (Araneae: Liphistiidae) in Thailand

Figure 3. Results of eight species delimitation methods. Each vertical bar represents a different delimitation method, and each horizontal bar represents a putative delimited species. Taxa 1–5 are each represented by only a single specimen. The colours in the phylogenetic tree represent Liphistius species groups, as follows: red, birmanicus group; orange, linang group; yellow, bristowei group; purple, trang group from localities in Sibumasu; blue, trang group from localities in Indochina.

Figure 2 in Molecular phylogeny, biogeography, and species delimitation of segmented spider genus Liphistius (Araneae: Liphistiidae) in Thailand

Figure 2. Multi-locus phylogeny using Bayesian inference (BI) with 'GBLOCK partition' alignments. Dashed lines show incongruent clades between Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood (ML). Coloured branches on the tree correspond to Liphistius species groups as follows: red, birmanicus group; orange, linang group; yellow, bristowei group; purple, trang group from localities in Sibumasu; blue, trang group from localities in Indochina.

Figure 1 in Molecular phylogeny, biogeography, and species delimitation of segmented spider genus Liphistius (Araneae: Liphistiidae) in Thailand

Figure 1. Distribution map of Liphistius. A, sample collection localities. Numbered collection locations correspond to those in Table 1. B, geological terrain: Sibumasu in the west (purple) and Indochina in the east (blue).

Figure 9 in Phylogeny and classification of jumping plant lice of the subfamily Liviinae (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Liviidae) based on molecular and morphological data

Figure 9. Male terminalia and tarsal arolium of immature Liviinae: A, G, L, Klyveria crassiflagellata (Burckhardt); B, H, Liella cf. insolita (Mifsud and Burckhardt); C, Diclidophlebia fremontiae (Klyver); D, Diclidophlebia leptonychiae Burckhardt et al.; E, Haplaphalara dahli (Rübsaamen); F, Haplaphalara irvingiae (Burckhardt et al.); I, Melanastera lucens (Burckhardt et al.); J, Psyllopsis fraxini (Linnaeus); K, Livia junci (Schrank); N, Melanastera Brazil. A, B, male proctiger, in lateral view; C–I, apex of proximal portion and distal portion(s) of aedeagus; J–N, tarsal arolium of fifth instar immature. Scales A, B = 0.05 mm; C–I = 0.05 mm; J–N, = 0.05 mm.

Figure 10 in Phylogeny and classification of jumping plant lice of the subfamily Liviinae (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Liviidae) based on molecular and morphological data

Figure 10. Maximum likelihood (ML-mix) tree resulting from a mixture (heterotachous) model (–m GTR+H4 option in IQ TREE) based on the molecular data of the Liviidae and showing the three subfamilies Euphyllurinae, Neophyllurinae, and Liviinae, and two tribes Liviini and Paurocephalini. The numbers below the branches represent the bootstrap values of ≥50. Nodes with boostrap values of <50 are shown in interrupted lines. Light blue and yellow bars indicate the non-monophyletic genera, Diclidophlebia and Haplaphalara.

Figure 2 in Phylogeny and classification of jumping plant lice of the subfamily Liviinae (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Liviidae) based on molecular and morphological data

Figure 2. Adult Liviinae: A, Livia junci (Schrank); B, Klyveria setinervis (Burckhardt); C, Melanastera smithi (Burckhardt et al.); D, Aphorma lichenoides (Puton); E, Camarotoscena badia Loginova. A–C, head, in dorsal view; D, E, head, in oblique lateral view, with anterior carina (D, arrow), and smooth anteriorly (E). Scales 0.1 mm.

Figure 6 in Phylogeny and classification of jumping plant lice of the subfamily Liviinae (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Liviidae) based on molecular and morphological data

Figure 6. Hindlegs of adult Liviidae: A, Anomoterga africana (Loginova); B, Syntomoza magna (Kuwayama); C, Liella cf. insolita (Mifsud and Burckhardt); D, N, Paurocephala bifasciata Kuwayama; E, Psyllopsis fraxinicola (Foerster); F, Diclidophlebia oceanica (Crawford); G, D. excetrodendri (Li and Yang); H, D. xuani (Messi); I, Haplaphalara dahli (Rübsaamen); J, H. irvingiae (Burckhardt et al.); K, Klyveria setinervis (Burckhardt); L, Liella lanceomedia (Brown and Hodkinson); M, Melanastera lucens (Burckhardt et al.); O, Camarotoscena speciosa (Flor). A–D, metacoxa; E–N, metafemur, base left; O, apex of metafemur. Scales A–D = 0.2 mm; E–N = 0.1 mm; O = 0.05 mm.

Figure 8 in Phylogeny and classification of jumping plant lice of the subfamily Liviinae (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Liviidae) based on molecular and morphological data

Figure 8. Wings and abdomen of Liviinae: A, D, L, Aphorma lichenoides (Puton), male; M, A. lichenoides (Puton), female; B, Diclidophlebia excetrodendri (Li and Yang); C, G, Melanastera lucens (Burckhardt et al.); E, H, Livia junci (Schrank); F, J, Liella cf. insolita (Mifsud and Burckhardt); I, Diclidophlebia oceanica (Crawford); K, Tuthillia myrcianthis Burckhardt et al.; N, D. xuani (Messi); O, Paurocephala dayak Mifsud and Burckhardt, male; P, P.dayak, female. A, reduced pterostigma; B, pterostigma basally leathery, apically membranous (separating line see arrow); C, pterostigma entirely membranous; D–G, surface of forewing membrane in cell r 1: H–J, costa of hindwing; K–P, lateral edge of first visible abdominal tergite, base left. Scales A–C = 0.1 mm; D–G = 0.1 mm; H–J = 0.2 mm; K–P = 0.1 mm.

Figure 5 in Phylogeny and classification of jumping plant lice of the subfamily Liviinae (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Liviidae) based on molecular and morphological data

Figure 5. Mesosternum of adult Liviinae: A, Anomoterga scolopiae (Yang); B, Camarotoscena speciosa (Flor); C, Klyveria setinervis (Burckhardt); D, Livia junci (Schrank); E, Paurocephala robusta Mifsud and Burckhardt; F, Syntomoza magna (Kuwayama). Abbreviations: bas, basisternum; kat, katepisternum; pcx, precoxale; pss, pleurosternal suture; scs, sternocostal suture. Scales 0.1 mm.

Figure 7 in Phylogeny and classification of jumping plant lice of the subfamily Liviinae (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Liviidae) based on molecular and morphological data

Figure 7. Metatibial apex of adult Liviidae: A, Strophingia cinereae Hodkinson; B, Aphorma lichenoides (Puton); C, Camarotoscena speciosa (Flor); D, Livia junci (Schrank); E, Diclidophlebia oceanica (Crawford); F, D. xuani (Messi); G, Haplaphalara dahli (Rübsaamen); H, Liella lanceomedia (Brown and Hodkinson); I, Klyveria setinervis (Burckhardt); J, Melanastera lucens (Burckhardt et al.); K, M. maculipennis (Brown and Hodkinson); L, Paurocephala sauteri Enderlein. Abbreviations: a, anterior view, l, lateral view, m, medial, p, posterior view. Scales 0.05 mm.

Figure 1 in Phylogeny and classification of jumping plant lice of the subfamily Liviinae (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Liviidae) based on molecular and morphological data

Figure 1. Habitus images illustrating generic diversity within Liviinae: A, Anomoterga africana (Loginova); B, Aphorma lichenoides (Puton); C, Camarotoscena speciosa (Flor); D, Livia junci (Schrank); E, Syntomoza magna (Kuwayama); F, Diclidophlebia eastopi Vondráček; G, Haplaphalara dahli (Rübsaamen); H, Klyveria setinervis (Burckhardt); I, Liella cf. insolita (Mifsud and Burckhardt); J, Melanastera smithi (Burckhardt et al.); K, Paurocephala chonchaiensis Boselli; L, Woldaia nebulosa Brown and Hodkinson. Scales 1.0 mm.

Figure 4 in Phylogeny and classification of jumping plant lice of the subfamily Liviinae (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Liviidae) based on molecular and morphological data

Figure 4. Metapostnotum of adult Liviinae (arrow pointing to tubercle, tooth, ridge or horn): A, Anomoterga hsenpinensis Fang and Yang; B, Livia vernalis Fitch; C, Melanastera smithi (Burckhardt et al.); D, Paurocephala chonchaiensis Boselli. Scales 0.1 mm.

Figure 3 in Phylogeny and classification of jumping plant lice of the subfamily Liviinae (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Liviidae) based on molecular and morphological data

Figure 3. Head of adult Liviidae: A, Diclidophlebia xuani Messi; B, Syntomoza magna (Kuwayama); C, Anomoterga tahuata Klyver; D, Aphorma lichenoides (Puton); E, Camarotoscena speciosa (Flor); F, Livia junci (Schrank); G, Klyveria setinervis (Burckhardt); H, Paurocephala dayak Mifsud and Burckhardt. A, B, dorsal view; C–H, ventral view. Scales A, B = 0.1 mm; C–H = 0.1 mm.

Figure 11 in Phylogeny and classification of jumping plant lice of the subfamily Liviinae (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Liviidae) based on molecular and morphological data

Figure 11. Phylogeny of the Liviidae showing strict consensus tree of the most parsimonious trees based on morphological data (character matrix in Supporting Information, File S2) and obtained with 'Traditional search' in TNT using equal weights. 'Unambiguous changes only' in WINCLADA was used to optimize the character states on the cladogram. Black circles represent synapomorphies, light circles homoplasies; numbers above circles refer to characters numbers, number below to the character states (Table 2). Host plants of Liviini: Malpigiales, Poa, Poales, Ran, Ranunculales; of Paurocephalini: representation of members of Malvales. Distribution: Afrotropics (Afr), Australasia (Aus), Indomalaya (Ind), Nearctic (Nea), Neotropics (Neo), Oceania (Oce), Palaearctic (Pal).