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Fig. 4 in Taxonomic status of the nominal forms assigned to Necromys lactens (Rodentia, Cricetidae) as revealed by molecular and morphometric evidence

Fig. 4.—Individual specimen scores based on log-transformed values of 20 cranial measurements (Mosimann shape variables), projected onto the first and second principal components of the "size-free" Principal Component Analysis (PCA) extracted from A) analysis of specimens (all age classes, n = 49) of the three nominal forms assigned to Necromys lactens: Akodon lactens (black circles, n = 24), A. orbus (dark gray triangles, n = 14), and Bolomys negrito (light gray squares, n = 11); B) analysis of specimens (all age classes, n = 88) of the two main clades recovered for N. lactens: northern clade (NC, black circles, n = 20) and southern clade (SC, light gray triangles, n = 68); C) analysis of specimens (all age classes, n = 88) of the four subclades recovered for N. lactens: northernmost clade (NNC, closed black circles, n = 4), southernmost clade (SSC, open light gray squared, n = 25), central-northern clade (CNC, open black circles, n = 16), and centralsouthern clade (CSC, open dark gray triangles, n = 43). Character loadings and the variance explained by each of the first two principal components appear in Table 3 and Supplementary Data SD1.

Fig. 3 in Taxonomic status of the nominal forms assigned to Necromys lactens (Rodentia, Cricetidae) as revealed by molecular and morphometric evidence

Fig. 3.—Majority rule consensus tree obtained in the Bayesian analysis of 31 cytochrome-b gene sequences of specimens of Necromys lactens (plus sequences of other species of the genus used as outgroup). Numbers indicate posterior probability values of the adjacent nodes. Each terminal is labeled with the institution and catalog number (see acronyms in "Materials and Methods") of the specimen, GenBank accession number (of previously published sequences), and locality data (see complete details in Appendix II). Arg = Argentina; Bo = Bolivia.

Fig. 2 in Taxonomic status of the nominal forms assigned to Necromys lactens (Rodentia, Cricetidae) as revealed by molecular and morphometric evidence

Fig. 2.—Toothwear age classes of Necromys. Age class 1: M3 incompletely erupted or unworn; age class 2: M3 fully erupted and exhibits moderate wear, M1–2 unworn; age class 3: M3 well worn, its occlusal surface is flat or concave, M1–2 exhibit moderate wear; age class 4: M3 heavily worn, being generally concave, M1–2 have worn and flattened cusps, M2 with no trace of the paraflexus; age class 5: M1–3 are all worn and concave; most details of the occlusal topography are obliterated.

Fig. 1 in Taxonomic status of the nominal forms assigned to Necromys lactens (Rodentia, Cricetidae) as revealed by molecular and morphometric evidence

Fig. 1.—Map of southern Bolivia and northwestern Argentina, showing the geographic localities of specimens used in this study. A) Collection localities of the sequenced specimens of Necromys (white circles) and the type localities (white stars) of Akodon lactens (León), A. orbus (Otro Cerro), and Bolomys negrito (Las Pavas). B) Collection localities for specimens of Necromys used in morphometric analyses assigned to Akodon lactens (white triangles), A. orbus (white squares), and Bolomys negrito (white circles). C) Collection localities for specimens of Necromys used in morphometric analyses assigned to the two main clades: northern clade (NC, white circles) and southern clade (SC, white squares). D) Collection localities for specimens of Necromys used in morphometric analyses assigned to the four subclades: northernmost clade (NNC, white circles), central-northern clade (CNC, white circles with a midpoint), central-southern clade (CSC, white squares with a midpoint), and southernmost clade (SSC, white squares). Gray shading corresponds to areas above 2,000 m elevation.

opennotspecifiedApr 2023View details →

FIGURE 2 in On the taxonomic status of Agelanius antenninus (Philip) (Diptera: Tabanidae) from Peru based upon evidence from a morphological analysis of the holotype

FIGURE 2. Female of Agelanius meridianus Rondani. A. Head in frontal view (scale bar = 1 mm). B. Head in lateral view (scale bar = 0,5 mm). C. Vertex and ocellar triangle (scale bar = 0,5 mm). D. Antenna in lateral view (scale bar = 0,5 mm). E. Palpus in lateral view (scale bar = 0,5 mm). F. Habitus in dorsal view (scale bar = 1,0 mm). G. Wing (scale bar = 1,0). H. Labels of specimens.

opennotspecifiedApr 2023View details →

FIGURE 1 in On the taxonomic status of Agelanius antenninus (Philip) (Diptera: Tabanidae) from Peru based upon evidence from a morphological analysis of the holotype

FIGURE 1. Holotype Stypommisa (Styphocera) antennina Philip, 1969. A. Labels of holotype of Stypommisa (Styphocera) antennina Philip, 1969. B. Head in frontal view. C. Head in ventral view. D. Thorax in dorsal view. E. Thorax in lateral view. F. Wing and abdomen. ©Cornell University Insect Collection.

opennotspecifiedJul 2021View details →

FIG. 3 in The Taxonomic Status of Florida Caiman: A Molecular Reappraisal

FIG. 3. Bayesian phylogenetic tree based on the Cytb gene of the genus Paleosuchus (orange text: P. palpebrosus, and blue P. trigonatus, samples from south Florida, USA). Values at nodes are Bayesian posterior probabilities.

opennotspecifiedJul 2021View details →

FIG. 2 in The Taxonomic Status of Florida Caiman: A Molecular Reappraisal

FIG. 2. Bayesian phylogenetic tree based on the Cytb gene of the genus Caiman (green text: Caiman crocodilus fuscus, samples from south Florida, USA). Values at nodes are Bayesian posterior probabilities.

opennotspecifiedJul 2021View details →

FIG. 1 in The Taxonomic Status of Florida Caiman: A Molecular Reappraisal

FIG. 1. Geographic distribution of Caiman sequences used in this study. (A) South Florida showing the localities of the exotic populations sampled. Black circles represent vouchered specimens Caiman crocodilus fuscus. Hollow circles (Ca. c. fuscus), triangle (Paleosuchus palpebrosus), and diamond (Paleosuchus trigonatus) represent nonnative specimens which were sequenced in this study. Native distributions of (B) P. trigonatus, (C) P. palpebrosus and (D) Ca. c. fuscus with black diamonds, triangles, or squares (respectively) representing sequenced specimens, and the gray diamond, triangle, or square representing the locality most likely to represent the origin population of the introduced specimens of the corresponding species in Florida. Estimated ranges of P. trigonatus and P. palpebrosus are outlined on maps B and C, following the range maps available from the IUCN (www. iucnredlist.org). Estimated ranges for the currently recognized subspecies of Ca. crocodilus are labeled on map D following Escobedo-Galván et al. (2011), with exception of Caiman crocodilus apaporiensis (see Balaguera-Reina et al., 2020) not shown on figure.

FIGURE 4 in Elucidating taxonomic status of Goodyera medogensis (Orchidaceae) based on morpho-molecular data

FIGURE 4. The phylogenetic tree of the genus Goodyera obtained from Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Inference (BI) analysis of nr+cpDNA (ITS+trnL-F+matK) dataset. The samples of G. alveolata and G. medogensis were highlighted with red colour. Both red and blue coloured samples denote the sect. Reticulum. The bootstrap (BS) value in percentage from the ML and the Posterior Probability (PP) value from the BI analysis are represented at corresponding branches. The BS value <70% and the PP value <0.70 were omitted and denoted with '-' indicating a low node support.

FIGURE 2 in Elucidating taxonomic status of Goodyera medogensis (Orchidaceae) based on morpho-molecular data

FIGURE 2. The phylogenetic tree of the genus Goodyera obtained from Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Inference (BI) analysis of nuclear (ITS) dataset. The samples of G. alveolata and G. medogensis were highlighted with red colour. Both red and blue coloured samples denote the sect. Reticulum. The bootstrap (BS) value in percentage from the ML and the Posterior Probability (PP) value from the BI analysis are represented at corresponding branches. The BS value <70% and the PP value <0.70 were omitted and denoted with '-' indicating a low node support.

FIGURE 1. Goodyera alveolata Pradhan. A1 in Elucidating taxonomic status of Goodyera medogensis (Orchidaceae) based on morpho-molecular data

FIGURE 1. Goodyera alveolata Pradhan. A1. Leaves; B1. Portion of rachis; C1–D1. Flower; E1. Dorsal sepal; F1. Lateral sepal; G1. Petal; H1. Side view of column with anther, labellum and pedicel plus ovary; I1. Top view of labellum. Goodyera medogensis H.Z. Tian, Y.H. Tong & B.M. Wang. A2. Leaves; B2. Portion of rachis; C2–D2. Flower; E2. Dorsal sepal; F2. Lateral sepal; G2. Petal; H2. Side view of column with anther, labellum and pedicel plus ovary; I2. Top view of labellum. [A2–I2 after Tong et al. 2022]

FIGURE 3 in Elucidating taxonomic status of Goodyera medogensis (Orchidaceae) based on morpho-molecular data

FIGURE 3. The phylogenetic tree of the genus Goodyera obtained from Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Inference (BI) analysis of cpDNA (matK and trnL-F) dataset. The samples of G. alveolata and G. medogensis were highlighted with red colour. Both red and blue coloured samples denote the sect. Reticulum. The bootstrap (BS) value in percentage from the ML and the Posterior Probability (PP) value from the BI analysis are represented at corresponding branches. The BS value <70% and the PP value <0.70 were omitted and denoted with '-' indicating a low node support.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2022View details →

Crocodylian princess in Taiwan: Revising the taxonomic status of Tomistoma taiwanicus from the Pleistocene of Taiwan and its paleobiogeographic implications

Toyotamaphimeia is an extinct crocodylian lineage whose name is derived from a mythological Japanese princess. Here, we reexamine the type specimens of a long-forgotten species: Tomistoma taiwanicus from the Pleistocene of Tainan (Taiwan) and revise its taxonomic status to Toyotamaphimeia taiwanicus comb. nov., leading to the first recognized species of Toyotamaphimeia outside Japan. Our phylogenetic analyses also support this taxonomic assignment and, more interestingly, further suggest an East Asian lineage. In addition, Toyotamaphimeia taiwanicus represents a tropical species, resolving a long-lasting puzzle of why Toyotamaphimeia only inhabited the much higher latitudinal area (Japan). Given the large body size of Toyotamaphimeia taiwanicus (about 7 m) and the fact that it is geologically older than Toyotamaphimeia machikanensis from Japan, we propose a novel evolutionary scenario: the genus Toyotamaphimeia originated in Taiwan and evolved to a large body size with gigantothermic physiology, allowed an Out-of-Taiwan scenario, and dispersed further north to Japan. Our taxonomic identification shows the presence of an extinct endemic crocodylian species from the Pleistocene of Taiwan with large-scale paleogeographic implications, and this study, with our recent progress in vertebrate paleontology in Taiwan, should provoke more in-depth paleontological research on the Pleistocene extinction.

FIGURE 11 in Taxonomic status of the Lesser Woolly Horseshoe bats (Chiroptera, Rhinolophidae Rhinolophus beddomei) in peninsular India and Sri Lanka

FIGURE 11. Baculum structure of Rhinolophus b. sobrinus [a—dorsal view; b—ventral view; c—lateral view; Scale: 1 mm].

FIGURE 10 in Taxonomic status of the Lesser Woolly Horseshoe bats (Chiroptera, Rhinolophidae Rhinolophus beddomei) in peninsular India and Sri Lanka

FIGURE 10. Skull and mandible of Rhinolophus b. sobrinus [a—dorsal view of skull; b—lateral view of skull; c—frontal view of skull; d—ventral view of skull; e—dorsal view of mandible; f—lateral view of mandible; g—frontal view of mandible; Scale: 5 mm].

FIGURE 9 in Taxonomic status of the Lesser Woolly Horseshoe bats (Chiroptera, Rhinolophidae Rhinolophus beddomei) in peninsular India and Sri Lanka

FIGURE 9. External features of Rhinolophus b. sobrinus [a—structure of ear; b—close-up view of lower lip, showing one mental groove; c—frontal view of head and ventral view of the sella; d—frontal view of noseleaf; e—lateral view of noseleaf; f—frontal view of penis; g—lateral view of penis; h—hind foot].

FIGURE 7 in Taxonomic status of the Lesser Woolly Horseshoe bats (Chiroptera, Rhinolophidae Rhinolophus beddomei) in peninsular India and Sri Lanka

FIGURE 7. Skull and mandible of Rhinolophus b. beddomei [a—dorsal view of skull; b—lateral view of skull; c—frontal view of skull; d—ventral view of skull; e—dorsal view of mandible; f—lateral view of mandible; g—frontal view of mandible; Scale: 5 mm].

FIGURE 5 in Taxonomic status of the Lesser Woolly Horseshoe bats (Chiroptera, Rhinolophidae Rhinolophus beddomei) in peninsular India and Sri Lanka

FIGURE 5. External features of Rhinolophus b. beddomei [a—frontal view of noseleaf; b—lateral view of noseleaf depicting the sella; c—frontal view of head and ventral view of the sella; d—structure of the ear; e—closeup of the lower lip showing one mental groove; f—frontal view of penis; g—hind foot].

FIGURE 6 in Taxonomic status of the Lesser Woolly Horseshoe bats (Chiroptera, Rhinolophidae Rhinolophus beddomei) in peninsular India and Sri Lanka

FIGURE 6. Coloration of dorsal fur (in live condition) of a—Rhinolophus b. beddomei and b—R. b. sobrinus.