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FIGURE 5 in Disentangling vines: a study of morphological crypsis and genetic divergence in vine snakes (Squamata: Colubridae: Ahaetulla) with the description of five new species from Peninsular India

FIGURE 5. Phylogenetic reconstruction of Ahaetulla species revealing the cladistic relationships and lineage diversity. Gray bar depicts species-level entities, some of which are numbered and depicted adjacent to their cluster.

FIGURE 4 in Disentangling vines: a study of morphological crypsis and genetic divergence in vine snakes (Squamata: Colubridae: Ahaetulla) with the description of five new species from Peninsular India

FIGURE 4. Maps showing the distribution of lineages in the Western Ghats (in Peninsular India) and Sri Lanka. (A) Map showing our study's point locations of Ahaetulla farnsworthi sp. nov., A. isabellina comb. nov., A. malabarica sp. nov., A. borealis sp. nov., A. nasuta & A. oxyrhyncha comb. nov.. (B) Map showing our study's point locations of Ahaetulla perroteti, A. dispar & A. travancorica sp. nov..

FIGURE 13 in Disentangling vines: a study of morphological crypsis and genetic divergence in vine snakes (Squamata: Colubridae: Ahaetulla) with the description of five new species from Peninsular India

FIGURE 13. Images of Ahaetulla isabellina comb. nov. Images of holotype BNHS 3584 (CESS183). (a) Head lateral, (b) Head Dorsal, (c) Ventral section, (d–f) Dissected hemipenis, (g) Whole specimen. Images of live individuals, (h) BNHS 3584 (CESS183) head lateral, (i) head lateral of CESS182, (j) body section of CESS182. Image of a live, uncollected individual from Valparai, (k) showing threat display (Images a & b; d, e & f to scale, other images not to scale).

FIGURE 1. Maximum likelihood tree generated from three mitochondrial genes shows a in Disentangling vines: a study of morphological crypsis and genetic divergence in vine snakes (Squamata: Colubridae: Ahaetulla) with the description of five new species from Peninsular India

FIGURE 1. Maximum likelihood tree generated from three mitochondrial genes shows a number of new lineages (L1–L13) identified in our study. The lineages are marked with grey bars which represent the criteria used to delimit species boundaries, where three gene bPTP (P3), genetic p-distance (GD), morphological separation (M) and geographic isolation (G) are used to predict the number of putative lineages. The nodes below 70% parametric bootstrap support are indicated with asterisk (*). "+" indicates that the status of A. nasuta cf. isabellina needs further work (see Deepak et al. 2019).

FIGURE 16 in Disentangling vines: a study of morphological crypsis and genetic divergence in vine snakes (Squamata: Colubridae: Ahaetulla) with the description of five new species from Peninsular India

FIGURE 16. Habitat of Ahaetulla malabarica sp. nov. in Brahmagiri Hills, Central Western Ghats (borders Kodagu district, Karnataka State and Waynad district, Kerala State, India) showing semi-evergreen and evergreen forest vegetation types.

FIGURE 9 in Disentangling vines: a study of morphological crypsis and genetic divergence in vine snakes (Squamata: Colubridae: Ahaetulla) with the description of five new species from Peninsular India

FIGURE 9. Reproductions of colour plates of (a) Coluber nasutus (La Nasique) from Lacepede (1789: 302, pl. 4); (b) Dryinus oxyrhynchus (Passeriki Pam) from Russell (1796: pl. 12); (c) Dryinus russellianus (Botla Passeriki) from Russell (1796: pl. 13); (d) Photo of the preserved skin of BMNH 1904.7.27.25 Dryophis passeriki Photo: Gernot Vogel.

FIGURE 8 in Disentangling vines: a study of morphological crypsis and genetic divergence in vine snakes (Squamata: Colubridae: Ahaetulla) with the description of five new species from Peninsular India

FIGURE 8. Images of live uncollected Ahaetulla nasuta from Kandy, Sri Lanka (a) Head dorsal, (b) Head lateral, (c) body lateral, (d) body ventrolateral, (e) entire dorsal, (f) [inset] ventral view of specimen with brownish venter.

FIGURE 7 in Disentangling vines: a study of morphological crypsis and genetic divergence in vine snakes (Squamata: Colubridae: Ahaetulla) with the description of five new species from Peninsular India

FIGURE 7. Images of BNHS 1987 Ahaetulla nasuta. (a) Head lateral. (b) Head dorsal. (c) Ventral. Images of a live, uncollected individual from Sri Lanka A. nasuta. (d) Head lateral. (e) Head dorsal. (f) Ventral (Images a & b to scale, other images not to scale).

FIGURE 2 in Disentangling vines: a study of morphological crypsis and genetic divergence in vine snakes (Squamata: Colubridae: Ahaetulla) with the description of five new species from Peninsular India

FIGURE 2. PCA plot shows quantitative morphological space shared by Ahaetulla spp.. In the figure, members of the Ahaetulla nasuta species complex with lineages L3—A. borealis sp. nov. (dark blue crosses), L4—A. farnsworthi sp. nov. (green filled squares), L5—A. isabellina comb. nov. (indigo cross) and L6—A. malabarica sp. nov. (blue squares) from the Western Ghats are clustered together and share morphological space with the arid area populations L1—A. oxyrhyncha comb. nov. (circle), L7—A. sahyadrensis nom. nov. and A. anomala (indicated by a black dot). The PCA plots correspond to the scores and loadings presented in Appendix IV (A, B & C)

FIGURE 11 in Disentangling vines: a study of morphological crypsis and genetic divergence in vine snakes (Squamata: Colubridae: Ahaetulla) with the description of five new species from Peninsular India

FIGURE 11. Images of Ahaetulla sahyadrensis nom. nov. Images of BNHS2015. (a) Head dorsal. (b) Head lateral. (c) Section of body and ventrals. (d–f) Everted Hemipenis. (g) Full specimen. Images of live, uncollected individuals, (h) Near Jog falls, Karnataka, (i) from Agumbe, (j) Kudhremukh, (k) from Agumbe (Images a & b; d, e & f to scale, other images not to scale).

FIGURE 12 in Disentangling vines: a study of morphological crypsis and genetic divergence in vine snakes (Squamata: Colubridae: Ahaetulla) with the description of five new species from Peninsular India

FIGURE 12. Images of Ahaetulla pulverulenta, Sri Lanka. (a) Head dorsal, (b) Head lateral, (c) Whole animal (images not to scale).

opencc-zeroJan 2021View details →

High spatial resolution mapping identifies habitat characteristics of the invasive vine Antigonon leptopus on St. Eustatius (Lesser Antilles)

On the Caribbean island of St. Eustatius, Coralita (Antigonon leptopus) is an aggressive invasive vine posing major biodiversity conservation concerns. The generation of distribution maps can address these conservation concerns by helping to elucidate the drivers of invasion. We test the use of support vector machines to map the distribution of Coralita on St. Eustatius at high spatial resolution and use this map to identify potential landscape and geomorphological factors associated with Coralita presence. This latter step was performed by comparing the actual distribution of Coralita patches to a random distribution of patches. To train the support vector machine algorithm, we used three vegetation indices and seven texture metrics derived from a 2014 WorldView-2 image. The resulting map shows that Coralita covered 3.18% of the island in 2014, corresponding to an area of 64 ha. The mapped distribution was highly accurate, with 93.2% overall accuracy (Coralita class producer's accuracy: 76.4%, user's accuracy: 86.2%). Using this classification map, we found that Coralita is not randomly distributed across the landscape, occurring significantly closer to roads and drainage channels, in areas with higher accumulated moisture, and on flatter slopes. Coralita was found more often than expected in grasslands, disturbed forest and urban areas, but was relatively rare in natural forest. These results highlight the ability of high spatial resolution data from sensors such as WorldView-2 to produce accurate invasive species, providing valuable information for predicting current and future spread risks and for early detection and removal plans.

opencc-zeroDec 2018View details →

Data from: Multi-driver and multi-scale assessment of vine community structure and composition across a complex tropical environmental matrix

Ecological communities are structured by multiple processes operating at multiple scales yet understanding the scale-dependency of these processes remains an open challenge. This might be particularly true for parasites, for which biotic rather than abiotic processes may play a primary role in structuring communities. Focusing on vines, a group of structural parasites that gain access to the canopy using different climbing mechanisms, we examined the influence of abiotic factors in tandem with host-parasite and parasite-parasite interactions in the assembly of tropical vine communities. Two synthetic variables, namely Climate1 and landscape Variety, were consistently important in explaining variation in species richness and diversity, as well as species composition, but their importance varied with scale. Whereas Climate1 summarizes the largest variability among climatic variables, landscape Variety expresses landscape heterogeneity within a neighborhood. Significant patterns of species co-occurrences suggest that vine-vine interactions also contribute to vine community assembly. Our results may be critical to understand vine proliferation and help design management strategies for their control.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

Data from: Using multiple traits to assess the potential of introduced and native vines to proliferate in a tropical region

Predicting the invasive potential of introduced species remains an ongoing challenge due to the multiple interacting regional and global processes that facilitate the introduction and proliferation of alien species. This may be particularly true in regions where native species are increasingly reported as expanding and impacting ecosystems in ways indistinguishable from alien ones. Current approaches to assess the invasive potential of plants may be limited by the choice of traits used and the exclusion of native species. To overcome these limitations, we develop a novel approach that focuses on all species—native and alien—within a functional group of plants to predict their proliferation status. Our approach relied on the development of an extensive database of extrinsic and intrinsic traits for Puerto Rican vines with the goal of generating a predictive model of vine proliferation status. We test three hypotheses linking origin, extrinsic and intrinsic traits, and proliferation status. We found that the origin of proliferating vines was associated with only one out of seven traits, namely plant use. We also found that proliferation status was associated with all but two traits, namely life span and climbing mechanism. Finally, a classification tree analysis identified five variables as good predictors of proliferation status and used them to split the species into six groups characterized by a unique suite of traits, three of them included proliferating species. The development of tools to identify potential proliferating species is critical for management and conservation purposes. Tools that can minimize biases and make predictions based on trait data easily obtainable are particularly needed in regions with a high taxonomic and functional diversity, and with limited ecological knowledge of individual species. In addition, these tools should be capable of incorporating native species since an increasing number of native species are behaving like invasive aliens.

opencc-zeroDec 2012View details →

Data from: The distribution of fruit and seed toxicity during development for eleven Neotropical trees and vines in Central Panama

Secondary compounds in fruit mediate interactions with natural enemies and seed dispersers, influencing plant survival and species distributions. The functions of secondary metabolites in plant defenses have been well-studied in green tissues, but not in reproductive structures of plants. In this study, the distribution of toxicity within plants was quantified and its influence on seed survival was determined in Central Panama. To investigate patterns of allocation to chemical defenses and shifts in allocation with fruit development, I quantified variation in toxicity between immature and mature fruit and between the seed and pericarp for eleven species. Toxicity of seed and pericarp was compared to leaf toxicity for five species. Toxicity was measured as reduced hyphal growth of two fungal pathogens, Phoma sp. and Fusarium sp., and reduced survivorship of brine shrimp, Artemia franciscana, across a range of concentrations of crude extract. I used these measures of potential toxicity against generalist natural enemies to examine the effect of fruit toxicity on reductions of fruit development and seed survival by vertebrates, invertebrates, and pathogens measured for seven species in a natural enemy removal experiment. The seed or pericarp of all vertebrate- and wind-dispersed species reduced Artemia survivorship and hyphal growth of Fusarium during the immature and mature stages. Only mature fruit of two vertebrate-dispersed species reduced hyphal growth of Phoma. Predispersal seed survival increased with toxicity of immature fruit to Artemia during germination and decreased with toxicity to fungi during fruit development. This study suggests that fruit toxicity against generalist natural enemies may be common in Central Panama. These results support the hypothesis that secondary metabolites in fruit have adaptive value and are important in the evolution of fruit-frugivore interactions.

opencc-zeroDec 2012View details →

Data from: Hybridization and adaptation to introduced balloon vines in an Australian soapberry bug

Contemporary adaptation of plant feeding insects to introduced hosts provides clear cases of ecologically based population divergence. In most cases the mechanisms permitting rapid differentiation are not well known. Here we study morphological and genetic variation associated with recent shifts by the Australian soapberry bug Leptocoris tagalicus onto two naturalized Neotropical balloon vines, Cardiospermum halicacabum and C. grandiflorum that differ in time since introduction. Our results show that these vines have much larger fruits than the native hosts (Whitewood tree –Atalaya hemiglauca– and Woolly Rambutan –Alectryon tomentosus–) and that bugs living on them have evolved significantly longer beaks and new allometries. Genetic analyses of mitochondrial haplotypes and amplified fragment length polymorphic (AFLP) markers indicate that the lineage of bugs on the annual vine C. halicacabum, the older introduction, is intermediate between the two subspecies of L. tagalicus found on native hosts. Moreover, where the annual vine and Whitewood tree co-occur together, the morphology and genomic composition of the bugs are similar to those occurring in allopatry. These results show that hybridization provided the genetic elements underlying the strongly differentiated 'Halicacabum bugs'. In contrast, the bugs feeding on the recently introduced perennial balloon vine (C. grandiflorum) showed no evidence of admixture, and are genetically indistinguishable from the nearby populations on a native host.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: Multilocus phylogenetics of new world milkweed vines (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae, Gonolobinae)

Subtribe Gonolobinae of the cosmopolitan family Apocynaceae is diverse and represents the largest radiation of milkweeds in the New World (~500 species). The largest genus, Matelea, is an amalgam that was united largely by a perceived lack of discrete morphological variation, particularly in floral structures. Using plastid and nuclear DNA sequences, we estimate a phylogeny of Gonolobinae using four chloroplast loci and three cloned nuclear regions. We investigate monophyly of Matelea and other established and provisional genera via a series of hypothesis tests. We find variable support and considerable conflict among the gene trees. Despite this, our data confirm the paraphyly of Matelea while Gonolobus and other segregate genera receive some support as monophyletic assemblages. We attribute conflicting signal in our data primarily to incomplete lineage sorting, a likely result of rapid radiation. Ancestral character reconstructions of growth form, fruit, and corolla morphology reveal a woody twining growth form to be plesiomorphic with one to two transitions to an herbaceous, non-twining growth form followed by one putative reversal to the woody twining growth form in the subtribe. Plesiomorphic states for fruit ornamentation and corolla shape are less clear and these characters exhibit high levels of homoplasy. This study is one of the most comprehensive phylogenies of gonoloboid milkweeds to date and the first to sample multiple nuclear loci and include allelic data.

opennotspecifiedDec 2014View details →

FIGURE 2 in Megadrymus brigalow n. sp. (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Rhyparochromidae: Drymini), a diminutive new species of seed bug from semi-evergreen vine thicket of the Queensland Brigalow Belt

FIGURE 2. Distribution map showing locality of Megadrymus brigalow n. sp. and the boundaries of the Brigalow Belt (North and South) and Nandewar IBRA Bioregions, where the endangered semi-evergreen vine thicket habitat occurs.

opennotspecifiedMar 2013View details →

Species TX OK Distribution Map FH Hosts Pityophthorina Araptus dentifrons Wood 1 1* MEX+NT 103 ph-my Milkweed vines Conophthorus echinatae Wood 1* SEUS 104 my-sp Pinus Conophthorus edulis Hopkins 1 SWNA 104 my-sp Pinus Dendroterus texanus Wood 1 MEX+NT 105 ph Jatropha dioica Pityoborus comatus (Zimmermann) 1 1 SENA 105 xm Pinus Pityophthorus annectens LeConte 1 1 SE+SW 106 ph Pinus Pityophthorus arcanus Bright 1 SWNA 106 ph Pinus Pityophthorus barberi Blackman 1 SWNA 107 ph Pinus Pityophthorus brevis Blackman 1 SWNA 108 ph Pinus Pityophthorus confertus Swaine 1 SWNA 110 ph Pinus Pityophthorus confinis LeConte 1* SWNA 109 ph Pinus Pityophthorus confusus Blandford 1 SE+SW 110 ph Pinus Pityophthorus consimilis LeConte 1 1* SENA 111 ph Pinus Pityophthorus crassus Blackman 1 SWNA 112 ph Pinus Pityophthorus crinalis Blackman 1 1* SENA 109 ph Rhus Pityophthorus deletus LeConte 1 SWNA 111 ph Pinus Pityophthorus grandis Blackman 1 SWNA 113 ph Pinus Pityophthorus guatemalensis Blandford 1 SWNA 112 ph Quercus Pityophthorus lautus Eichhoff 1 1* SENA 112 ph Rhus, Toxicodendron Pityophthorus liquidambarus Blackman 1 SENA 113 ph Liquidambar Pityophthorus pulchellus Eichhoff 1 SE+SW 115 ph Pinus Pityophthorus pulicarius (Zimmermann) 1 1* SENA 114 ph-my Pinus Pityophthorus pullus (Zimmermann) 1 SENA 115 ph Pinus Pityophthorus schwarzi Blackman 1 SWNA 116 ph Pinus Pityophthorus schwerdtfegeri Schedl 1 SWNA 117 ph-my Pinus Pityophthorus scriptor Blackman 1 1 SENA 118 ph Rhus in Atlas and checklist of the bark and ambrosia beetles of Texas and Oklahoma (Curculionidae: Scolytinae and Platypodinae)

Species TX OK Distribution Map FH Hosts Pityophthorina Araptus dentifrons Wood 1 1* MEX+NT 103 ph-my Milkweed vines Conophthorus echinatae Wood 1* SEUS 104 my-sp Pinus Conophthorus edulis Hopkins 1 SWNA 104 my-sp Pinus Dendroterus texanus Wood 1 MEX+NT 105 ph Jatropha dioica Pityoborus comatus (Zimmermann) 1 1 SENA 105 xm Pinus Pityophthorus annectens LeConte 1 1 SE+SW 106 ph Pinus Pityophthorus arcanus Bright 1 SWNA 106 ph Pinus Pityophthorus barberi Blackman 1 SWNA 107 ph Pinus Pityophthorus brevis Blackman 1 SWNA 108 ph Pinus Pityophthorus confertus Swaine 1 SWNA 110 ph Pinus Pityophthorus confinis LeConte 1* SWNA 109 ph Pinus Pityophthorus confusus Blandford 1 SE+SW 110 ph Pinus Pityophthorus consimilis LeConte 1 1* SENA 111 ph Pinus Pityophthorus crassus Blackman 1 SWNA 112 ph Pinus Pityophthorus crinalis Blackman 1 1* SENA 109 ph Rhus Pityophthorus deletus LeConte 1 SWNA 111 ph Pinus Pityophthorus grandis Blackman 1 SWNA 113 ph Pinus Pityophthorus guatemalensis Blandford 1 SWNA 112 ph Quercus Pityophthorus lautus Eichhoff 1 1* SENA 112 ph Rhus, Toxicodendron Pityophthorus liquidambarus Blackman 1 SENA 113 ph Liquidambar Pityophthorus pulchellus Eichhoff 1 SE+SW 115 ph Pinus Pityophthorus pulicarius (Zimmermann) 1 1* SENA 114 ph-my Pinus Pityophthorus pullus (Zimmermann) 1 SENA 115 ph Pinus Pityophthorus schwarzi Blackman 1 SWNA 116 ph Pinus Pityophthorus schwerdtfegeri Schedl 1 SWNA 117 ph-my Pinus Pityophthorus scriptor Blackman 1 1 SENA 118 ph Rhus