Find research datasets worth reusing
Search datasets from major research repositories and use ShareScore to quickly assess how well each record supports discovery, access, and reuse.
2,052
datasets available to search
ShareScore release 0.7.1
Dataset results
2,052 results for “Species tree”
Data from: Genetic structure and demographic history of the endangered tree species Dysoxylum malabaricum (Meliaceae) in Western Ghats, India: implications for conservation in a biodiversity hotspot
The impact of fragmentation by human activities on genetic diversity of forest trees is an important concern in forest conservation, especially in tropical forests. Dysoxylum malabaricum (white cedar) is an economically important tree species, endemic to the Western Ghats, India, one of the world's eight most important biodiversity hotspots. As D. malabaricum is under pressure of disturbance and fragmentation together with overharvesting, conservation efforts are required in this species. In this study, range-wide genetic structure of twelve D. malabaricum populations was evaluated to assess the impact of human activities on genetic diversity and infer the species' evolutionary history, using both nuclear and chloroplast (cp) DNA simple sequence repeats (SSR). As genetic diversity and population structure did not differ among seedling, juvenile and adult age classes, reproductive success among the old-growth trees and long distance seed dispersal by hornbills were suggested to contribute to maintain genetic diversity. The fixation index (FIS) was significantly correlated with latitude, with a higher level of inbreeding in the northern populations, possibly reflecting a more severe ecosystem disturbance in those populations. Both nuclear and cpSSRs revealed northern and southern genetic groups with some discordance of their distributions; however, they did not correlate with any of the two geographic gaps known as genetic barriers to animals. Approximate Bayesian computation-based inference from nuclear SSRs suggested that population divergence occurred before the last glacial maximum. Finally we discussed the implications of these results, in particular the presence of a clear pattern of historical genetic subdivision, on conservation policies.
Data from: Testing the divergent adaptation of two congeneric tree species on a rainfall gradient using eco-physio-morphological traits
In tropical Africa, evidence of widely distributed genera transcending biomes or habitat boundaries has been reported. The evolutionary processes that allowed these lineages to disperse and adapt into new environments are far from being resolved. To better understand these processes, we propose an integrated approach, based on the eco-physio-morphological traits of two sister species with adjacent distributions along a rainfall gradient. We used wood anatomical traits, plant hydraulics (vulnerability to cavitation, wood volumetric water content and hydraulic capacitance) and growth data from the natural habitat, in a common garden, to compare species with known phylogeny, very similar morphologically, but occupying contrasting habitats: Erythrophleum ivorense (wet forest) and Erythrophleum suaveolens (moist forest and forest gallery). We identified some slight differences in wood anatomical traits between the two species associated with strong differences in hydraulics, growth, and overall species distribution. The moist forest species, E. suaveolens had narrower vessels and intervessel pits, and higher vessel cell-wall reinforcement than E. ivorense. These traits allow a high resistance to cavitation and a continuous internal water supply of the xylem during water shortage, allowing a higher fitness during drought periods, but limiting growth. Our results confirm a trade-off between drought tolerance and growth, controlled by subtle adaptations in wood traits, as a key mechanism leading to the niche partitioning between the two Erythrophleum species. The generality of this trade-off and its importance in the diversification of the African tree flora remains to be tested. Our integrated eco-physio-morpho approach could be the way forward.
Data from: A trait-based trade-off between growth and mortality: evidence from 15 tropical tree species using size-specific RGRs
A life-history trade-off between low mortality in the dark and rapid growth in the light is one of the most widely accepted mechanisms underlying plant ecological strategies in tropical forests. Differences in plant functional traits are thought to underlie these distinct ecological strategies; however, very few studies have shown relationships between functional traits and demographic rates within a functional group. We present 8 years of growth and mortality data from saplings of 15 species of Dipterocarpaceae planted into logged-over forest in Malaysian Borneo, and the relationships between these demographic rates and four key functional traits: wood density, specific leaf area (SLA), seed mass, and leaf C:N ratio. Species-specific differences in growth rates were separated from seedling size effects by fitting nonlinear mixed-effects models, to repeated measurements taken on individuals at multiple time points. Mortality data were analyzed using binary logistic regressions in a mixed-effects models framework. Growth increased and mortality decreased with increasing light availability. Species differed in both their growth and mortality rates, yet there was little evidence for a statistical interaction between species and light for either response. There was a positive relationship between growth rate and the predicted probability of mortality regardless of light environment, suggesting that this relationship may be driven by a general trade-off between traits that maximize growth and traits that minimize mortality, rather than through differential species responses to light. Our results indicate that wood density is an important trait that indicates both the ability of species to grow and resistance to mortality, but no other trait was correlated with either growth or mortality. Therefore, the growth mortality trade-off among species of dipterocarp appears to be general in being independent of species crossovers in performance in different light environments.
Data from: Species-level para- and polyphyly in DNA barcode gene trees: strong operational bias in European Lepidoptera
The proliferation of DNA data is revolutionizing all fields of systematic research. DNA barcode sequences, now available for millions of specimens and several hundred thousand species, are increasingly used in algorithmic species delimitations. This is complicated by occasional incongruences between species and gene genealogies, as indicated by situations where conspecific individuals do not form a monophyletic cluster in a gene tree. In two previous reviews, non-monophyly has been reported as being common in mitochondrial DNA gene trees. We developed a novel web service "Monophylizer" to detect non-monophyly in phylogenetic trees and used it to ascertain the incidence of species non-monophyly in COI (a.k.a. cox1) barcode sequence data from 4977 species and 41,583 specimens of European Lepidoptera, the largest data set of DNA barcodes analyzed from this regard. Particular attention was paid to accurate species identification to ensure data integrity. We investigated the effects of tree-building method, sampling effort, and other methodological issues, all of which can influence estimates of non-monophyly. We found a 12% incidence of non-monophyly, a value significantly lower than that observed in previous studies. Neighbor joining (NJ) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods yielded almost equal numbers of non-monophyletic species, but 24.1% of these cases of non-monophyly were only found by one of these methods. Non-monophyletic species tend to show either low genetic distances to their nearest neighbors or exceptionally high levels of intraspecific variability. Cases of polyphyly in COI trees arising as a result of deep intraspecific divergence are negligible, as the detected cases reflected misidentifications or methodological errors. Taking into consideration variation in sampling effort, we estimate that the true incidence of non-monophyly is ∼23%, but with operational factors still being included. Within the operational factors, we separately assessed the frequency of taxonomic limitations (presence of overlooked cryptic and oversplit species) and identification uncertainties. We observed that operational factors are potentially present in more than half (58.6%) of the detected cases of non-monophyly. Furthermore, we observed that in about 20% of non-monophyletic species and entangled species, the lineages involved are either allopatric or parapatric—conditions where species delimitation is inherently subjective and particularly dependent on the species concept that has been adopted. These observations suggest that species-level non-monophyly in COI gene trees is less common than previously supposed, with many cases reflecting misidentifications, the subjectivity of species delimitation or other operational factors.
Data from: Ex situ conservation of underutilised fruit tree species: establishment of a core collection for Ficus carica L. using microsatellite markers (SSRs)
Ex situ germ plasm collections of woody crops are necessary to ensure the optimal use of plant genetic resources. The fig tree (Ficus carica L.) germ plasm bank, consisting of 229 accessions, is located in Centro de Investigación 'La Orden'. Despite great progress in conservation, ex situ collections face size and organization problems. Core collections obtained from structured samples of bigger collections are a useful tool to improve germ plasm management. In this work, we used simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to establish a core collection in this underutilised Mediterranean fruit tree species. Four approaches have been carried out (random sampling, maximization, simulated annealing and stepwise clustering) to determine the best method to develop a core collection in this woody plant. The genetic diversity obtained with each subset was compared with that of the complete collection. It was found that the most efficient way to achieve the maximum diversity was the maximization strategy, which, with 30 accessions, recovers all the SSR alleles and does not show significant differences in allele frequency distribution in any of the loci or in the variability parameters (H O, H E) between the whole and core collections. Thus, this core collection, a representative of most fig diversity conserved in the germ plasm bank, could be used as a basis for plant material exchange among researchers and breeders.
Data from: A hybrid phylogenetic–phylogenomic approach for species tree estimation in African Agama lizards with applications to biogeography, character evolution, and diversification
Africa is renowned for its biodiversity and endemicity, yet little is known about the factors shaping them across the continent. African Agama lizards (45 species) have a pan-continental distribution, making them an ideal model for investigating biogeography. Many species have evolved conspicuous sexually dimorphic traits, including extravagant breeding coloration in adult males, large adult male body sizes, and variability in social systems among colorful versus drab species. We present a comprehensive time-calibrated species tree for Agama, and their close relatives, using a hybrid phylogenetic-phylogenomic approach that combines traditional Sanger sequence data from five loci for 57 species (146 samples) with anchored phylogenomic data from 215 nuclear genes for 23 species. The Sanger data are analyzed using coalescent-based species tree inference using *BEAST, and the resulting posterior distribution of species trees is attenuated using the phylogenomic tree as a backbone constraint. The result is a time-calibrated species tree for Agama that includes 95% of all species, multiple samples for most species, strong support for the major clades, and strong support for most of the initial divergence events. Diversification within Agama began approximately 23 million years ago (Ma), and separate radiations in Southern, East, West, and Northern Africa have been diversifying for > 10 Myr. A suite of traits (morphological, coloration, and sociality) are tightly correlated and show a strong signal of high morphological disparity within clades, whereby the subsequent evolution of convergent phenotypes has accompanied diversification into new biogeographic areas.
Data from: Data concatenation, Bayesian concordance and coalescent-based analyses of the species tree for the rapid radiation of Triturus newts
The phylogenetic relationships for rapid species radiations are difficult to disentangle. Here we study one such case, namely the genus Triturus, which is composed of the marbled and crested newts. We analyze data for 38 genetic markers, positioned in 3-prime untranslated regions of protein-coding genes, obtained with 454 sequencing. Our dataset includes twenty Triturus newts and represents all nine species. Bayesian analysis of population structure allocates all individuals to their respective species. The branching patterns obtained by data concatenation, Bayesian concordance analysis and coalescent-based estimations of the species tree differ from one another. The data concatenation based species tree shows high branch support but branching order is considerably affected by allele choice in the case of heterozygotes in the concatenation process. Bayesian concordance analysis expresses the conflict between individual gene trees for part of the Triturus species tree as low concordance factors. The coalescent-based species tree is relatively similar to a previously published species tree based upon morphology and full mtDNA and any conflicting internal branches are not highly supported. Our findings reflect high gene tree discordance due to incomplete lineage sorting (possibly aggravated by hybridization) in combination with low information content of the markers employed (as can be expected for relatively recent species radiations). This case study highlights the complexity of resolving rapid radiations and we acknowledge that to convincingly resolve the Triturus species tree even more genes will have to be consulted.
FIGURE 1. Bayesian phylogenetic tree inferred from 621 in Description of two new species of Rhamphus related to R. oxyacanthae (Curculionidae, Curculioninae, Rhamphini) from Italy based on a morphological study supported by molecular data
FIGURE 1. Bayesian phylogenetic tree inferred from 621 bp of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sampled from the Rhamphus specimens originated from Italy. Bayesian a posteriori probabilities are shown above/below branches (values below 0.7 are omitted). Abbreviation: oxy = R. oxyacanthae; bav = R.bavierai n. sp.; ham = R. hampsicora n. sp.; mon = R. monzinii.
Beyond leaf habit: generalities in plant function across 97 tropical dry forest tree species
<p> </p> <p class="western"><span><span><span>Leaf habit has been hypothesized to define a linkage between the slow-fast plant economic spectrum and the drought resistance-avoidance trade-off in tropical forests ('slow-safe versus fast-risky'). However, variation in hydraulic traits as a function of leaf habit has rarely been explored for a large number of species.</span></span></span></p> <p class="western"><span><span><span>We sampled leaf and branch functional traits of 97 tropical dry forest tree species from four sites to investigate whether patterns of trait variation varied consistently in relation to leaf habit along the 'slow-safe versus fast-risky' tradeoff.</span></span></span></p> <p class="western"><span><span><span>Leaf habit explained from 0 to 43.69 % of individual trait variation. We found that evergreen and semi-deciduous species differed in their location along the multivariate trait ordination when compared to deciduous species. While deciduous species showed consistent trait values, evergreen species trait values varied as a function of the site. Last, trait values varied in relation to the proportion of deciduous species in the plant community.</span></span></span></p> <p class="western"><span><span><span>We found that leaf habit describes the strategies that define drought avoidance and plant economics in tropical trees. However, leaf habit alone does not explain patterns of trait variation, which suggests that quantifying site-specific or species-specific uncertainty in trait variation as the way forward.</span></span></span></p> <p> </p>
Data from: Long-term and interactive effects of different mammalian consumers on growth, survival and recruitment of dominant tree species
<p>Throughout the world, numerous tree species are reported to be in decline, either due to increased mortality of established trees or reduced recruitment. The situation appears especially acute for oaks, which are dominant features of many landscapes in the northern hemisphere. Although numerous factors have been hypothesized to explain reductions in tree performance, vertebrate herbivores and granivores may serve as important drivers of these changes. Here, using data from 8- and 14-year-old exclosure experiments, we evaluated the individual and interactive effects of large and small mammalian herbivores on the performance of three widespread oak species in California – coast live oak (<i>Quercus agrifolia</i>), California black oak (<i>Q. kelloggii</i>) and Oregon white oak (<i>Q. garryana</i>). Although impacts varied somewhat by species and experiment, herbivory by black-tailed deer (<i>Odocoileus hemionus columbianus</i>) reduced the height and survival of juvenile coast live oaks and altered their architecture, as well as reduced the abundance of black oak seedlings, the richness of woody species and the cover of non-oak woody species. Small mammals (<i>Microtus californicus</i> and <i>Peromyscus maniculatus</i>) had even more widespread effects, reducing the abundance of black oak seedlings and the height and cover of all three oak species. We also detected numerous interactions between small mammals and deer, with one herbivore having positive or negative effects on oak abundance and cover when the other herbivore was either present or absent. For example, deer often had negative effects on seedling abundance only when, or even more so when, small mammals were present. In summary, mammalian consumers play crucial roles in limiting oak recruitment by reducing seedling abundance, maintaining trees in stunted states and preventing them from reaching sapling stages and becoming reproductive. Interactions between large and small mammals can also alter the intensity and direction of their effects on trees.</p>
Data from: Evidence of a spatial auto-correlation in the browsing level of four major European tree species
Moran's I of the browsing level of fir, spruce, beech and oak in the Federal State of Baden-Württemberg <p>Data supporting the results publised in "Evidence of a spatial auto-correlation in the browsing level of four major European tree species" by Hagen and Suchant (2020).</p> <p>The contribution of spatial processes to the spatial patterns of ecological systems is widely recognised, but spatial patterns in the ecology of plant-herbivore interactions have rarely been investigated quantitatively owing to limited budget and time associated with ecological research. Studies of the level of browsing on various tree species reported either no spatial auto-correlation or a small effect size. Further, the effects of disturbance events, such as hurricanes, which create large forest openings on spatial patterns of herbivory are not well understood. In this study, we used forest inventory data obtained from the federal state of Baden-Württemberg (Southern Germany) between 2001 and 2009 (grid size: 100×200 m) and thus, after hurricane Lothar struck Southern Germany in 1999. We investigated whether the browsing level of trees (height <= 130 cm) in one location is independent of that of the neighbourhood. Our analyses of 1.758.622 saplings (187.632 sampling units) of oak (Quercus), fir (Abies), spruce (Picea) and beech (Fagus) revealed that the browsing level is characterised by a short distance spatial auto-correlation. The application of indicator variables based on browsed saplings should account for the spatial pattern as the latter may affects the results and therefore also the conclusions of the analysis.</p>
FIGURE 1. A in Mimosa sobralii (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae), a new tree species endemic to the southern Brazilian highland slopes
FIGURE 1. A. Branches with flowers (in most leaves of this material many pinnae fell, which is common in a lot of individuals of this species). B. Detail of stem hair-covering, sometimes with sparse whitish tichomes. C. Globose capitulum (some stamens fell). D. Flower and floral bract. E. Floral bract. F. Stamens, two sizes. G. Ovary and style. H. Adaxial surface of leaflet. I. Abaxial surface of leaflet densely covered with dark rounded resinous glands (Illustrator: Diana Carneiro).
FIGURE 2. A. Flowering branches. B, C. Rhytidome. D, E in Mimosa sobralii (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae), a new tree species endemic to the southern Brazilian highland slopes
FIGURE 2. A. Flowering branches. B, C. Rhytidome. D, E. Leaves and reddish-brown stems. F, I. Leaf-stalks canaliculate, paraphyllidia reniform. G. Branch with immature fruits. H. Habit. J, K. Mature fruits: craspedia and seeds (J=scale 1mm, K=scale 1cm)(K. photo: Valdely Kinupp). L. Abaxial surface of leaflets densely covered with dark rounded resinous glands.
Data from: Local adaptation to herbivory within tropical tree species along a rainfall gradient
<p>In tropical forests, insect herbivores exert significant pressure on plant populations. Adaptation to such pressure is hypothesized to be a driver of high tropical diversity, but direct evidence for local adaptation to herbivory in tropical forests is sparse. At the same time, herbivore pressure has been hypothesized to increase with rainfall in the tropics, which could lead to differences among sites in the degree of local adaptation. To assess the presence of local adaptation and its interaction with rainfall, we compared herbivore damage on seedlings of local vs non-local populations at sites differing in moisture availability in a reciprocal transplant experiment spanning a rainfall gradient in Panama. For 13 native tree species, seeds collected from multiple populations along the rainfall gradient were germinated in a shadehouse and then transplanted to experimental sites within the species range. We tracked the likelihood of herbivore attack over 1.5 years and quantified the percentage of leaf area damaged at the end of the study. Seedlings originating from local populations were less likely to be attacked and experienced lower amounts of herbivore damage than those from non-local populations, but only on the wetter end of the rainfall gradient. However, overall herbivore damage was higher at the drier site compared to wetter sites, contrary to expectation. Taken together, these findings support the idea that herbivory can result in local adaptation within tropical tree species; however, the likelihood of local adaptation varies among sites due to environmentally-driven differences in investment in defense or herbivore specialization or both.</p>
Haploid, diploid, and pooled exome capture recapitulate features of biology and paralogy in two non-model tree species
<p>Despite their suitability for studying evolution, many conifer species have large and repetitive giga-genomes (16-31Gbp) that create hurdles to producing high coverage SNP datasets that capture diversity from across the entirety of the genome. Due in part to multiple ancient whole genome duplication events, gene family expansion and subsequent evolution within <i>Pinaceae</i>, false diversity from the misalignment of paralog copies creates further challenges in accurately and reproducibly inferring evolutionary history from sequence data. Here, we leverage the cost-saving benefits of pool-seq and exome-capture to discover SNPs in two conifer species, Douglas-fir (<i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> var. <i>menziesii </i>(Mirb.) Franco, <i>Pinaceae</i>) and jack pine (<i>Pinus banksiana</i> Lamb., <i>Pinaceae</i>). We show, using minimal baseline filtering, that allele frequencies estimated from pooled individuals show a strong positive correlation with those estimated by sequencing the same population as individuals (r > 0.948), on par with such comparisons made in model organisms. Further, we highlight the utility of haploid megagametophyte tissue for identifying sites that are likely due to misaligned paralogs. Together with additional minor filtering, we show that it is possible to remove many of the loci with large frequency estimate discrepancies between individual and pooled sequencing approaches, improving the correlation further (r > 0.973). Our work addresses bioinformatic challenges in non-model organisms with large and complex genomes, highlights the use of megagametophyte tissue for the identification of paralog sites, and suggests the combination of pool-seq and exome capture to be robust for further evolutionary hypothesis testing in these systems.</p>
Annual mortality and growth index for 17 tree species across entire size classes in the Ogawa Forest Reserve, an old-growth deciduous forest, central Japan
<p><span>We estimated demographic parameters across entire size classes for 17 tree species (<i>Betula</i>, <i>Carpinus</i>, <i>Fagus</i>, <i>Quercus</i>, <i>Castanea</i>, <i>Acer</i>, <i>Cerasus</i>, <i>Swida</i>, <i>Kalopanax</i>, and <i>Styrax</i>) using a dataset over 18 years obtained from the Ogawa Forest Reserve, an old-growth deciduous forest located in the southern part of the Abukuma Mountains, Ibaraki Prefecture, central Japan (36° 56', 140° 35', 610 m in elevation)<sup> 1)</sup>. Size classes were represented by 12 categories defined based on age, height, and diameter at breast height (DBH): new seedling (age < 1), aged seedling (age ≥ 1 and height < 30 cm), sapling (height 30 cm to 2 m), juvenile (height ≥ 2 m and DBH < 5 cm), D10 (DBH 5–15 cm, D10 was denoted by the midpoint of this range; later classes were similarly defined), D20, D30, D40, D50, D60, D70, and D80 (including trees with DBH ≥ 85 cm). We derived the annual mortality and growth index (i.e., the probability of a living tree transitioning to the next size class) for each species and size class using estimates of transition probabilities between size classes (i.e., stasis, progression and retrogression)<sup>2)</sup>. The stem densities of these 17 species in each size class are also presented<sup>3)</sup>.</span></p> <p><span>File list</span></p> <p><span>1) dataset - number of trees stagnating, progressing and retrogressing by size class.csv</span></p> <p><span>2) estimates - mean and 95 percent credible intervals of demographic parameters by species and size class.csv</span></p> <p><span>3) estimates - mean density of stems by species and size class.csv</span></p>
FIGURE 2 in A new classification for Lipocarpha and Volkiella as infrageneric taxa of Cyperus s.l. (Cypereae, Cyperoideae, Cyperaceae): insights from species tree reconstruction supplemented with morphological and floral developmental data
FIGURE 2: A. Inflorescence of Lipocarpha chinensis (left) and Ascolepis brasiliensis (right) in Madagascar (picture taken by Marc Reynders); B. Inflorescences of Lipocarpha nana in Madagascar (picture taken by Marc Reynders); C. Inflorescence of Lipocarpha prieuriana (© Marco Schmidt, West African plants - A Photo Guide; photo used with permission of Brunken et al. 2008); D. Lipocarpha micrantha in its natural habitat in the United States (© Arthur Haines, New England Wild Flower Society; photo used with photographer's permission).
FIGURE 7 in A new classification for Lipocarpha and Volkiella as infrageneric taxa of Cyperus s.l. (Cypereae, Cyperoideae, Cyperaceae): insights from species tree reconstruction supplemented with morphological and floral developmental data
FIGURE 7: Shape of spikelet bracts of Lipocarpha species used in this study (modified from Goetghebeur & Van den Borre 1989). Bars: 1mm. A–D. Clade 1:—A. L. aristulata, B. L. drummondii, C. L. micrantha, D. L. micrantha; E–G. Clade 2:—E. L. albiceps, F. L. comosa, G. Volkiella disticha; H–N. Clade 3:—H. L. microcephala, I. L. filiformis, J. L. cf. filiformis, K. L. salzmannina, L. L. maculata, M. L. prieuriana, N. L. species; O–P. Clade 4:—O. L. leucaspis, P. L. nana; Q–T. Clade 5:—Q. L. hemisphaerica, R. L. chinensis, S. L. constricta, T. L. mexicana (Madagascar); U–V. Clade 6:—U. L. barteri, V. L. humboldtiana; W–X. Clade 7 (flowerbearing glumes instead of spikelet bracts!):—W. L. kernii, X. L. rehmannii. Abbreviations: ap: apical part of spikelet bract; bp: basal part of spikelet bract.
FIGURE 1 in A new classification for Lipocarpha and Volkiella as infrageneric taxa of Cyperus s.l. (Cypereae, Cyperoideae, Cyperaceae): insights from species tree reconstruction supplemented with morphological and floral developmental data
FIGURE 1: A. Phylogeny of Cyperus s.l., modified from Larridon et al. (2013). Distribution of the segregate genera now included in Cyperus s.l. An asterisk indicates a bootstrap support higher than 75%; B. The segregate genera of Cyperus s.l.
FIGURE 6 in A new classification for Lipocarpha and Volkiella as infrageneric taxa of Cyperus s.l. (Cypereae, Cyperoideae, Cyperaceae): insights from species tree reconstruction supplemented with morphological and floral developmental data
FIGURE 6: A. New interpretation of the inflorescence of Lipocarpha rehmannii inflorescence. The inflorescence consists of a spikelet of spirally arranged glumes each subtending a flower. B. Old interpretation of the Lipocarpha rehmannii inflorescence (Goetghebeur & Van den Borre 1989). In that interpretation, the inflorescence consists of a spike of highly reduced spikelets with each spikelet subtended by a spikelet bract (blue). Near the base of the nutlet, remnants of a prophyll and glume can be found. Blue = spikelet bract; pink = prophyll; yellow = glume; red = nutlet.
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.