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FIGURE 3 in A new specimen of Chasmosaurus belli (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae), a revision of the genus, and the utility of postcrania in the taxonomy and systematics of ceratopsid dinosaurs

FIGURE 3. Nasals of NHMUK R4948, Chasmosaurus belli in A–B, right lateral, C–D, left lateral, and E–F, dorsal view. Abbreviations: nhc, nasal horn core; n-pm f, premaxillary facet on nasal; n-pm p, premaxillary process of nasal. Diagonal lines indicate broken bone. Scale bars equal to 20 cm.

FIGURE 11 in A new specimen of Chasmosaurus belli (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae), a revision of the genus, and the utility of postcrania in the taxonomy and systematics of ceratopsid dinosaurs

FIGURE 11. Braincase of NHMUK R4948, Chasmosaurus belli in A, dorsal, B, ventral, C, right lateral, D, left lateral and E, posterior view. Scale bar equals 10 cm.

FIGURE 1 in A new specimen of Chasmosaurus belli (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae), a revision of the genus, and the utility of postcrania in the taxonomy and systematics of ceratopsid dinosaurs

FIGURE 1. Rostral and premaxillae of NHMUK R4948, Chasmosaurus belli in A–B, right lateral, C–D, left lateral, and E–F, dorsal view. Abbreviations: pm dp, premaxillary dorsal process; pm f, premaxillary fenestra; pm fl, premaxillary flange extending into external naris; pm-m f, maxillary facet on premaxilla; pm-n f, nasal facet on premaxilla; pm sf, small foramen ventral to premaxillary fenestra on premaxilla; r, rostral; r dp, dorsal process of rostral; r pp, posterior process of rostral. Diagonal lines indicate broken bone. Scale bars equal to 20 cm.

FIGURE 25 in A new specimen of Chasmosaurus belli (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae), a revision of the genus, and the utility of postcrania in the taxonomy and systematics of ceratopsid dinosaurs

FIGURE 25. Right femur of NHMUK R4948, Chasmosaurus belli, in A, anterior, B, posterior, C, lateral, D, medial, E, dorsal and F, ventral view. Abbreviations: 4t, fourth trochanter; at, anterior trochanter; gt, greater trochanter; hd, femoral head. Scale bar equals 20 cm for A–D, 15 cm for E–F.

FIGURE 2 in A new specimen of Chasmosaurus belli (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae), a revision of the genus, and the utility of postcrania in the taxonomy and systematics of ceratopsid dinosaurs

FIGURE 2. Maxillae of NHMUK R4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A–D, right maxilla in A, C, lateral, and B, D, medial view; E– H, left maxilla in E, G, lateral, and F, H, medial view. Abbreviations: aof, antorbital fossa; m-ecpt f, ectopterygoid facet on maxilla; m-la-j f, lacrimal and jugal facets on maxilla; m mf, medial foramen on maxilla; m-n f, nasal facet on maxilla; m-pm f, premaxillary facet on maxilla; m-pt f, pterygoid facet on maxilla; m r, maxillary ridge. Diagonal lines indicate broken bone. Scale bars equal to 20 cm.

FIGURE 16 in A new specimen of Chasmosaurus belli (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae), a revision of the genus, and the utility of postcrania in the taxonomy and systematics of ceratopsid dinosaurs

FIGURE 16. Syncervical of NHMUK R4948, Chasmosaurus belli in A, right lateral and B, left lateral view. Abbreviations: III, cervical three; III dia, diapophysis of cervical three; III ns, neural spine of cervical three; III para, parapophysis of cervical three; at, atlas; at rf, atlas rib facet; ax, axis; ax dia, diapophysis of axis; ax na, neural arch of axis; ax ns, neural spine of axis; ax para, parapophysis of axis. Scale bar equals 20 cm.

FIGURE 6 in A new specimen of Chasmosaurus belli (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae), a revision of the genus, and the utility of postcrania in the taxonomy and systematics of ceratopsid dinosaurs

FIGURE 6. Quadratojugals of NHMUK R4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A–F, right quadratojugal in A, D, lateral, B, E, medial and C, F, posterior view. Abbreviations: ltf m, margin of the lateral temporal fenestra; qj-epj f, epijugal facet on quadratojugal; qj-j f, jugal facet on quadratojugal; qj-q f, quadrate facet on quadratojugal; qj r, ridge on quadratojugal; qj-sq f, squamosal facet on quadratojugal. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.

FIGURE 14 in A new specimen of Chasmosaurus belli (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae), a revision of the genus, and the utility of postcrania in the taxonomy and systematics of ceratopsid dinosaurs

FIGURE 14. Preserved left lower jaw elements of NHMUK R4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A–J, posterior part of the left lower jaw in A–B, lateral, C–D, medial, E–F, posterior, G–H, dorsal and I–J, ventral view. K–L, left coronoid process in K, lateral and L, medial view. Abbreviations: add, adductor fossa; ar, articular; for, foramen; gle, glenoid fossa; par, prearticular; sa, surangular; sa-a f, facet for angular on surangular; sa-d f, facet for dentary on surangular. Hatching indicates broken bone. Scale bars equal to 5 cm.

FIGURE 18 in A new specimen of Chasmosaurus belli (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae), a revision of the genus, and the utility of postcrania in the taxonomy and systematics of ceratopsid dinosaurs

FIGURE 18. Dorsal vertebrae one to four of NHMUK R4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A–C, dorsal one; D–F, dorsal two; G–I, dorsal three; J–L, and dorsal four; shown in A, D, G, J, anterior, B, E, H, K, posterior and C, F, I, L, right lateral view. Scale bar equals 5 cm.

FIGURE 19 in A new specimen of Chasmosaurus belli (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae), a revision of the genus, and the utility of postcrania in the taxonomy and systematics of ceratopsid dinosaurs

FIGURE 19. Posterior dorsal vertebrae of NHMUK R4948, Chasmosaurus belli in A, D, G, anterior, B, E, H, posterior and C, F, I, right lateral view. These vertebrae are termed dorsals five to seven in the text, but their exact location in the dorsal vertebral column is unknown. Scale bar equals 5 cm.

FIGURE 24 in A new specimen of Chasmosaurus belli (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae), a revision of the genus, and the utility of postcrania in the taxonomy and systematics of ceratopsid dinosaurs

FIGURE 24. Ulnae and radius of NHMUK R4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A–F, right ulna in A, anterior, B, posterior, C, lateral, D, medial, E, dorsal and F, ventral view. G–L, left ulna in G, anterior, H, posterior, I, lateral J, medial, K, dorsal and L, ventral view. M–P, right radius in M, anterior, N, posterior, O, dorsal and P, ventral view. The radius is preserved in three parts that have been approximately positioned relative to each other. Abbreviations: al p, anterolateral process; m p, medial process; o p, olecranon process; r f, radial facet; u f, ulnar facet. Scale bar equals 10 cm for A–D, G–J and M–N, and 5 cm for E–F, K–L and O–P.

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Fig. 2 in Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs

Fig. 2. Inner surface of the left lower jaw of the type specimen of Dynamosaurus imperiosus. 1 / 8 nat. size.

FIGURE 9 in Overosaurus paradasorum gen. et sp. nov., a new sauropod dinosaur (Titanosauria: Lithostrotia) from the Late Cretaceous of Neuquén, Patagonia, Argentina

FIGURE 9. Phylogenetic position of Overosaurus paradasorum. Strict consensus cladograms resulting from the analysis of the data matrix of Calvo et al. (2007a,b) (A) and the data matrix of Santucci & Arruda-Campos (2012) (B). Numbers on nodes reflect unambiguous synapomorphies present in MAU-Pv-CO-439. Numbers between brackets indicate character state in available material of MAU-Pv-CO-439. Bremer support indices shown as bold numbers above each node.

FIGURE 8 in Overosaurus paradasorum gen. et sp. nov., a new sauropod dinosaur (Titanosauria: Lithostrotia) from the Late Cretaceous of Neuquén, Patagonia, Argentina

FIGURE 8. Comparative figure of vertebrae and ilium of Overosaurus with other sauropods. A–C, posterior cervical vertebrae of Trigonosaurus (A), Overosaurus (B) and Saltasaurus (C). D–E, posterior dorsal vertebrae of Trigonosaurus (D), Overosaurus (E) and Saltasaurus (F). G–I, middle caudal vertebrae of Rinconsaurus (G), Overosaurus (H) and Saltasaurus (I). J–L, right ilia of Tastavinsaurus (J), Overosaurus (K) and Saltasaurus (L). All figures in right lateral view and not to scale (A,D modified from Campos et al. 2005; C,F,I,L modified from Powell, 1992; G modified from Calvo and González Riga, 2003; J modified from Canudo et al. 2008).

FIGURE 7 in Overosaurus paradasorum gen. et sp. nov., a new sauropod dinosaur (Titanosauria: Lithostrotia) from the Late Cretaceous of Neuquén, Patagonia, Argentina

FIGURE 7. Dorsal ribs and ilium of Overosaurus paradasorum (MAU-Pv-CO-439). A, dorsal ribs 1–4 in right lateral view. B, photographs of dorsal ribs 1–4 in anterior view. C, photographs of dorsal ribs 1–4 in posterior view. D, right ilium in lateral view. Cross-sections in A are not in scale. Abbreviations: a, acetabulum; f, foramen; icp, ischiadic peduncle; pap, preacetabular process; pop, postacetabular process; pp, pubic peduncle; R1–R4, dorsal ribs 1–4.

FIGURE 6. Caudal vertebrae 1–20 in Overosaurus paradasorum gen. et sp. nov., a new sauropod dinosaur (Titanosauria: Lithostrotia) from the Late Cretaceous of Neuquén, Patagonia, Argentina

FIGURE 6. Caudal vertebrae 1–20 of Overosaurus paradasorum (MAU-Pv-CO-439). A, caudals 1–9 in right lateral view. B, line-drawing of caudals 1–9 in ventral view. C, caudals 10–20 in right lateral view. Abbreviations: C1, C9, C10, C20, caudals 1, 9, 10, 20; ns, neural spine; prz, prezygapophysis; tp, transverse process.

FIGURE 5 in Overosaurus paradasorum gen. et sp. nov., a new sauropod dinosaur (Titanosauria: Lithostrotia) from the Late Cretaceous of Neuquén, Patagonia, Argentina

FIGURE 5. Sacrum and ilium of Overosaurus paradasorum (MAU-Pv-CO-439). A, sacrum and ilium in dorsal view. B, linedrawing of sacrum and ilium in ventral view. Abbreviations: a, acetabulum; il, ilium; ip; ischiadic peduncle; pp; pubic peduncle; r, dorso-sacral rib; S1–S5, sacral vertebrae 1 to 5.

FIGURE 4. Dorsal vertebrae 7–10 in Overosaurus paradasorum gen. et sp. nov., a new sauropod dinosaur (Titanosauria: Lithostrotia) from the Late Cretaceous of Neuquén, Patagonia, Argentina

FIGURE 4. Dorsal vertebrae 7–10 of Overosaurus paradasorum (MAU-Pv-CO-439). A, dorsal vertebrae 7–10 in left lateral view. B, dorsal vertebrae 7–10 in dorsal view. C, line-drawing of dorsal vertebrae 7–10 in ventral view. Abbreviations: acdl, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; dp, diapophysis; ns, neural spine; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; pl, pleurocoel; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; pp, parapophysis; prsl, prespinal lamina; prz, prezygapophysis; pz, postzygapophysis; tp, transverse process.

FIGURE 2 in Overosaurus paradasorum gen. et sp. nov., a new sauropod dinosaur (Titanosauria: Lithostrotia) from the Late Cretaceous of Neuquén, Patagonia, Argentina

FIGURE 2. Cervical vertebrae of Overosaurus paradasorum (MAU-Pv-CO-439). A, cervicals 10–13 in left lateral view. B, cervicals 10–13 in dorsal view. C, cervical 10 in anterior view. D, cervical 11 in posterior view. E, cervical 12 in anterior view. F, cervical 10–11 in ventral view. G, cervical 12 in ventral view. H, cervical 13 in ventral view. Abbreviations: ac, articular condyle; acdl, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; aspdl, anterior spinodiapophyseal lamina; cr, cervical rib; dp, diapophysis; le, longitudinal edge of neural spine; ns, neural spine; pcav, pneumatic cavity; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; pcpl, posterior centroparapophyseal lamina; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; pp, parapophysis; prdl, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; prf, prespinal fossa; prz, prezygapophysis; pspdl, posterior spinodiapophyseal lamina; pz, postzygapophysis; spol, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; sprl, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina; tp, transverse process; tprl, intraprezygapophyseal lamina; vk, ventral keel.

FIGURE 3. Dorsal vertebrae 1–6 in Overosaurus paradasorum gen. et sp. nov., a new sauropod dinosaur (Titanosauria: Lithostrotia) from the Late Cretaceous of Neuquén, Patagonia, Argentina

FIGURE 3. Dorsal vertebrae 1–6 of Overosaurus paradasorum (MAU-Pv-CO-439). A, left lateral view. B, dorsal view. C, line-drawing of ventral view. Abbreviations: apcdl, accessory posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; acpl, anterior centroparapophyseal lamina; dp, diapophysis; f, fossa; ns, neural spine; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; pl, pleurocoel; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; pp, parapophysis; prsl, prespinal lamina; prz, prezygapophysis; pz, postzygapophysis; spdl, spinodiapophyseal lamina; tp, transverse process; vc, ventral crest.