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FIGURE 2 in Earning your stripes: a second species of striped gecko in the New Zealand gecko genus Toropuku (Gekkota: Diplodactylidae)
FIGURE 2. Adult female holotype, MONZ RE.006939): A.) dorsal, B.) ventral, and C.) lateral views. Photographs by J-C. Stahl. Scale bar = 1 cm.
Data from: Biogeography and anthropogenic impact shape the success of invasive wasps on New Zealand's offshore islands
<p><b>Aim</b></p> <p>The theory of island biogeography predicts that the susceptibility of an island to invasion is determined by its isolation and size. However, many island ecosystems have been intensely modified by humans. Here, we investigated the biogeographic, biotic and anthropogenic drivers of invasive social wasps on 36 offshore islands.</p> <p><b>Location</b></p> <p>Islands off the east coast of New Zealand's North Island.</p> <p><b>Taxa</b></p> <p><i>Vespula germanica</i> (Fabricius, 1793), <i>Vespula vulgaris </i>(Linnaeus, 1758) and <i>Polistes chinensis antennalis </i>(Fabricius, 1793)<i>, Polistes humilis </i>(Fabricius, 1781).</p> <p><b>Methods</b></p> <p>We used GIS software for in situ randomisation of plots on each island (36 islands, 409 plots) and conducted 5-minute wasp counts to estimate wasp abundance. Wasp abundance and canopy cover were recorded at each plot. Island isolation was measured using GIS software. Data on island size, human settlement and the presence of introduced rats (<i>Rattus</i> spp.) were collated from the literature and island managers. The number of boat docks per island was counted from satellite images. A generalised linear mixed effect model (GLMM) was fitted to identify drivers of <i>Vespula</i> and <i>Polistes</i> abundance on offshore islands.</p> <p><b>Results</b></p> <p>The abundance of <i>Vespula</i> was negatively correlated with island isolation and canopy cover, yet positively correlated with island size. <i>Vespula</i> were also more abundant on islands that have been settled by humans. The abundance of <i>Polistes</i> was negatively correlated with canopy cover. Finally, results did not support the notion that invasive wasps were associated with introduced rats on New Zealand's offshore islands.</p> <p><b>Conclusions</b></p> <p>Our findings highlight the importance of biogeographic factors, such as island size and isolation, for species invasions, and suggest that intact forest cover could contribute to biotic resistance to invasive wasps in island ecosystems. Studies of invasive species should consider the joint effects of biogeographic, biotic and anthropogenic factors to best inform conservation management.ealand's North Island.</p>
FIGURE 45 in New Zealand and Australian species of the genus Leptochiton (Mollusca Polyplacophora)
FIGURE 45. Images of species of genus Leptochiton from New Zealand and Australia: A. L. badius, Australia, NSW, Sydney, Long Reef, BL 4.2 mm, (ZISP 2381) 04.02.1928; B. L. finlayi, New Zealand, N of Cavalli Islands, R/V Tangaroa, stn TAN0906/81, 115 m, BL 8.0 mm, (NMNZ M 314504); C. L. beui n. sp., New Zealand, Chatham Rise, 430 m, BL 3.5 mm, (NMNZ M 138100); D. L. inquinatus, New Zealand, Lyall Bay, Cook Strait, low tide, under stones, BL 10.0 mm, (ZISP; E. L. subantarcticus, New Zealand, South Island, shelf NE of Tiaroa Head, 50 m, BL 5.7 mm, (NMNZ M 319795).
FIGURE 37 in New Zealand and Australian species of the genus Leptochiton (Mollusca Polyplacophora)
FIGURE 37. Leptochiton subantarcticus, New Zealand, South Island, Papanui Canyon, off Otago Heads, stn. Mu 70–45, BL 7.5 mm, (ZISP 2384). A. Dorsal and ventral scales and marginal needles; B. Dorsal scales near suture; C. Dorsal scales near suture and sutural needle; D. Marginal needles and ventral scales.
FIGURE 27. Leptochiton marshalli n in New Zealand and Australian species of the genus Leptochiton (Mollusca Polyplacophora)
FIGURE 27. Leptochiton marshalli n. sp., holotype, BL 10.0 mm, (NMNZ M 117376). A. Sutural needle; B. Dorsal scales; C. Marginal needle; D, E. Marginal spicules; F. Ventral scale near margin; G. Ventral scale from mid-girdle; H. Central and first lateral teeth; I, J. Heads of major lateral teeth; K. Aesthete group in central area. Scale bar 100 μm (A–J).
FIGURE 34 in New Zealand and Australian species of the genus Leptochiton (Mollusca Polyplacophora)
FIGURE 34. Leptochiton cf. opiparus, New Zealand, Kermadec Islands, NNE of Herald Islets, Raoul Island, BL 16 mm, (NMNZ M 222132). A. Central portion of radula from anterior part; B. Central and first lateral tooth of radula.
FIGURE 29 in New Zealand and Australian species of the genus Leptochiton (Mollusca Polyplacophora)
FIGURE 29. Leptochiton matthewsianus, Northern coast of Tasmania, East Devonport, between Mersey River Mouth and Pardoe Beach, BL 6.0 mm, (ZISP 2379). A, C. Dorsal and ventral scales and marginal spicules and needles; B. Dorsal scales near suture; D. Dorsal scales and sutural needles.
FIGURE 28 in New Zealand and Australian species of the genus Leptochiton (Mollusca Polyplacophora)
FIGURE 28. Leptochiton matthewsianus, Northern coast of Tasmania, East Devonport, between Mersey River Mouth and Pardoe Beach, BL 6.0 mm, (ZISP 2379). A. Valve I, dorsal view; B. Valve V, dorsal view; C. Valve VIII, dorsal view; D. Valve V, tegmentum sculpture in central area; E. Valve V, rostral view; F. Valve VIII, lateral view.
FIGURE 26. Leptochiton marshalli n in New Zealand and Australian species of the genus Leptochiton (Mollusca Polyplacophora)
FIGURE 26. Leptochiton marshalli n. sp., holotype, BL 10.0 mm, (NMNZ M 117376). A. Central portion of radula from anterior part; B. Central and first lateral tooth of radula.
FIGURE 31 in New Zealand and Australian species of the genus Leptochiton (Mollusca Polyplacophora)
FIGURE 31. Leptochiton matthewsianus, Northern coast of Tasmania, East Devonport, between Mersey River Mouth and Pardoe Beach, BL 6.0 mm, (ZISP 2379). A. Sutural needle; B. Dorsal scales; C. Marginal needle; D. Marginal spicule; E. Ventral scale near margin; F. Ventral scale from mid-girdle; G. Central and first lateral teeth; H. Heads of major lateral teeth; I. Aesthete group in central area. Scale bar 50 μm (A–H).
FIGURE 38 in New Zealand and Australian species of the genus Leptochiton (Mollusca Polyplacophora)
FIGURE 38. Leptochiton subantarcticus, New Zealand, South Island, Papanui Canyon, off Otago Heads, stn. Mu 70–45, BL 7.5 mm, (ZISP 2384). (A, B), Head of Pegasus Canyon, Pegasus Bay, 446 m, BL 6.0 mm, (NMNZ M 152576) (C, D); A. Central portion of radula from anterior part; B. Central and first lateral tooth of radula; C. Valve V, dorsal view; D. Valve V, rostral view.
FIGURE 24. Leptochiton marshalli n in New Zealand and Australian species of the genus Leptochiton (Mollusca Polyplacophora)
FIGURE 24. Leptochiton marshalli n. sp., holotype, BL 10.0 mm, (NMNZ M 117376). A. Valve I, dorsal view; B. Valve II, dorsal view; C. Valve V, dorsal view; D. Valve VIII, dorsal view; E. Valve V, tegmentum sculpture in central area; F. Valve V, rostral view; G. Valve VIII, lateral view.
FIGURE 23 in New Zealand and Australian species of the genus Leptochiton (Mollusca Polyplacophora)
FIGURE 23. Leptochiton liratus, Western Australia, stn. WA13, 10 m, BL 5.5 mm (MNHN, IM–2013–67007). A, B. Central portion of radula from anterior part.
FIGURE 19 in New Zealand and Australian species of the genus Leptochiton (Mollusca Polyplacophora)
FIGURE 19. Leptochiton cf. laurae, New Zealand, SW of Kaikoura Peninsula, upper Kaikoura Canyon, 1006–1097 m, mud, BL 11.0 mm, (NMNZ M 051009). A, B. Dorsal and ventral scales and needles; C. Dorsal scales and needles; D. Ventral scales.
FIGURE 21 in New Zealand and Australian species of the genus Leptochiton (Mollusca Polyplacophora)
FIGURE 21. Leptochiton cf. laurae, New Zealand, SW of Kaikoura Peninsula, upper Kaikoura Canyon, 1006–1097 m, mud, BL 11.0 mm, (NMNZ M 051009). A. Sutural and dorsal needle; B, C. Dorsal scales; D. Marginal needle; E. Ventral scale; F. Central and first lateral teeth of radula; G, H. Heads of major lateral tooth; I. Aesthete group in central area. Scale bar 50 μm (A–H).
FIGURE 20 in New Zealand and Australian species of the genus Leptochiton (Mollusca Polyplacophora)
FIGURE 20. Leptochiton cf. laurae, New Zealand, SW of Kaikoura Peninsula, upper Kaikoura Canyon, 1006–1097 m, mud, BL 11.0 mm, (NMNZ M 051009). A, B. Central portion of radula from anterior part.
FIGURE 17 in New Zealand and Australian species of the genus Leptochiton (Mollusca Polyplacophora)
FIGURE 17. Leptochiton inquinatus, New Zealand, N. coast of South Island, Port Nelson, BL. 7.0 mm, (ZISP 2383). A. Sutural needle; B. Dorsal scales; C. Marginal needle; D. Marginal spicule; E. Marginal scale; F. Ventral scale near margin; G. Ventral scale from mid-girdle; H. Central and first lateral teeth; I, J. Heads of major lateral teeth; K. Aesthete group in central area. Scale bar 100 μm (A–J).
FIGURE 44 in New Zealand and Australian species of the genus Leptochiton (Mollusca Polyplacophora)
FIGURE 44. Images of species of genus Leptochiton from New Zealand and Australia: A, B. L. cf. opiparus, New Zealand, Kermadec Islands, R/V Acheron, stn 1973312, 1188-1225 m, BL 16 mm, (NMNZ M 222132); C, D. L. marshalli n. sp., holotype, New Zealand, Three Kings Islands, Tasman Bay, Great Island, 6 m, BL 10.0 mm, (NMNZ M 117376); E, F. L. subantarcticus, New Zealand, Head of Pegasus Canyon, Pegasus Bay, 446 m, mud, BL 5.5 mm, (NMNZ M 152576); G, H. L. cf. laurae, New Zealand, South Island, SSE of Kaikoura, R/V James Cook, stn 1986020, 927–995 m, BL 10.5 mm, (NMNZ M 319764).
FIGURE 15 in New Zealand and Australian species of the genus Leptochiton (Mollusca Polyplacophora)
FIGURE 15. Leptochiton inquinatus, New Zealand, N. coast of South Island, Port Nelson, BL. 7.0 mm, (ZISP 2383). A, B. Dorsal and ventral scales and marginal spicules and needles; C. Dorsal scales and sutural needles; D. Dorsal scales.
FIGURE 41 in New Zealand and Australian species of the genus Leptochiton (Mollusca Polyplacophora)
FIGURE 41. Leptochiton subantarcticus, New Zealand, South Island, shelf NE of Tiaroa Head, BL 5.5 mm (NMNZ M 319795). A-C. Dorsal and ventral scales; D. Marginal needles and spicules, and dorsal scales.
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