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Fig. 44. Tree topology taken from figure 43 in Freshwater Stingrays Of The Green River Formation Of Wyoming (Early Eocene), With The Description Of A New Genus And Species And An Analysis Of Its Phylogenetic Relationships (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes)
Fig. 44. Tree topology taken from figure 43 (strict consensus tree) with ambiguous characters mapped (numbered as in text and matrix in table 5, unambiguous characters in fig. 43). Some of the characters are ambiguous because they are scored as uncertain in Hexatrygon (characters 4 and 21) and in Myliobatis (character 16); these are displayed conservatively on the tree (i.e., it is not simply assumed that they will be found in these taxa). Other characters have more than one equally parsimonious optimization (characters 3, 20, 32, 43), whereas others are scored as uncertain in the Green River stingrays (characters 12, 22, and 44). The optimization chosen in both of these cases is accelerated transformation, favoring reversals over independent gains. Characters denoted with an asterisk (*) are part of multistate transformation series that have unambiguous character states in figure 43.
Fig. 47 in Freshwater Stingrays Of The Green River Formation Of Wyoming (Early Eocene), With The Description Of A New Genus And Species And An Analysis Of Its Phylogenetic Relationships (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes)
Fig. 47. Strict consensus tree (length = 477 steps, CI = 0.87, RI = 0.92) of the 20 equally most parsimonious trees (length = 472 steps, CI = 0.88, RI = 0.93) that resulted after successive approximations weighting. The marked node indicates the extent of further resolution obtained with weighting (compare with phylogeny in fig. 43). An identical tree was produced with implied weights (see text for discussion).
Fig. 43 in Freshwater Stingrays Of The Green River Formation Of Wyoming (Early Eocene), With The Description Of A New Genus And Species And An Analysis Of Its Phylogenetic Relationships (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes)
Fig. 43. Strict consensus tree (length = 86 steps, CI = 0.65, RI = 0.79) obtained from 35 equally most parsimonious trees (length = 82 steps, CI = 0.68, RI = 0.82), derived from the matrix in table 5. Characters are numbered as in the text and in table 5 (see text for character descriptions). Only unambiguous characters are shown; unique derivations depicted as closed circles, characters with homoplasy as open circles; character states in parentheses (figure is modified from output generated directly from WinClada).
Fig. 42 in Freshwater Stingrays Of The Green River Formation Of Wyoming (Early Eocene), With The Description Of A New Genus And Species And An Analysis Of Its Phylogenetic Relationships (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes)
Fig. 42. Articulation between mesopterygium and pectoral radials (character 20 in phylogenetic analysis) of representative extant stingray taxa in dorsoventral view. A. Potamotrygon leopoldi (UERJ 719), right side (inverted), ventral view. B. Dasyatis margarita (AMNH 41512), left side (inverted), dorsal view. C. Urolophus lobatus (CSIRO P8197), right side (inverted), ventral view. D. Trygonoptera testacea (USNM 39993), right side (inverted), ventral view. Arrows depicts sinuous margin of mesopterygium where it articulates to radials in panels C and D. Figures are not to scale. Anterior to top.
Fig. 40 in Freshwater Stingrays Of The Green River Formation Of Wyoming (Early Eocene), With The Description Of A New Genus And Species And An Analysis Of Its Phylogenetic Relationships (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes)
Fig. 40. Enlarged dorsoventral view (positive prints from xray radiographs) of the articulation between the hyomandibula and jaw joint or lower jaw of some extant stingrays showing different states of characters 8 (presence of hyomandibularMeckelian ligament) and 9 (referring to the arrangement of the angular cartilages) of phylogenetic analysis. A. Gymnura japonica (AMNH 26691), with hyomandibula articulating directly to jaws, that is, without developed hyomandibularMeckelian ligament (angular cartilages absent; see also fig. 15, ventral view). B. Trygonoptera testacea (USNM 39993), with scattered calcification present within welldeveloped hyomandibularMeckelian ligament connecting hyomandibula to lower jaw and with lack of discrete angular elements. C. Potamotrygon leopoldi (UERJ 719), with two angular cartilages present within stout ligament (lower angular cartilage is roughly twothirds the width of the upper angular element). D. Potamotrygon, sp. nov. (MZUSP 25580), with two angulars of more or less equal dimensions. E. Potamotrygon signata (MCZ 600) showing elongated and slender angular cartilage (roughly onehalf length of hyomandibula) associated with much smaller angular closely contacting hyomandibula. F. Plesiotrygon iwamae (MZUSP 42848), depicting single angular cartilage (presumably anterior angular cartilage), positioned at a slightly oblique angle to hyomandibula (and not so much at a right angle to it, as seen in panels C–E). Figures are not to scale. Anterior to top.
Fig. 41 in Freshwater Stingrays Of The Green River Formation Of Wyoming (Early Eocene), With The Description Of A New Genus And Species And An Analysis Of Its Phylogenetic Relationships (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes)
Fig. 41. Dorsal fin skeleton of extant stingrays. A. Aetoplatea zonura. B. Myliobatis tobijei. C. Rhinoptera javanica. D. Mobula japanica. E. Aetobatus narinari (from AMNH 44142 XR). Panels A– D modified from Nishida (1990: fig. 40); panel E is original. Note that caudal stings and vertebral elements are schematic. Anterior to left.
Fig. 36 in Freshwater Stingrays Of The Green River Formation Of Wyoming (Early Eocene), With The Description Of A New Genus And Species And An Analysis Of Its Phylogenetic Relationships (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes)
Fig. 36. Pelvic girdles of cleared and stained stingrays. A. Dorsal view of Taeniura lymma (AMNH 44079). B. Ventral view of same. C. Dorsal view of Gymnura micrura (FMNH 89990). D. Ventral view of same. E. Ventral view of Urotrygon chilensis (FMNH 93737). The pelvic girdle of Potamotrygon sp. is shown in figure 16B. Anterior to top.
Fig. 38 in Freshwater Stingrays Of The Green River Formation Of Wyoming (Early Eocene), With The Description Of A New Genus And Species And An Analysis Of Its Phylogenetic Relationships (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes)
Fig. 38. Selected anatomical features of representative clearedandstained stingrays. A. Ventral aspect of anterior neurocranium of Urobatis halleri (FMNH 42601). B. Anterior portion of ventral gill arches (ventral view) of Urobatis halleri (FMNH 42601). C. Ventral aspect of pectoral fin basal elements of Gymnura micrura (FMNH 89990), left side. D. Pectoral fin basals of Urotrygon chilensis (FMNH 93737) in ventral view (left side). E. Denticles of Urotrygon chilensis (FMNH 93737) from anterior disc region between pectoral radials in dorsal view. Note that our identification of chondrified sensory canals (se) in panel A is tentative (structure may represent the rostral base). Not to scale. Anterior to top.
Fig. 34 in Freshwater Stingrays Of The Green River Formation Of Wyoming (Early Eocene), With The Description Of A New Genus And Species And An Analysis Of Its Phylogenetic Relationships (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes)
Fig. 34. Neurocranium and visceral arches of Potamotrygon motoro (FMNH 94503), stained only with alcian blue, in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views (gill arches and synarcual in place). Asterisk denotes anterior extension of basibranchial plate (which is fragmented posteriorly). Anterior to top.
Fig. 35 in Freshwater Stingrays Of The Green River Formation Of Wyoming (Early Eocene), With The Description Of A New Genus And Species And An Analysis Of Its Phylogenetic Relationships (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes)
Fig. 35. Dorsal view of gill arches of (A) Taeniura lymma (AMNH 44079) and (B) Gymnura micrura (FMNH 89990). Dorsal elements pulled slightly to each side to reveal ventral gill arch structures with more clarity. Asterisk in panel A indicates expanded distal extension of left hyomandibula that articulates with Meckel's cartilage through the hyomandibularMeckelian ligament. Anterior to top.
Fig. 31 in Freshwater Stingrays Of The Green River Formation Of Wyoming (Early Eocene), With The Description Of A New Genus And Species And An Analysis Of Its Phylogenetic Relationships (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes)
Fig. 31. Neurocranium of clearedandstained specimen of Gymnura micrura (FMNH 89990) in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views (same specimen as in fig. 15). Anterior to top.
Fig. 39 in Freshwater Stingrays Of The Green River Formation Of Wyoming (Early Eocene), With The Description Of A New Genus And Species And An Analysis Of Its Phylogenetic Relationships (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes)
Fig. 39. Pectoral skeleton of representative stingray taxa (in left column), magnified (in right column, from box at left) to show relationship between adjacent radial elements (character 29 of phylogenetic analysis). A, B. Gymnura micrura (FMNH 89990), left side, ventral view (arrow indicates derived state of character 29). C, D. Urotrygon chilensis (FMNH 93737), left side, ventral view. E, F. Potamotrygon motoro (FMNH 94503), left side, ventral view. Not to scale. Anterior to top.
Fig. 37 in Freshwater Stingrays Of The Green River Formation Of Wyoming (Early Eocene), With The Description Of A New Genus And Species And An Analysis Of Its Phylogenetic Relationships (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes)
Fig. 37. Caudal fin extremities in representative stingray taxa (cleared and stained). A. Urotrygon chilensis (FMNH 93737); note dermal denticles on dorsal aspect. B. Urobatis jamaicensis (stained with alcian blue only; AMNH 30385). C. Taeniura lymma (AMNH 44079). D. Potamotrygon cf. motoro (AMNH 38138). Scale is same for panels C and D. Anterior to left.
Fig. 30 in Freshwater Stingrays Of The Green River Formation Of Wyoming (Early Eocene), With The Description Of A New Genus And Species And An Analysis Of Its Phylogenetic Relationships (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes)
Fig. 30. †Heliobatis radians. A. Holotype of †Heliobatis radians Marsh, 1877 (YPM 528); note that tail region posterior to disc is missing. B. Holotype of †Palaeodasybatis discus Fowler, 1947 (ANSP 8344), length given as 345 mm TL in original description, but specimen missing distal tip of tail; note that radials of disc and pelvic fins are painted over. This specimen has recently been reported as missing (Spamer et al., 1995: 83). Anterior to top.
Fig. 21 in Freshwater Stingrays Of The Green River Formation Of Wyoming (Early Eocene), With The Description Of A New Genus And Species And An Analysis Of Its Phylogenetic Relationships (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes)
Fig. 21. Jaws of †Asterotrygon maloneyi, n.gen., n.sp., with scattered teeth visible between upper and lower jaws. A. FMNH PF 14069 (paratype; entire specimen in fig. 5). B. AMNH P 11557 (paratype; entire specimen in fig. 3). Jaw outlines have been reinforced.
Fig. 18 in Freshwater Stingrays Of The Green River Formation Of Wyoming (Early Eocene), With The Description Of A New Genus And Species And An Analysis Of Its Phylogenetic Relationships (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes)
Fig. 18. Neurocranium and visceral arches of †Asterotrygon maloneyi, n.gen., n.sp. (FMNH PF 12989, adult male paratype; entire specimen in fig. 4). A. Ventrally exposed splanchnocranium. B. Schematic outline of neurocranium from same specimen. Note intense, almost uniform covering of closely packed and very small dermal denticles, which are more visible anterior to neurocranium between pectoral radials. Larger denticles are obliterating postorbital processes. Only impressions in the matrix of the putative angular cartilage(s) (aac?) remain, and they are not clearly visible in the photograph (A). Note that hyomandibula on right side lacks a large central section of prismatic calcification, and that portions of nasal capsules, jaws, neurocranium, and gill arches are missing. Anterior to top.
Fig. 26 in Freshwater Stingrays Of The Green River Formation Of Wyoming (Early Eocene), With The Description Of A New Genus And Species And An Analysis Of Its Phylogenetic Relationships (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes)
Fig. 26. Posterior tail region and caudal stings of specimens of †Asterotrygon, n. gen. (A, C, and D) and †Heliobatis (B). Note individual vertebrae continuing posteriorly beyond caudal stings to distal extremity of tail. A. FMNH PF 14097 (entire specimen in fig. 9). B. AMNH P 19665 (specimen in fig. 28). C. FMNH PF 12914 (reversed; specimen in fig. 6). D. FMNH PF 14098 (reversed; specimen in fig. 8). Anterior to bottom.
Fig. 15 in Freshwater Stingrays Of The Green River Formation Of Wyoming (Early Eocene), With The Description Of A New Genus And Species And An Analysis Of Its Phylogenetic Relationships (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes)
Fig. 15. Dorsal aspect of clearedandstained butterfly ray, Gymnura micrura (FMNH 89990) (ventral side of same specimen on opposing page). Anatomical details are further shown in figures 31, 35, 36, 38 and 39. Anterior to left.
Fig. 14 in Freshwater Stingrays Of The Green River Formation Of Wyoming (Early Eocene), With The Description Of A New Genus And Species And An Analysis Of Its Phylogenetic Relationships (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes)
Fig. 14. Dorsal view of clearedandstained specimen of Urotrygon chilensis (FMNH 93737) showing articulated skeleton; included to serve as a guide for the anatomical descriptions contained in this paper (ventral view of same specimen on opposing page). This specimen is further depicted (as closeups) in figures 33, and 36–39. Anterior to top.
Fig. 12 in Freshwater Stingrays Of The Green River Formation Of Wyoming (Early Eocene), With The Description Of A New Genus And Species And An Analysis Of Its Phylogenetic Relationships (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes)
Fig. 12. Juvenile specimen of †Asterotrygon maloneyi, n.gen., n.sp. (FMNH PF 15180, ca. 106 mm TL female, ventrally exposed). Specimen is from freshwater F2 deposits of the early Eocene Fossil Butte Member of the Green River Formation; preserved alongside a teleost, the percopsid †Amphiplaga brachyptera. Anterior to top.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.