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Figure 4 in A new species of Cladochaeta Coquillettı 1900 (Diptera: Drosophilidae) associated with Sphodroscarta trivirgata (Amyot & Servilleı 1843) (Auchenorrhyncha: Aphrophoridae) from the Brazilian Amazon rainforest

Figure 4. Cladochaeta amorimi nov. sp., holotype, male terminalia. (a) Ventral view. (b) Terminal view. (c) Lateral view. Abbreviations: aed: aedeagus; aed apod: aedegal apodeme; cerc: cercus; epan: epandrium; gnpd: gonpod; hypd: hypandrium; paraph: paraphysis; pgt: postgonite; ph: phallus; phapod: phallapodeme; pm sh: parameral sheath; pregt: pregonite; st: sternite; sur: surstylus. Nomenclature follows Cumming and Wood (2017), followed by the traditional drosophilid nomenclature in parentheses (McAlpine 1981; Bächli et al. 2004).

Figure 5 in A new species of Cladochaeta Coquillettı 1900 (Diptera: Drosophilidae) associated with Sphodroscarta trivirgata (Amyot & Servilleı 1843) (Auchenorrhyncha: Aphrophoridae) from the Brazilian Amazon rainforest

Figure 5. Cladochaeta amorimi sp. nov., paratype female terminalia. (a) lateral view. (b) dorsal view. (c) ventral view. Abbreviations: at: apical tergite; ep: epiproct; hy: hypoproct; lb: lateral lobe; ps: penultimate sternite; pt: penultimate tergite.

Figure 2 in A new species of Cladochaeta Coquillettı 1900 (Diptera: Drosophilidae) associated with Sphodroscarta trivirgata (Amyot & Servilleı 1843) (Auchenorrhyncha: Aphrophoridae) from the Brazilian Amazon rainforest

Figure 2. Cladochaeta amorimi nov. sp., holotype. (a) Lateral habitus. (b) Head, lateral view. (c) Head and thorax, dorsal view. Abbreviations. a dc s: anterior dorcentral seta; a rc orb s: anterior reclinate orbital seta; acr s: acrosthical setulae; ap sctl s: apical scutellar seta; b sctl s: basal scutellar seta; i vt s: inner vertical seta; kepst s: katepisternal setae; o vt s: outer vertical seta; p dc s: posterior dorsocentral seta; pc orb s: proclinate orbital seta; pprn s: postpronotum setae; sbvb s: subvibrissal setae; sct: scutum; sctsctl sut: scutuscutellar suture; scutl: scutellum; vb: vibrissa. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

Figure 3 in A new species of Cladochaeta Coquillettı 1900 (Diptera: Drosophilidae) associated with Sphodroscarta trivirgata (Amyot & Servilleı 1843) (Auchenorrhyncha: Aphrophoridae) from the Brazilian Amazon rainforest

Figure 3. Cladochaeta amorimi nov. sp., holotype. (a) Wing. (b) Head, frontal view. (c) Antenna. Abbreviations: a rc orb s: anterior reclinate orbital seta; ap. f: apical fork; ar: arista; r-m: basal medialcubital crossvein; d-1: first dorsal branch; d-2: second dorsal branch; d-3: third dorsal branch; d-4: forth dorsal branch; dm-m: discal medialcrossvein; fc: face; flgm 1: first flagellomere; h: humeral crossvein; i vt s: inner vertical seta; infr s: interfrontal setulae; M1: medial vein; M4: fourth medial vein; o vt s: outer vertical seta; oc s: ocellar seta; p rc orb s: posterior reclinate orbital seta; pc orb s: proclinate orbital seta; ped: pedicel; poc s: postocellar seta; R1: anterior branch of radius; R2+3: second longitudinal vein; R4+5: third longitudinal vein; sc: subcostal vein; scp: scape; vb: vibrissa; vent. br: ventral branch. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Figure 1 in A new species of Cladochaeta Coquillettı 1900 (Diptera: Drosophilidae) associated with Sphodroscarta trivirgata (Amyot & Servilleı 1843) (Auchenorrhyncha: Aphrophoridae) from the Brazilian Amazon rainforest

Figure 1. (a) Upland forest of the scientific station Ferreira Penna (ECFPn) in the national forest of Caxiuanã, Brazil. (b) Young plant Cecropia sciadophylla with an arrow pointing to the spittle mass produced by nymphs of Sphodroscarta trivirgata. (c) Spittle mass produced by nymphs of Sphodroscarta trivirgata with an arrow pointing to the pupae of Cladochaeta amorimi sp. nov. (d) Twig of Cecropia sciadophylla with pupal cases of Cladochaeta amorimi sp. nov. (e) Adult of Sphodroscarta trivirgata.

FIGURE 7 in Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species

FIGURE 7. Phortica (Ashima) akutsui Toda, sp. nov. (♂ holotype). A, Head (caudal view); B, frons; C, antenna; D, abdominal sternites; E, periphallic organs (caudolateral view); F, postgonites (anteroventral view); G, H, phallic organs (lateral and ventral views, respectively). Abbreviations: dl t a, dorsolateral, tentorial apodeme; pocl s, postocular setae. Scale bars: 0.1 mm in B, C, E–H; 0.5 mm in A, D.

FIGURE 2 in Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species

FIGURE 2. Phortica (Ashima) efragmentata Toda, sp. nov. (♂ holotype). A, Antenna; B, palpus; C, cibarium (dorsal view); D, proboscis (lateral view); E, fore tarsus; F, abdomen (dorsal view); G, legs; H, abdominal sternites. Abbreviations: a s, anterior sensilla; m s, medial sensilla; p s, posterior sensilla; s c, sensilla campaniformia; s-I–IV, sternites I–IV; t-I–IV, tergites I–IV. Character states are indicated in the form of 'character No.-state code'. Scale bars: 0.1 mm in A–D; 0.5 mm in E–H.

FIGURE 3 in Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species

FIGURE 3. Phortica (Phortica) pappi (Tsacas & Okada, 1983) (A; ♂ from Cape Tribulation, Queensland, Australia), Phortica (Ashima) machoruka Prigent & Chen, 2008 (B, C; ♂ holotype), Phortica (Ashima) efragmentata Toda, sp. nov. (D–G; ♂ ho- lotype) and Phortica (Ashima) afoliolata Chen & Toda, 2005 (H; ♂ paratype from Jianfeng, Ledong County, Hainan, China). A, B, D, Periphallic organs (caudolateral view in A and D; caudal view in B); C, pregonites and hypandrial phragma (ventral view); E, surstylus; F, phallic organs (ventral view); G, H, phallic organs (lateral view). Abbreviations: aed gd, aedeagal guide; aed m r, aedeagal median rod; aed s, aedeagal sheath; cerc, cercus; epand, epandrium; goncx, gonocoxite; hypd ph, hypandrial phragma; phap, phallapodeme; phap pr, posterior rod-like process of phallapodeme; preg, pregonite; postg, postgonite; sur, surstylus. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 10 in Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species

FIGURE 10. Evolutionary changes in the bilateral structure of male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima, estimated by mapping three states (white: symmetry, S; red: directional asymmetry, DA; and yellow; antisymmetry, AS) of three organs (circle: postgonites on the aedeagal sheath; square: the hypandrium; and triangle: the aedeagal median rod) on the tree resulting from the cladistic analysis II. The states of asymmetry at the terminal species are indicated along with the number of individuals of A- or B-type (see description of each species for the definition of these types); when five or more specimens exhibited A- or B-type fixed asymmetry, we regarded it as DA, but as ambiguous DA or AS if the number of specimens was less than five.

FIGURE 6 in Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species

FIGURE 6. Phortica (Ashima) halimunensis Toda, sp. nov. (A–G; ♂ paratype) and Phortica (Ashima) longipenis Chen & Wen, 2005 (H; ♂ paratype). A, Antenna; B, prementum; C, abdominal sternites; D, periphallic organs (caudolateral view); E, phal- lic organs (lateral view); F, aedeagal sheath and aedeagal median rod (ventral view); G, hypandrium, pregonites and aedeagus (ventral view); H, aedeagus and aedeagal sheath (A-type; ventral view). Scale bars: 0.1 mm in A, B, D–H; 0.5 mm in C.

FIGURE 5 in Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species

FIGURE 5. Phortica (Ashima) watabei Sati & Fartyal, sp. nov. (♂ paratype). A, Head (frontal view); B, abdominal sternites; C, periphallic organs (caudal view); D, E, phallic organs (lateral and ventral views, respectively; B-type). Scale bars: 0.1 mm in C–E; 0.5 mm in A, B.

FIGURE 9 in Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species

FIGURE 9. Phortica (Ashima) takehiroi Toda, sp. nov. (♂ paratype). A, Head (caudal view); B, antenna; C, palpus and prob- ocsis; D, prementum; E, abdominal sternites; F, periphallic organs (caudolateral view); G–I, phallic organs (lateral, ventrolateral and ventral views, respectively). Scale bars: 0.1 mm in B–D, F–I; 0.5 mm in A, E.

FIGURE 10. Continued from Fig. 9 in A Revision of the Drosophila spinipes Species Group (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

FIGURE 10. Continued from Fig. 9, hypandrium with aedeagus of two species in the Drosophila spinipes group, ventral views. A-C: D. phalloserra n. sp. (HS-07, HS-08, DMSA 140413, respectively). D. sp. D (HS-03). E-K: subepandrial sclerites, all to the same scale. E. D. cameroonensis n. sp. (HS-10). F. D. freidbergi n. sp. (HS-06). G. D. malagasy n. sp. (HS-20). H. D. nigrospinipes n. sp. (HS-24). I. D. phalloserra n. sp. (DMSA 140413). J. D. suma Burla (HS-01). K. sp. D (HS-03). A-D: to same scale as ones in fig. 9.

FIGURE 9 in A Revision of the Drosophila spinipes Species Group (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

FIGURE 9. Hypandrium with aedeagus of five species in the Drosophila spinipes group. A. D. cameroonensis n. sp. (HS-10). B. D. freidbergi n. sp. (HS-06). C. D. hypandrilata n. sp. (HS-38). D. D. malagasy n. sp. (HS-16), with subepandrial sclerite. E. D. malagasy n. sp. (HS-17), with subepandrial sclerite. F. D. nigrospinipes n. sp. (HS-24).

FIGURE 8 in A Revision of the Drosophila spinipes Species Group (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

FIGURE 8. Male reproductive structures of epandrium and surstyli of representative species of the Drosophila spinipes group, all to the same scale. A. D. hypandrilata n. sp. (HS-38). B. D. malagasy n. sp. (HS-22). C–D. D. nigrospinipes n. sp. (HS-24). E. D. phalloserra n. sp. (HS-08). F. D. suma Burla (HS-01). G. sp. D (HS-03).

FIGURE 7 in A Revision of the Drosophila spinipes Species Group (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

FIGURE 7. Oviscapts, lateral view of right valves, with structures and peg groups used in the descriptions indicated in K. All to the same scale. A. D. cameroonensis n. sp. (HS-09). B. D. jambiya n. sp. (HS-39). C. D. malagasy n. sp. (HS-18). D. D. malagasy n. sp. (HS-28). E. D. phalloserra n. sp. (HS-11). F. D. phalloserra n. sp. (DMSA 140142). G. D. spinipes Lamb (NHMUK 014335956). H. D. suma Burla (HS-02). I. sp. A (HS-04). J. sp. B (HS-05). K. Species undetermined.

FIGURE 6. Female reproductive structures. A-D in A Revision of the Drosophila spinipes Species Group (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

FIGURE 6. Female reproductive structures. A-D: ventral receptacles, probably various views. All to the same scale. A. sp. A (HS-04). B. sp. B (HS-05). C. D. cameroonensis n. sp. (HS-09). D. D. malagasy n. sp. (HS-19). E. Posterior 4 segments, lateral view of gravid female of D. malagasy n. sp. (HS-19), showing positions and sizes of ventral receptacle and egg.

FIGURE 5 in A Revision of the Drosophila spinipes Species Group (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

FIGURE 5. Protarsi of representative species in the Drosophila spinipes group, mesolateral view. Homologous spines are numbered (note spine 7 missing in D. malagasy specimen HS-20 [B], presence of supernumerary spine 3a in D. jambiya). A. D. jambiya n. sp. (HS-39). B. D. malagasy n. sp. (HS-20). C. D. malagasy n. sp. (HS-22). D. D. nigrospinipes n. sp. (HS-24). E. D. phalloserra n. sp. (HS-07). F. D. spinipes Lamb (NHMUK 014335956). G. sp. D (HS-03). All to the same scale.

FIGURE 3 in A Revision of the Drosophila spinipes Species Group (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

FIGURE 3. Lateral and dorsal habitus of several Drosophila spinipes-group species. A. D. freidbergi n. sp. (HS-06). B. D. malagasy n. sp. (HS-18). C. D. nigrospinipes n. sp. (HS-24). D. D. phalloserra n. sp. (HS-08). E. Dorsal thorax, sp. C (HS-13). F. D. spinipes Lamb (NHMUK 014335955), dorsum. G. D. spinipes Lamb (NHMUK 014335956), lateral.

FIGURE 1. A. Head, frontal view. B in A Revision of the Drosophila spinipes Species Group (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

FIGURE 1. A. Head, frontal view. B. Cibarium and prementum, ventral view. C. Mouthparts, lateral view. B and C to the same scale. All are specimen HS-30 (female from Perinet, Madagascar, TAU).