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FIGURE 16. i in Copepods associated with Ascidian hosts (Tunicata): Intramolgidae and Lichomolgidae, with descriptions of four new genera and 13 new species

FIGURE 16. iẚchomolgẚdẚum bẚpartẚtum sp. nov., female. A, leg 1; B, leg 2; C, endopod of leg 3; D, leg 4; E, left leg 5 and genital aperture, dorsal. All scale bars: 0.05 mm.

FIGURE 9 in Copepods associated with Ascidian hosts (Tunicata): Intramolgidae and Lichomolgidae, with descriptions of four new genera and 13 new species

FIGURE 9. eenẚcoxẚphẚum redactum Illg and Humes, 1971, female. A, habitus, dorsal; B, urosome, dorsal; C, anal somite and caudal rami, dorsal; D, egg sac; E, rostrum; F, antennule; G, antenna; H, labrum; I, mandible; J, maxillule; K, maxilla; L, maxilliped. Scale bars: A–D, 0.1 mm; E, F, H, 0.05 mm; G, I–L, 0.02 mm.

FIGURE 8 in Copepods associated with Ascidian hosts (Tunicata): Intramolgidae and Lichomolgidae, with descriptions of four new genera and 13 new species

FIGURE 8. aebruma deplanata sp. nov., female. A, egg sac; B, leg 1; C, leg 2; D, leg 4; E, exopod of leg 5; F, right genital aperture. Scale bars: A, 0.2 mm; B–F, 0.05 mm.

FIGURE 11 in Copepods associated with Ascidian hosts (Tunicata): Intramolgidae and Lichomolgidae, with descriptions of four new genera and 13 new species

FIGURE 11. eenẚcoxẚphẚum redactum Illg and Humes, 1971, male. A, habitus, dorsal; B, urosome, dorsal; C, maxilliped; D, exopod of leg 5. Scale bars: A, B, 0.1 mm; C, D, 0.02 mm.

FIGURE 12. i in Copepods associated with Ascidian hosts (Tunicata): Intramolgidae and Lichomolgidae, with descriptions of four new genera and 13 new species

FIGURE 12. iẚchomolgẚdẚum sardum Kossmann, 1877, female. A, habitus, dorsal; B, urosome, dorsal; C, right caudal ramus, dorsal; D, spermatophore; E, rostrum; F, antennule; G, antenna; H, labrum; I, mandible; J, maxillule; K, maxilla. Scale bars: A, 0.2 mm; B, 0.1 mm; C–G, 0.05 mm; H–K, 0.02 mm.

FIGURE 5 in Copepods associated with Ascidian hosts (Tunicata): Intramolgidae and Lichomolgidae, with descriptions of four new genera and 13 new species

FIGURE 5. fntramolgus atlantẚs sp. nov., female. A, labrum, B, mandible; C, maxillule; D, maxilla; E, maxilliped; F, leg 1; G, leg 2. All scale bars: 0.02 mm.

FIGURE 4 in Copepods associated with Ascidian hosts (Tunicata): Intramolgidae and Lichomolgidae, with descriptions of four new genera and 13 new species

FIGURE 4. fntramolgus atlantẚs sp. nov., female. A, habitus, dorsal; B, habitus, right; C, urosome, dorsal; D, anterior part of urosome, ventral; E, right caudal ramus, ventral; F, rostrum; G, antennule; H, antenna. Scale bars: A, B, 0.1 mm; C, D, 0.05 mm; E–H, 0.02 mm.

FIGURE 15. i in Copepods associated with Ascidian hosts (Tunicata): Intramolgidae and Lichomolgidae, with descriptions of four new genera and 13 new species

FIGURE 15. iẚchomolgẚdẚum bẚpartẚtum sp. nov., female. A, habitus, dorsal; B, urosome, dorsal; C, left caudal ramus, dorsal; D, rostrum; E, antennule; F, antenna; G, labrum; H, mandible; I, maxillule; J, maxilla; K, maxilliped; L, distal segment of maxilliped. Scale bars: A, 0.2 mm; B, 0.1 mm; C–G, 0.05 mm; H–L, 0.02 mm.

opencc-zeroAug 2021View details →

dryad32/100

Species complex diversification by host plant use in an herbivorous insect: The source of Puerto Rican cactus mealybug pest and implications for biological control

Cryptic taxa have often been observed in the form of host‐associated species that diverged as the result of adaptation to alternate host plants. Untangling cryptic diversity in species complexes that encompass invasive species is a mandatory task for pest management. Moreover, investigating the evolutionary history of a species complex may help to understand the drivers of their diversification. The mealybug Hypogeococcus pungens was believed to be a polyphagous species from South America and has been reported as a pest devastating native cacti in Puerto Rico, also threatening cactus diversity in the Caribbean and North America. There is neither certainty about the identity of the pest, nor the source population from South America. Recent studies pointed to substantial genetic differentiation among local populations, suggesting that H. pungens is a species complex. In this study, we used a combination of genome-wide SNPs and mtDNA variation to investigate species diversity within H. pungens sensu lato to establish host plant ranges of each one of the putative members of the complex, to evaluate whether the pattern of host plant association drove diversification in the species complex, and to determine the source population of the Puerto Rican cactus pest. Our results suggested that H. pungens comprises at least five different species, each one strongly associated with specific host plants. We also established that the Puerto Rican cactus pest derives from southeastern Brazilian mealybugs. This is an important achievement because it will help to design reliable strategies for biological control using natural enemies of the pest from its native range.

Figure 1 in Effects of different ant species on the attendance of neighbouring hemipteran colonies and the outcomes for the host plant

Figure 1. Frequency of ant visitation on mealybug aggregations during manipulative experiment (9 days) by (a) Camponotus crassus and (b) Ectatomma tuberculatum showing the treatment individuals (grey bars – with ant exclusion during manipulation period – days 4, 5 and 6) and control individuals (white bars – with ant access all time). The frequency of C. crassus visitation increased when prevented from tending the treatment aggregation [repeated-measures one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA); * p <0.05; means ± 1 standard error (SE) are presented].

Figure 4 in Effects of different ant species on the attendance of neighbouring hemipteran colonies and the outcomes for the host plant

Figure 4. Comparative analysis of abundance of mealybugs on plants with and without (a) Camponotus crassus and (b) Ectatomma tuberculatum on shrubs of Banisteriopsis campestris in a Brazilian tropical savanna. [T test; * indicates statistical difference; p <0.05; means ± 1 standard error (SE) are presented].

Figure 2 in Effects of different ant species on the attendance of neighbouring hemipteran colonies and the outcomes for the host plant

Figure 2. Comparative analysis of abundance of nymphs attended by (a) Camponotus crassus and (b) Ectatomma tuberculatum on individuals of Banisteriopsis campestris with and without ants over 76 days of monitoring (sampling: 1° – 5 February 2014; 2° – 26 February 2014; 3° – 19 March 2014; 4° – 9 April 2014). A statistical difference was observed for nymphs attended by C. crassus [Friedman test; * indicates statistical difference; p <0.05; means ± 1 standard error (SE) are presented].

Figure 3 in Effects of different ant species on the attendance of neighbouring hemipteran colonies and the outcomes for the host plant

Figure 3. Proportion of fruit production with (a) Camponotus crassus and (b) Ectatomma tuberculatum in the group with both mealybugs and ants, group with only ants, group with only mealybugs, and group without ants or mealybugs. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA, p <0.05) with the presence/absence of each group (ants and mealybugs) treated as a separate factor. Means + 1 standard error (SE) are presented. The asterisk (*) in (a) indicates a significant negative interactive effect by C. crassus and mealybugs on proportion of fruit production (p <0.05; see Table 1).

opennotspecifiedAug 2017View details →

Figure 1 in Life cycles and host-parasitoid relationships of five species of Leucospis wasps in Argentina (Hymenoptera: Leucospidae)

Figure 1. Location of the sampling sites (SC: San Claudio, AN: Anquilóo and MG: Martín García reserve) within the grasslands of Río de la Plata (the area surrounded by a thick line), with satellite images (altitude 5km), and representative photographs of the different vegetation structure at each site (Satellite images copyright Google Inc. 2013).

Figure 4. Munidion laterale Richardson, 1910 in New records and hosts for three species of pseudionine bopyrids (Crustacea: Isopoda: Bopyridae) parasitizing munidid squat lobsters (Crustacea: Anomura: Munididae) in Philippine waters

Figure 4. Munidion laterale Richardson, 1910. Female (CI1083y01), 8.79 mm (A–H): (A) dorsal view; (B) ventral view; (C) barbula; (D) right maxilliped, external view; (E) palp of maxilliped; (F) right oostegite 1, external view; (G) right oostegite 1, internal view. Male (CI1083y02), 2.09 mm (H–I): (H) dorsal view; (I) ventral view. Scale bars = 1 mm (A, B), 0.32 mm (C), 0.35 mm (D), 0.15 mm (E), 0.43 mm (F, G), 0.21 mm (H, I).

Figure 1 in New records and hosts for three species of pseudionine bopyrids (Crustacea: Isopoda: Bopyridae) parasitizing munidid squat lobsters (Crustacea: Anomura: Munididae) in Philippine waters

Figure 1. Pleurocryptella laevis (Richardson, 1910) (CI1082a). Female, 6.5 mm (A–I): (A) dorsal view; (B) ventral view; (C) right antenna and antennule; (D) left side of barbula; (E) left maxilliped, external view; (F) left oostegite 1, external view; (G) left oostegite 1, internal view; (H) right pereopod 1; (I) right pereopod 7. Male, 3.3 mm (J–O): (J) dorsal view; (K) ventral view; (L) right antenna and antennule; (M) left pereopod 1; (N) left pereopod 2; (O) left pereopod 3. Scale bars = 1 mm (A, B), 0.24 mm (C, L), 0.69 mm (D), 0.26 mm (E, H, I), 0.60 mm (F, G), 0.38 mm (J, K), 0.23 mm (M–O).

Figure 3 in New records and hosts for three species of pseudionine bopyrids (Crustacea: Isopoda: Bopyridae) parasitizing munidid squat lobsters (Crustacea: Anomura: Munididae) in Philippine waters

Figure 3. Aporobopyrus retrorsa (Richardson, 1910) (CI1081z). Female, 6.97 mm (A–J): (A) dorsal view; (B) ventral view; (C) right antenna and antennule; (D) barbula; (E) right maxilliped, external view; (F) right oostegite 1, external view; (G) right oostegite 1, internal view; (H) right pereopod 1; (I) right pereopod 7; (J) left pleopods 1, 2. Male, 3.14 mm (K–S): (K) dorsal view; (L) ventral view; (M) male, 3.25 mm, dorsal view; (N) right antenna and antennule; (O) ventral view of pleon; (P) left pereopod 1; (Q) right pereopod 2; (R) right pereopod 3; (S) right pereopod 4. Scale bars = 1 mm (A, B), 0.22 mm (C, H, I, N), 0.56 mm (D), 0.60 mm (E–G, J), 0.64 mm (K–M), 0.47 mm (O), 0.20 mm (P–S).

Figure 2 in New records and hosts for three species of pseudionine bopyrids (Crustacea: Isopoda: Bopyridae) parasitizing munidid squat lobsters (Crustacea: Anomura: Munididae) in Philippine waters

Figure 2. Aporobopyrus retrorsa (Richardson, 1910) (CI1081y). Female, 8.58 mm (A–J): (A) dorsal view; (B) ventral view; (C) left antenna and antennule; (D) right side of barbula;; (E) right maxilliped, external view; (F) palp of maxilliped; (G) right oostegite 1, external view; (H) right oostegite 1, internal view; (I) right pereopod 1; (J) right pereopod 7. Male, 3.33 mm (K– Q): (K) dorsal view; (L) ventral view; (M) right antenna and antennule; (N) left pereopod 1; (O) right pereopod 2; (P) right pereopod 3; (Q) right pereopod 7. Scale bars = 1 mm (A, B), 0.14 mm (C, F, M–Q), 0.18 mm (D), 0.40 mm (E, G, H), 0.15 mm (I, J), 0.38 mm (K, L).

opennotspecifiedNov 2012View details →

Figure 4 in A new species of the pseudoscorpion genus Megachernes (Pseudoscorpiones: Chernetidae) associated with a threatened Sri Lankan rainforest rodent, with a review of host associations of Megachernes

Figure 4. Megachernes kanneliyensis sp. nov., paratype female, unless stated otherwise. (A) Carapace, dorsal; (B) coxae III and IV, ventral; (C) right pedipalp, male holotype, dorsal; (D) right pedipalp, dorsal; (E) right chelicera, dorsal; (F) right rallum; (G) left leg IV, lateral; (H) left leg I, lateral; (I) left chela, lateral; (J) left chela, protonymph, dorsal. Scale bars = 1.0 mm (A, C, D, G, H), 0.5 mm (B, I), 0.2 mm (E, J), 0.1 mm (F).