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FIGURE 19 in The diversity of the genus Aricidea (Polychaeta: Paraonidae) from the Sea of Marmara, with descriptions of two new species and two new records for the Mediterranean fauna

FIGURE 19. Aricidea (Acmira) katzmanni n. sp. A, Lateral view of anterior end, holotype (ESFM-POL/2013-974); B, Lateral view of mid-branchial region, notopodial postchaetal lobes, holotype; C, Modified neurochaeta of chaetiger 41, holotype; D, Modified neurochaeta of chaetiger 55, holotype; E, Modified neurochaeta of chaetiger 56, holotype; F, Modified neurochaetae of posterior chaetiger, holotype; G, Modified neurochaeta of posterior chaetiger (ESFM-POL/2013-977); H, Lateral view of pygidium (ESFM-POL/2013-977); I, Red speckles on neuropodia of chaetigers 21-29 (ESFM-POL/2013-977). Abbreviation: rds, red speckles. Scale bar: A, 182 µm; B, 68 µm; C, 36 µm; D, 31 µm; E, 33 µm; F, 31 µm; G, 36 µm; H, 96 µm; I, 152 µm.

FIGURE 12 in The diversity of the genus Aricidea (Polychaeta: Paraonidae) from the Sea of Marmara, with descriptions of two new species and two new records for the Mediterranean fauna

FIGURE 12. Aricidea (Acmira) cerrutii (ESFM-POL/2013-1029). A, Lateral view of chaetigers 7, 8 and 9; B, Lateral view of modified neurochaeta with strong hood of posterior chaetiger; C, Modified neurochaetae with strong hood of posterior chaetiger; D, Modified neurochaeta on posterior chaetiger; E, Egg in posterior chaetiger. Abbreviations: bran, branchia; dcb, dorsal ciliary band; irl, interramal lobe; iscb, intersegmental ciliary band; lso, lateral sense organ; ntpcl, notopodial postchaetal lobe; sdcb, short dorsal ciliary band. Scale bar: A, 31 µm; B, 3 µm; C, 7 µm; D, 6 µm; E, 80 µm.

FIGURE 23 in The diversity of the genus Aricidea (Polychaeta: Paraonidae) from the Sea of Marmara, with descriptions of two new species and two new records for the Mediterranean fauna

FIGURE 23. Aricidea (Acmira) pseudoassimilis n. sp. (Holotype, ESFM-POL/2013-1119). A, Dorsal view of anterior part of body; B, Hirsute limbat chaetae (type II, sigmoid with fibrlis along edge) of neuropodium of chaetiger 5; C, Hirsute limbat chaeta (type I, straight with fibrlis along edge) of notopodium of chaetiger 5; D, Modified neurochaeta of chaetiger 35; E, Modified neurochaeta of chaetiger 47. Scale bar: A, 500 µm; B, 80 µm; C, 102 µm; D, 47 µm; E, 44 µm.

FIGURE 27 in The diversity of the genus Aricidea (Polychaeta: Paraonidae) from the Sea of Marmara, with descriptions of two new species and two new records for the Mediterranean fauna

FIGURE 27. Aricidea (Acmira) pseudoassimilis n. sp. (Paratype, ESFM-POL/2013-1125). A, Dorsal view of prostomium; B, Antenna with dense cilia; C, Dorso-lateral view of anterior end; D, Crown-like ciliary band and ciliary slit from lateral side of prostomium; E, Cilia on crown-like ciliary band; F, Dorso-lateral view of anterior end with proboscis everted; G, Lateral view of mid-branchial region, interramal lobes. Abbreviations: bran, branchia; clcb, crown-like ciliary band; cs, ciliary slits; dcb, dorsal ciliary band; irl, interramal lobes; no, nuchal organ; ntpcl, notopodial postchaetal lobe; prob, proboscis. Scale bar: A, 80 µm; B, 26 µm; C, 66 µm; D, 20 µm; E, 1 µm; F, 138 µm; G, 91 µm.

FIGURE 16 in The diversity of the genus Aricidea (Polychaeta: Paraonidae) from the Sea of Marmara, with descriptions of two new species and two new records for the Mediterranean fauna

FIGURE 16. Aricidea (Acmira) simonae (ESFM-POL/2013-1142). A, Lateral sense organ of chaetiger 1; B, Notopodium and neuropodium of chaetiger 8; C, Lateral sense organ of chaetiger 8; D, Detail from figure C, lateral sense organ. Abbreviations: bran, branchia; irl, interramal lobe; lso, lateral sense organ; ntpcl, notopodial postchaeetal lobe. Scale bar: A, 17 µm; B, 107 µm; C, 16 µm; D, 6 µm.

FIGURE 30 in The diversity of the genus Aricidea (Polychaeta: Paraonidae) from the Sea of Marmara, with descriptions of two new species and two new records for the Mediterranean fauna

FIGURE 30. Aricidea (Acmira) meridionalis n. stat. Holotype MNHN-1261. A, Dorsal view of anterior end; B, Dorsal view of mid-branchial chaetigers; C, Dorsal view of posterior region; D, Dorsal view of branchial chaetigers and lobes; E, Notopodial limbate chaetae of chaetigers 1–2; F, Modified neurochatea of posterior chaetiger; G, Modified neurochatea on posterior chaetiger. Abbreviations: neupcl, neuropodial postchaetal lobe; ntpcl, notopodial postchaetal lobe; sf, skin fold; sr, short ridge; vl, ventral lobe. Scale bar: A, 276 µm; B, 225 µm; C, 236 µm; D, 65 µm; E, 38 µm; F, 56 µm; G, 28 µm.

FIGURE 26 in The diversity of the genus Aricidea (Polychaeta: Paraonidae) from the Sea of Marmara, with descriptions of two new species and two new records for the Mediterranean fauna

FIGURE 26. Aricidea (Acmira) pseudoassimilis n. sp. (Paratype, ESFM-POL/2013-1125). A, Dorsal view of anterior end; B, Dorsal view of anterior end; C, Ventral view of anterior end, with proboscis everted; D, Notopodium of branchial chaetiger with short dorsal ciliary band; E, Lateral view of prostomium with ciliary band; F, Lateral view of prostomium and anterior part of chaetiger 1. Abbreviations: clcb, crown-like ciliary band; cs, ciliary slits; dcb, dorsal ciliary band; no, nuchal organ; sdcb, second dorsal cililary band; sf, skin fold; sr, short ridge. Scale bar: A, 175 µm; B, 320 µm; C, 199 µm; D, 71 µm; E, 39 µm; F, 16 µm.

FIGURE 9 in The diversity of the genus Aricidea (Polychaeta: Paraonidae) from the Sea of Marmara, with descriptions of two new species and two new records for the Mediterranean fauna

FIGURE 9. Aricidea (Acmira) catherinae. A, Lateral sense organ on a parapodium in anterior branchial region (ESFM-POL/2013- 956); B, Lateral sense organ on a parapodium in posterior branchial region (ESFM-POL/2013-956); C, A notopodium of posterior chaetiger (ESFM-POL/2013-956); D, Dorso-lateral view of anterior end, short dorsal ciliary bands (ESFM-POL/2013-1077). Abbreviations: bran, branchia; lso, lateral sense organ; neupcl, neuropodial postchaetal lobe; ntpcl, notopodial postchaetal lobe; sdcb, short dorsal ciliary band. Scale bar: A, 26 µm; B, 18 µm; C, 27 µm; D, 118 µm.

FIGURE 6 in The diversity of the genus Aricidea (Polychaeta: Paraonidae) from the Sea of Marmara, with descriptions of two new species and two new records for the Mediterranean fauna

FIGURE 6. Aricidea (Acmira) assimilis (ESFM-POL/2013-1221). A, Antero-dorsal view of body; B, Anterio-dorsal view of anterior end; C, Dorsal view of branchial region, short dorsal ciliary bands; D, Dorsal view of half of prostomium. Abbreviations: cs, ciliary slit; clcb, crown-like ciliary band; dcb, dorsal ciliary band; no, nuchal organ; sdcb, short dorsal ciliary band. Scale bar: A, 579 µm; B, 193 µm; C, 300 µm; D, 101 µm.

FIGURE 15 in The diversity of the genus Aricidea (Polychaeta: Paraonidae) from the Sea of Marmara, with descriptions of two new species and two new records for the Mediterranean fauna

FIGURE 15. Aricidea (Acmira) simonae (ESFM-POL/2013-1142). A, Dorso-lateral view of anterior end; B, Notopodia of mid-branchial chaetigers; C, Lateral view of mid-branchial chaetigers; D, Parapodia of posterior chaetigers. Abbreviations: irl, interramal lobe; ntpcl, notopodial postchaeetal lobe; vl, ventral lobe. Scale bar: A, 590 µm; B, 76 µm; C, 161 µm; D, 104 µm.

FIGURE 1 in The diversity of the genus Aricidea (Polychaeta: Paraonidae) from the Sea of Marmara, with descriptions of two new species and two new records for the Mediterranean fauna

FIGURE 1. Map of the area with location of sampling stations. K: coastal stations. Y: soft bottom stations.

FIGURE 29 in The diversity of the genus Aricidea (Polychaeta: Paraonidae) from the Sea of Marmara, with descriptions of two new species and two new records for the Mediterranean fauna

FIGURE 29. Aricidea (Acmira) meridionalis n. stat. (ESFM-POL/2013-1015). A, Dorsal view of anterior end; B, Dorsal view of anterior end; C, Dorsal view of anterior end; D, Cross section of chaetiger 5; E, Ventral view of chaetigers 12-14; F, Modified neurochaetae of posterior chaetiger; G, Dorsal view of mid-branchial region. Abbreviations: neupcl, neuropodial postchaetal lobe; ntpcl, notopodial postchaetal lobe; sf, skin fold; sr, short ridge; vl, ventral lobe. Scale bar: A, 408 µm; B, 440 µm; C, 220 µm; D, 217µm; E, 111 µm; F, 73 µm; G, 264 µm.

opencc-zeroJan 2021View details →

Data from: The impact of anthropogenic disturbances on the genetic diversity of terrestrial species: a global meta-analysis

Human activities are primarily responsible for habitat loss and changes in natural environments around the world. It has been suggested that populations inhabiting human-modified landscapes are subject to reduced gene flow, inbreeding depression, and loss of alleles due to genetic drift. However, empirical evidence shows contradictory effects of anthropogenic disturbances on the genetic diversity of terrestrial species. We performed a meta-analysis of 61 studies that compared the genetic diversity of plant and/or animal populations in disturbed and preserved areas (317 paired comparisons) to investigate general responses to different disturbance type. We found significant negative effects of disturbance on genetic diversity (effect size: -0.45), in which the loss of structural connectivity was the most detrimental disturbance type. The choice of the genetic parameter has an influence on the detection of the effect (direction and magnitude), and consequently the studies using number of effective alleles did not detect genetic erosion, while all other indices, especially allelic richness, revealed negative responses to disturbances. Yet, only studies performed with transferred or both transferred and specific microsatellites showed negative responses to disturbances. The general effect was more detrimental in animal than plant populations. Only plant species with biotic pollination and seed dispersal mode, self-incompatible reproductive system, and shrubs showed negative responses to disturbances. Despite all heterogeneity among studies, we found an overall negative effect of disturbance on genetic diversity of terrestrial populations, which suggests that the remaining populations inhabiting anthropogenic landscapes have a reduced evolutionary potential being more prone to local extinction.

opencc-zeroOct 2021View details →

Data from: Phylogenetic diversity of two geographically overlapping species in the lichen genus Sticta (Ascomycota: Peltigeraceae): isolation by distance, environment, or fragmentation?

Aim: To test whether the degree of phylogenetic diversity differs in two congeneric, morphologically similar lichens that are both widespread and with a similar geographical range (Neotropics and Hawaii), but differ in altitudinal and habitat preferences, and whether the two species underwent isolation by distance (IBD), environment (IBE), or fragmentation (IBF). Location: South and Central America, Caribbean, Hawaii, Azores. Taxon: Sticta (Peltigeraceae). Methods: Analysis of 395 specimens across the study area; ITS barcoding marker; maximum likelihood tree reconstruction within a broad taxonomic framework; TCS haplotype networks; Mantel test of genetic vs. geographic, environmental, and fragmentation distances; statistical comparison of BIOclim variables. Results: Sticta andina exhibited high phenotypic variation and high reticulate phylogenetic diversity across its range, whereas the phenotypically more uniform S. scabrosa contained two main haplotypes, one unique to Hawaii (subsp. hawaiiensis). Sticta andina was restricted to well-preserved andine forests and paramos, habitats fragmented due to disruptive topology, whereas S. scabrosa was found in lowland to lower montane forests in rather exposed microsites, representing a more continuous habitat. These differences were statistically significant for several BIOclim variables. Mantel tests on genetic vs. geographic and environmental distances demonstrated that S. scabrosa followed a pattern of IBD across its full range but not within continental Central and South America. In contrast, S. andina did not exhibit IBD but showed weak, yet significant patterns of IBE at continental level and IBF in the northern Andes. Main Conclusions: Autecology indirectly drives phylogenetic diversity in the two studied species. In the low altitude species, S. scabrosa, phylogenetic diversity is low and shows no correlation with geographic or environmental distances, except for the differentiation of the Hawaiian subspecies. We attribute this to rapid expansion and effective gene flow between populations across a more or less continuously distributed niche representing partially exposed microsites, including disturbed and anthropogenic vegetation, such as planted trees. In contrast, in the high altitude species, S. andina, phylogenetic diversity is high and correlated with both environmental niche differentiation (IBE) and fragmentation caused by the final Andean uplift (IBF). Therefore, an autoecological preference for high altitudes increases the likelihood for higher phylogenetic diversity.

opencc-zeroJan 2021View details →

Assessing the genetic diversity in Argopecten nucleus (Bivalvia: Pectinidae), a functional hermaphrodite species with extremely low population density and self-fertilization: effect of null alleles

Argopecten nucleus is a functional hermaphroditic pectinid species that exhibits self-fertilization, whose natural populations have usually very low densities. In the present study, the genetic diversity of a wild population from Neguanje Bay, Santa Marta (Colombia), was estimated using microsatellite markers, and the effect of the presence of null alleles on this estimation was assessed. A total of 8 microsatellite markers were developed, the first described for this species, and their amplification conditions were standardized. They were used to determine the genotype of 48 wild individuals from Naguanje Bay, and 1010 individuals derived from the offspring of 38 directed crosses. For each locus, the frequencies of the identified alleles, including null alleles, were estimated using the statistical package Micro-Checker, and the parental genotypes were confirmed using segregation analysis. Three to 8 alleles per locus with frequencies from 0.001 to 0.632 were detected. The frequencies of null alleles ranged from 0.10 to 0.45, with Ho from 0.0 to 0.79 and He from 0.53 to 0.80. All loci were in H-W disequilibrium. The null alleles frequencies values were high, with lower estimations using segregation analysis than estimated using Micro-Checker. The present results show high levels of population genetic diversity, and indicate that null alleles were not the only cause of deviation from HW equilibrium in all loci, suggesting that the wild population under study presents signs of inbreeding and Wahlun effect.

opencc-zeroJan 2021View details →

What drives temporal stability of biomass production? Testing the roles of species diversity, dominance, asynchrony and spatial scale in annual plant communities

Aims: Primary biomass production is a fundamental process for ecosystem functioning. Yet, little is known on the mechanisms driving temporal stability of biomass production in annual plant communities, particularly in communities subjected to highly variable environments and undergoing temporal changes in species composition. We aimed to disentangle the relative importance of biomass production, species diversity, dominance and asynchrony of species fluctuations as drivers of biomass stability in Mediterranean and semiarid annual plant communities. Location: Mediterranean (N31o42'; E35o03') and Semiarid (N31o23'; E34o54') sites, Israel. Methods: Aboveground biomass and species abundance were monitored in 15 plots of 250m2 per site during eight consecutive years. Relationships between stability drivers and community stability were studied at the regional (between-sites) and local (within-sites) spatial scales. Results: Community biomass stability (temporal mean/SD) increased from the Semiarid to the Mediterranean site concomitantly with higher biomass production, richness, and evenness, but was not associated with changes in species synchrony. Differences in stability between sites were due to opposite effects of site conditions on the mean and SD of community biomass, leading to higher stability in the Mediterranean site. Within sites, species asynchrony was the key driver of stability at the local spatial-scale. Richness and biomass production affected stability indirectly through asynchrony, but in different ways at each site. At the Mediterranean site, these factors had indirect negative effects on stability by reducing asynchrony, but did not rescind a positive effect of asynchrony on community stability. At the Semiarid site, biomass production had indirect positive effects on stability through asynchrony, while richness had no effect on asynchrony and stability. Stability was not driven by species evenness in either site. Conclusions: Our study provides new insights into the complex control of biomass stability in the dynamics of Mediterranean and semiarid annual plant communities, with different mechanisms driving stability across the regional vs. local spatial scales.

Figure 8. A–C in High cryptic diversity in the kleptoparasitic genus Hyalorisia Dall, 1889 (Littorinimorpha: Capulidae) with the description of nine new species from the Indo-West Pacific

Figure 8. A–C. Holotype of Capulus (Hyalorisia) galea Dall, 1889, USNM 508724, off Barbados. D–F. Holotype of Capulus (Hyalorisia) tosaensis Otuka, 1939, Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, collected from Bay of Tosa, Japan. G–I. Syntype of Capulus fragilis E. A. Smith, 1904, NHMUK 1904.6.15.136, Laccadive Sea. J. Original figure of Capulus fallax S. V. Wood, 1842 (Wood, 1842: pl. 17, fig. 4a, b), Lower Pliocene of England. K–N. Holotype of Capulus (Hyalorisia) nettlesi J. E. Robinson, 1983, PRI 30058, Upper Eocene of Mississippi. Scale bars: A–E, G–I, K–N = 10 mm; F = 5 mm. Photo credits: A–C, USNM; D–F, Kyoto University (taken by Ryutaro Goto); G–I, NHMUK (taken by Harry Taylor); K–N, Paleontological Research Institution, Ithaca, NY.

Figure 10. A–K in High cryptic diversity in the kleptoparasitic genus Hyalorisia Dall, 1889 (Littorinimorpha: Capulidae) with the description of nine new species from the Indo-West Pacific

Figure 10. A–K. Distribution of Hyalorisia species (based on our data) and of the Propeamussium host species from GBIF records (L). A. Hyalorisia galea. B. Hyalorisia kely n. sp. C. Hyalorisia lehibe n. sp. D. Hyalorisia madagascarensis n. sp. E. Hyalorisia tosaensis. F. Hyalorisia profunda n. sp. G. Hyalorisia nanhaiensis n. sp. H. Hyalorisia solomonensis n. sp. I. Hyalorisia melanesica n. sp. J. Hyalorisia neocaledonica n. sp. K. Hyalorisia nupta n. sp. L. Distribution of Propeamussium host species based on GBIF records. Ranges are given in different colours as follows: blue, P. dalli; red, P. caducum; yellow, P. watsoni; orange, P. sibogai; green, P. investigatoris; violet, P. jeffreysii. In maps A–K, Hyalorisia records are shown in the same colour as the host species to which they were attached at the time of collection (as in L), or are shown in grey, indicating that samples were not collected directly from a host.

Figure 6 in High cryptic diversity in the kleptoparasitic genus Hyalorisia Dall, 1889 (Littorinimorpha: Capulidae) with the description of nine new species from the Indo-West Pacific

Figure 6. Shells of Hyalorisia (A–C) and detail of the lamella (D, E). A. Hyalorisia profunda, holotype, MNHN-IM-2013-59695, South China Sea (L = 7 mm). B. Hyalorisia madagascarensis n. sp., holotype, MNHN-IM-2007-39090, off Mahajanga, Madagascar (L = 6.5 mm). C. Hyalorisia solomonensis n. sp., holotype, MNHN-IM-2007-34203, SE of Santa Isabel, Solomon Islands (L = 8 mm). D. Wide lamella of Hyalorisia neocaledonica n. sp., MNHN-IM-2013-65645, Lord Howe Rise, New Caledonia. E. Narrow lamella of Hyalorisia tosaensis, MNHN-IM-2013-58352, New Ireland, Papua New Guinea. Scale bars = 2 mm.

Figure 4 in High cryptic diversity in the kleptoparasitic genus Hyalorisia Dall, 1889 (Littorinimorpha: Capulidae) with the description of nine new species from the Indo-West Pacific

Figure 4. Shells of Hyalorisia. A. Hyalorisia galea, MNHN-IM-2013-60195, N of Grande-Terre, Guadeloupe (L = 13 mm). B. Hyalorisia neocaledonica n. sp., holotype, MNHN-IM-2013-65645, Lord Howe Rise, New Caledonia (L = 9.5 mm). C. Hyalorisia tosaensis, MNHN-IM-2013-58352, New Ireland, Papua New Guinea (L = 15 mm). D. Hyalorisia nupta n. sp., holotype, MNHN-IM-2007-34010, Bellona Reefs, New Caledonia (L = 18.5 mm). Scale bars = 2 mm.