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FIG. 10 in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications

FIG. 10. Virtual parasagittal section through choana of skull of Huayqueriana cf. H. cristata IANIGLA-PV 29. Light gray areas within skull represent unremoved matrix. Caudally-situated vacuity between nasal aperture and nasopharynx is here denoted as "true" nasal cavity (tncav), as it would have acted as the most direct air passageway in life. Primitive nasal cavity (mnv, meatus nasi ventralis) persists as a diverticulum, lacking an external aperture at front of rostrum. Note substantial thickness of rostralmost portions of premaxilla/maxilla at front of long, comparatively gracile rostrum. Other abbreviations: chl, cochlea; crh, position of cerebral hemispheres; cerebral cavity; Ec, ectotympanic; fs, frontal sinus; mnv, meatus nasi ventralis; Mx, maxilla; ns?, possible distorted portion of nasal septum; pafs, parietal extension of frontal sinus; plf, palatine fissure; Pmx, premaxilla; sphs, sphenoidal sinus; t, turbinate fragments in caudal portion of nasal cavity; tncav, true nasal cavity.

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FIG. 13. A–E in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications

FIG. 13. A–E, Virtual coronal sections of skull of Huayqueriana cf. H. cristata IANIGLA-PV 29. Abbreviations: a, aditus to frontal sinus; crh, position of cerebral hemispheres; fdv, foramen for frontal diploëic vein; fo, foramen ovale; fs, frontal sinus; J, jugal; na, nasal aperture; ob, position of olfactory bulb; otc, orbitotemporal canal; pl, position of piriform lobe; pop, postorbital process of frontal; Psph, presphenoid; Pt, pterygoid; sf, supraorbital foramen with perforating canal; sof, sphenoorbital fissure; Sq, squamosal (zygomatic process); sphs, sphenoidal sinus; t, turbinals. Letter x, identifies canal X for nerve of pterygoid canal and vascular structures (see text).

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FIG. 17. A–E in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications

FIG. 17. A–E, Virtual subhorizontal and subcoronal sections of skull of Huayqueriana cf. H. cristata IANI- GLA-PV 29. Abbreviations: J, jugal; pafs, parietal extension of frontal sinus; pgf, postglenoid foramen; pl, position of piriform lobe; ptc, posttemporal canal; rf, foramina for rami temporales; sfs, septum sinuum frontalium; sofs, supraoccipital extension of frontal sinus; sphs, sphenoidal sinus; Sq, squamosal (zygomatic process); tvs, transverse sinus canal; ve, position of vermis. Letter x identifies canal X for nerve of pterygoid canal and vascular structures (see text).

FIG. 2. — Eucyon debonisi n in n. sp., a new Canidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the latest Miocene of Venta del Moro (Valencia, Spain)

FIG. 2. — Eucyon debonisi n. sp. from Venta del Moro (Spain): A-C, maxilla with both dental series (MGUV 14752); B, C, detailed views of the left maxilla with P3-M2; D, E, right upper canine (MGUV 14778); A, ventral view; B, occlusal view; C, lateral view; D, lingual view; E, buccal view. Scale bars: 10 mm.

FIG. 5 in n. sp., a new Canidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the latest Miocene of Venta del Moro (Valencia, Spain)

FIG. 5. — Bivariate plot of the P4 of different Eucyon Tedford & Qiu, 1996 species and Canis cipio Crusafont, 1950. Data, in part, from Crusafont (1950), Martin (1973), Hendey (1974), and Tedford & Qiu (1996). Abbreviations: L, length; W, width. ○, E. adoxus Martin, 1973; XI, C. cipio Crusafont, 1950; X, E. debonisi n. sp.; △, E. davisi (Merriam, 1911); ◆, E. zhoui Tedford & Qiu, 1996; □, Eucyon sp.

FIG. 2 in Feeding habits of the first European colobine, (Mammalia, Primates): evidence from a comparative dental microwear analysis with modern cercopithecids

FIG. 2. — Dental facets nine of second molars for extant and extinct cercopithecids displaying dental microwear scars: A, Nasalis larvatus (Wurmb, 1787) (ZSM-1907-4023); B, Lophocebus albigena (Gray, 1850) (RMCA-83-006-0276); C, Chlorocebus aethiops (Linnaeus, 1758) (MNHN-CG-1972-309); D, Papio hamadryas hamadryas Linnaeus, 1758 (SNG-15831); E, Mesopithecus delsoni/ pentelicus (HD-340); F, M. pentelicus (NHMW-1998z77-14). Scale bars: 300 μm.

FIG. 1 in n. sp., a new Canidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the latest Miocene of Venta del Moro (Valencia, Spain)

FIG. 1. — Holotype of Eucyon debonisi n. sp. from Venta del Moro (Spain): A-C, fragment of left maxilla with P2-M2 (MGUV 14781); D-F, fragment of right maxilla with P2 and P4-M2 (MGUV 14780); G-J, right mandible with p2-p3 (MGUV 14779); A, B, D, E, I, J, stereo- photographs of occlusal views; C, F, lateral views; G, buccal view; H, lingual view. Scale bar: 10 mm.

FIG. 3. — Eucyon debonisi n in n. sp., a new Canidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the latest Miocene of Venta del Moro (Valencia, Spain)

FIG. 3. — Eucyon debonisi n. sp. from Venta del Moro (Spain): A-C, left hemimandible with p1, p2 and m2 (MGUV 14787); D-F, fragment of right hemimandible with p4-m2 (MGUV 14788); G-I, fragment of left hemimandible with p2-m1 (MGUV 14753); J-L, left m1 (MGUV 14791); M-O, right m1 (MGUV 18474); A, D, G, L, O, lingual views; B, F, H, K, N, occlusal views; C, E, I, J, M, buccal views; Scale bars: 10 mm.

FIG. 4. — Eucyon debonisi n in n. sp., a new Canidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the latest Miocene of Venta del Moro (Valencia, Spain)

FIG. 4. — Eucyon debonisi n. sp. from Venta del Moro (Spain): A-D, left calcaneus (MGUV 19183); E-H, left astragalus (MGUV 15753); I, J, right navicular (MGUV VV-14624); A, E, dorsal views; B, H, medial views; C, G, plantar views; D, F, lateral views; I, proximal view; J, distal view. Scale bar: 10 mm.

FIG. 12. — E in Fossil equids (Mammalia, Equidae) from the Neogene and Pleistocene of Tadzhikistan

FIG. 12. — E, right lower pm2-m3 (IZP 3-1013/Ya) of Equus sp. from Yakhabed; F, right lower pm3-m3 (IZP 2-881/L-2) of E. aff. sivalensis from Lakhuti 2. Scale bar: E, 0.78 cm; F, 0.8 cm.

FIG. 11 in Fossil equids (Mammalia, Equidae) from the Neogene and Pleistocene of Tadzhikistan

FIG. 11. — Simpson's ratiodiagram, comparing the metapodials (Mc top; Mt bottom) of Equus sivalensis from the Indian subcontinent with those from Lakhuti 2, using means of samples. Standard as in Fig. 7.

FIG. 12. — A, left lower m1-2 in Fossil equids (Mammalia, Equidae) from the Neogene and Pleistocene of Tadzhikistan

FIG. 12. — A, left lower m1-2 (IZP 4-762/D) of E. sp. from Obigharm; B, right lower m1-2 (IZP 7-1127/Kh) of E. sp. from Khudji; C, right lower pm3-4 (IZP 7-1127/Kh) of a caballoid horse from Khudji; D, left lower pm3-4 (IZP 7-1128/Kh) of?E. hemionus from Khudji. Scale bar: A, 1.18 cm; B, 1.15 cm; C, 1.19 cm; D, 1.1 cm.

FIG. 10 in Fossil equids (Mammalia, Equidae) from the Neogene and Pleistocene of Tadzhikistan

FIG. 10. — Simpson's ratiodiagram, comparing the metapodials (Mc top; Mt bottom) of the small horses from Aktogai, Yakhabed, Lakhuti 1 and Obigharm, using means of samples. Standard and measurements as in Fig. 7. Note flattening of proximal (measure 3) and distal (measure 6) diameters of the bones.

FIG. 9 in Fossil equids (Mammalia, Equidae) from the Neogene and Pleistocene of Tadzhikistan

FIG. 9. — Upper and lower cheek teeth of a stenonid Equus with dental terminology used here. Protostylid and ectostylid not visible. A, upper cheek teeth; B, lower cheek teeth.

FIG. 4 in Fossil equids (Mammalia, Equidae) from the Neogene and Pleistocene of Tadzhikistan

FIG. 4. — McIII midshaft width plotted to total length in Equus; log data of measurements in mm. 95% equiprobability ellipses drawn on the hypodigm samples of E. stenonis (top) and E. stehlini (bottom). Observed ranges and means drawn for Kuruksai, Lakhuti 2 and Aktogai; single observations plotted for E. sivalensis (Ind) and from Yakhabed (Ya).

FIG. 7 in Fossil equids (Mammalia, Equidae) from the Neogene and Pleistocene of Tadzhikistan

FIG. 7. — Simpson's ratiodiagram, comparing the metapodials (Mc top; Mt bottom) of E. stenonis from Valdarno (hypodigm), Kuruksai and Karamaidan, using means of samples. Arbitrary standard (in logs): Mc; measure 1, total l. 2.40; measure 2, proximal breadth 1.70; measure 3, proximal diameter 1.54; measure 4, distal articular breadth 1.65; measure 5, distal protuberance breadth 1.66; measure 6, distal keel diameter 1.54; measure 7, mid-shaft width 1.54; Mt; measure 1, total l. 2.45; measure 2, proximal breadth 1.70; measure 3, proximal diameter 1.65; measure 4, distal articular breadth 1.65; measure 5, distal protuberance breadth 1.66; measure 6, distal keel diameter 1.56; measure 7, mid-shaft width 1.54.

FIG. 2 in Fossil equids (Mammalia, Equidae) from the Neogene and Pleistocene of Tadzhikistan

FIG. 2. — Stratigraphic scheme, showing the placement of the fossil localities discussed in this article.

FIG. 3 in Fossil equids (Mammalia, Equidae) from the Neogene and Pleistocene of Tadzhikistan

FIG. 3. — Distal articular breadth plotted to total length in Mc and MtIII of hipparions of the H. mediterraneum group; log data of measurements in mm. 95% equiprobability ellipses drawn on the hypodigm sample of H. mediterraneum from Pikermi. Plotted are specimens from Darayaspoon (Mc D), Sor (Mc, Mt S) and Bazaleti (Mc, Mt without locality abbreviation).

FIG. 1 in Fossil equids (Mammalia, Equidae) from the Neogene and Pleistocene of Tadzhikistan

FIG. 1. — Map of the area in Tadzhikistan from whence are described local samples of fossil equids. Localities: A, Sor; B, Marmar; C, Darayaspoon; D, Kuruksai; E, Karamaidan; F, Yakhabed; G, Lakhuti 1 and 2; H, Obigharm.