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FIGURE 6 in Molecular phylogeny of Nectria species associated with dieback and canker diseases in China, with a new species described

FIGURE 6. Morphology of Nectria pseudotrichia from Ulmus pumila (BJFC-S1392). A: Host branch. B–D: Synnemata on natural substrata. E: Median section of synnema. F–H: Conidiophores and conidia. I: Conidia. Scale bars: C = 1 mm; D–E = 500 μm; F–I = 20 μm.

FIGURE 4 in Molecular phylogeny of Nectria species associated with dieback and canker diseases in China, with a new species described

FIGURE 4. Sexual morph of Nectria dematiosa from Malus baccata (BJFC-S440). A: Host branch. B–D: Perithecia on natural substrata. E–F: Median section of perithecium. G–I: Asci. J–L: Ascospores. Scale bars: B–C = 1 mm; D–E = 500 μm; F–L = 20 μm.

FIGURE 1 in Molecular phylogeny of Nectria species associated with dieback and canker diseases in China, with a new species described

FIGURE 1. Phylogram of the combined act, LSU, ITS, rpb2, tef1, and tub2 gene sequences based on the MP, ML, and BI analyses. Values at the nodes indicate the Maximum Parsimony bootstrap proportion (left, MPBP ≥ 50%) and the Maximum Likelihood bootstrap proportion (right, MLBP ≥ 50%). The branches with significant BIPP values (≥ 0.90) in the BI analysis are thickened. Scale bar = 200 nucleotide substitutions. *Ex-type/Ex-epitype isolate. The new Nectria species resulting from the current study is highlighted in bold.

FIGURE 3 in Molecular phylogeny of Nectria species associated with dieback and canker diseases in China, with a new species described

FIGURE 3. Morphology of Nectria balansae from Aphananthe aspera (BJFC-S1389). A: Host branch. B–D: Perithecia on natural substrata. E–F: Median section of perithecium. G, J, K: Ascospores. H–I: Asci. Scale bars: B–E = 500 μm; F, H, I = 50 μm; G, J, K = 20 μm.

FIGURE 5 in Molecular phylogeny of Nectria species associated with dieback and canker diseases in China, with a new species described

FIGURE 5. Asexual morph of Nectria dematiosa from Rosa xanthina (BJFC-S441). A: Host branch. B–C: Astipitate sporodochium on natural substrata. D–E: Median section of astipitate sporodochium. F–G: Conidia. H–J: Conidiophores and conidia. Scale bars: B–C = 1 mm; D–E = 500 μm; F–J = 20 μm.

FIGURE 7 in Molecular Phylogeny of the Ficus auriculata Complex (Moraceae)

FIGURE 7. STRUCTURE analysis for Ficus auriculata complex. The relationships between ln(K), ΔK and K are shown on the top; subpopulation structures for the 107 individuals of the four species are shown in the bottom (K=2, 3, 4), for every K, each color represents one genetic cluster; each individual is delegated by a single vertical line. For every K, there is no exclusive cluster in certain species, which indicates that no obvious population structure exists in the complex.

FIGURE 6 in Molecular Phylogeny of the Ficus auriculata Complex (Moraceae)

FIGURE 6. Genetic distances shown by principal coordinate analysis based on codom-genotypic SSR data. Two clusters were detected, of which the upper right one corresponds to Ficus variegata, and the other one corresponds to Ficus auriculata, F. oligodon, F. hainanensis and F. beipeiensis.

FIGURE 5 in Molecular Phylogeny of the Ficus auriculata Complex (Moraceae)

FIGURE 5. Genetic distances shown by UPGMA clustering tree based on codom-genotypic SSR data. Scale at the bottom is genetic distance generated by GenALEx software. Two clades were uncovered: clade A comprises all the samples of Ficus auriculata, F. oligodon, F. hainanensis and F. beipeiensis, and clade B comprises all the samples of F. variegata.

FIGURE 4 in Molecular Phylogeny of the Ficus auriculata Complex (Moraceae)

FIGURE 4. Sampling locations and chloroplast DNA haplotype distributions of Ficus auriculata complex. Haplotypes 1–33 are distinguished by serial number and closely related haplotypes are marked with same color. Small white circles represent missing or unsampled haplotypes.

FIGURE 3 in Molecular Phylogeny of the Ficus auriculata Complex (Moraceae)

FIGURE 3. Bayesian majority consensus tree based on trnH-psbA+trnL-trnF+trnS-trnG+psbK-psbI combined datasets. The posterior probability (PP) values listed above the branches; the maximum likelihood bootstrap support (MLBS) below the branches; –, branches not support, PP <0.50 or MLBS <50. Localities showed following the collection numbers.

FIGURE 2 in Molecular Phylogeny of the Ficus auriculata Complex (Moraceae)

FIGURE 2. Bayesian majority consensus tree based on ITS+G3pdh combined datasets. The posterior probability (PP) values listed above the branches; the maximum likelihood bootstrap support (MLBS) below the branches; –, branches not support, PP <0.50 or MLBS <50. Localities showed following the collection numbers.

FIGURE 1 in Molecular Phylogeny of the Ficus auriculata Complex (Moraceae)

FIGURE 1. Selected typical morphology of Ficus auriculata complex. A–C: F. auriculata Lour. s. s.; D–E: F. oligodon Miq.; F–G: F. hainanensis Merr. et Chun; H–J: F. beipeiensis S. S. Chang; and K–L: F. variegata Blume.

FIGURE 4. rpb2 in A new species and a new record of Clitopilus and a description of C. orientalis from India based on morphology and molecular phylogeny

FIGURE 4. rpb2-based phylogram generated from Maximum Likelihood (ML) analysis depicting the placement of Clitopilus albidus, C. subscyphoides and C. orientalis within the genus Clitopilus. Values at nodes indicate both Bayesian Inference (BI) posterior probability values and the ML bootstrap (BS) support of that clade. BI values ≥0.5 and BS values ≥50% are shown.

FIGURE 2. A–E in A new species and a new record of Clitopilus and a description of C. orientalis from India based on morphology and molecular phylogeny

FIGURE 2. A–E: Clitopilus subscyphoides (CAL 1325). A. Basidiocarps; B. Basidiospores; C. Basidium; D. Pileipellis; E. Stipitipellis. Scale bars: A = 1 cm; B–E = 10 μm. Photos: By K.N.A. Raj.

FIGURE 3. A–G in A new species and a new record of Clitopilus and a description of C. orientalis from India based on morphology and molecular phylogeny

FIGURE 3. A–G: Clitopilus orientalis (CAL 1616 & CAL 1613). A–B. Basidiocarps; C. Basidiospores; D. Basidium; E. Pileipellis; F. Cheilocystidia; G. Stipitipellis. Scale bars: A–B = 1 cm; C–G = 10 μm. Photos: By K.N.A. Raj.

FIGURE 1. A–E in A new species and a new record of Clitopilus and a description of C. orientalis from India based on morphology and molecular phylogeny

FIGURE 1. A–E: Clitopilus albidus (CAL 1319, holotype). A. Basidiocarps; B. Basidiospores; C. Basidium; D. Stipitipellis; E. Pileipellis. Scale bars: A = 1 cm; B–E = 10 μm. Photos: By K.N.A. Raj.

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FIGURE 2 in Laccaria violaceotincta: a new species from tropical India based on morphology and molecular phylogeny

FIGURE 2. RAxML tree based on ML analysis of nrITS sequence data depicting the taxonomic position of L. violaceotincta within the genus Laccaria. The newly proposed species is indicated in bold face. GenBank accession numbers and geographical origin are given after the name of each taxon. Bootstrap values for ML are placed above or below the branches. BS values ≥50% are shown.

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FIGURE 1. A–F in Laccaria violaceotincta: a new species from tropical India based on morphology and molecular phylogeny

FIGURE 1. A–F: Laccaria violaceotincta (CAL 1389, holotype). A. Basidiocarps in their natural habitat; B. Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of basidiospore; C. Basidium; D. Cheilocystidia; E. Pileipellis. F. Vertical section of stipitipellis towards the apex of the stipe. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B–D = 10 μm; E–F = 20 μm.

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FIGURE 15 in Contributions to the taxonomy of the Irano-Turanian genus Rhabdosciadium (Apiaceae): Nomenclatural notes, carpology, molecular phylogeny and the description of a new species from Bitlis (Turkey)

FIGURE 15. Mericarp cross-sections of Rhabdosciadium hizanense (A) and R. anatolyi (B). Pr: primary ridges make finger-like projections in R. hizanense (A), but only slightly protrude in R. anatolyi (B); bd: Vascular bundle; Vit: Vittae; P: Pericarp; S: Seed; Endsp: Endosperm; F: Funicle; Hc: Hypodermal collenchyma. Scale bar = 300 μm.