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Fig. 10 in Systematic revision one clade at a time: A new genus of onchidiid slugs from the Indo-West Pacific (Gastropoda: Euthyneura: Pulmonata)

Fig. 10. Habitats, Marmaronchis vaigiensis (A–H) and Marmaronchis marmoratus (H), Indonesia (A–E), Singapore (F), and Papua New Guinea (G, H). A, Halmahera, station 217 (UMIZ 00187); B, Same as A; C, Sulawesi, station 91 (UMIZ 00184); D, Kei, station 140 (UMIZ 00185); E, Bali, station 155 (UMIZ 00186); F, Singapore, station 10 (ZRC.MOL.3007); G, New Ireland, Kavieng, station KM20 (MNHN IM-2013-54460, -54467, -54463); H, Madang, station PM24 (MNHN IM-2013-13760, -15566).

Fig. 9 in Systematic revision one clade at a time: A new genus of onchidiid slugs from the Indo-West Pacific (Gastropoda: Euthyneura: Pulmonata)

Fig. 9. Geographic distribution of the two known species of the genus Marmaronchis. The red and dark blue dots correspond to the records for each species from the material included in the present study (the same colour are used on the phylogenetic trees represented in Figs. 1–4). The dark red dot (Ambon, Indonesia) corresponds to a record of Marmaronchis vaigiensis for an old specimen for which no DNA sequences was available (Dayrat, 2010). The four green dots corresponds to type localities of M. vaigiensis and its synonyms. The black dots correspond to paralectotypes of synonyms of M. vaigiensis. The yellow dot corresponds to the type locality of M. marmoratus. The many light blue dots correspond to regions where we collected gastropods in the past few years and where Marmaronchis was not found (acknowledging that it may have been missed in some of them). The orange dot (Guam) corresponds to a record of a Marmaronchis species (likely M. viagiensis) based on a picture and so it is not included within the species distribution area (see Discussion). Finally, the coloured areas correspond to hypothetical ranges based on known records.

Fig. 6 in Systematic revision one clade at a time: A new genus of onchidiid slugs from the Indo-West Pacific (Gastropoda: Euthyneura: Pulmonata)

Fig. 6. Digestive system and reproductive system, Marmaronchis vaigiensis (A, C, F) and Marmaronchis marmoratus (B, D, E). A, Digestive system (type I), dorsal view, scale bar = 3 mm, Indonesia, Sulawesi [2244] (UMIZ 00183); B, Digestive system (type I), dorsal view, scale bar = 3 mm, Papua New Guinea, New Ireland, Kavieng [6092] (MNHN IM-2013-55527); C, Posterior reproductive parts, scale bar = 2 mm, same as A; D, Posterior reproductive parts, scale bar = 2 mm, same as B; E, Anterior male copulatory parts, scale bar = 2 mm, same as B; F, Anterior male copulatory parts, scale bar = 2 mm, Papua New Guinea, Madang [5435] (MNHN IM-2013-11718). Abbreviations: dd, deferent duct; ddg, dorsal lobe of digestive gland; fgm, female gland mass; hd, hermaphroditic duct; hg, hermaphroditic gland; i, intestine; ov, oviduct; pdg, posterior lobe of the digestive gland; ps, penial sheath; rg, rectal gland; rm, penial retractor muscle; rs, receptaculum seminis; sp, spermatheca; st, stomach; v, vestibule.

Fig. 1 in Systematic revision one clade at a time: A new genus of onchidiid slugs from the Indo-West Pacific (Gastropoda: Euthyneura: Pulmonata)

Fig. 1. Phylogenetic tree showing relationships between Marmaronchis individuals based on mitochondrial COI sequences. Numbers above branches are the bootstrap values (Maximum Likelihood analysis) and below are the posterior probabilities (Bayesian analysis); only significant numbers (>75% and>0.9) are indicated. All other sequences serve as outgroups. Information on individually-identified Marmaronchis specimens can be found in the list of material examined.

Fig. 5. Berthelinia singaporensis development. A–D in A fold in the visor: formation of the bivalved shell in Berthelinia singaporensis Jensen, 2015 (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa), with notes on spawning and development

Fig. 5. Berthelinia singaporensis development. A–D, SEM micrographs of larval shells of newly hatched veligers from different aspects, showing sinistral coiling, suture (C), and faint growth lines (C–D); E, SEM micrograph of larval operculum; F, light micrograph of newly hatched veliger larva showing the radula (circled).

Fig. 3 in A fold in the visor: formation of the bivalved shell in Berthelinia singaporensis Jensen, 2015 (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa), with notes on spawning and development

Fig. 3. Intra-capsular development of Berthelinia singaporensis. A, complete gastrula (day 3); B, early veliger, shell not coiled; velum visible (day 4); C, D, early veliger (day 5) with pigment along shell aperture and in suture; E, veliger larvae (day 6) with eyespots; F, large veliger larvae (day 10) with operculum (arrowhead) and foot (arrow).

Fig. 1 in A fold in the visor: formation of the bivalved shell in Berthelinia singaporensis Jensen, 2015 (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa), with notes on spawning and development

Fig. 1. Adult Berthelinia singaporensis, spawning and complete egg masses. A, specimen on Caulerpa racemosa; B, specimen crawling on petri-dish; C, D, specimen spawning. Notice head moving from side to side and opaque content of egg capsules during spawning (circled in D). E, complete egg mass on Caulerpa lentillifera; F, another egg mass with more developed embryos. Blue arrows indicate eggs moving inside oviduct through mucus gland; red arrowheads indicate eggs exiting female gonopore and being transported along spawn groove to mouth area.

Fig. 8 in A fold in the visor: formation of the bivalved shell in Berthelinia singaporensis Jensen, 2015 (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa), with notes on spawning and development

Fig. 8. Juvenile development of Berthelinia singaporensis. A–B, right side and dorsal view of late metamorphosis stage; right valve soft and smaller, hinge line complete; C–D, left and right view of early juvenile; right and left valves same size; E, larger juvenile on Caulerpa; F, larger juvenile with adult shell shape (taller anteriorly) and some brown pigment spots.

Fig. 11 in A fold in the visor: formation of the bivalved shell in Berthelinia singaporensis Jensen, 2015 (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa), with notes on spawning and development

Fig. 11. SEM micrographs of early juvenile Berthelinia singaporensis. A, right side view showing right valve smaller than left one; B, close-up of hinge line of same showing growth lines continuous across hinge line and right valve flatter than left one; C, left valve of older juvenile showing gap between protoconch aperture and juvenile shell; D, close-up of thickened hinge of same.

Fig. 2 in A fold in the visor: formation of the bivalved shell in Berthelinia singaporensis Jensen, 2015 (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa), with notes on spawning and development

Fig. 2. Early development of Berthelinia singaporensis embryos. A, uncleaved eggs; B, 2-cell stage; C, 2–4-cell stages (1 h); D, 4-cell stage (1 h 20 min); E, 8-cell stage (3 h); F, multi-cell stage (6 h); G, blastula (22 h); H, early gastrula (23 h). Times in parentheses are after first cell division. In E and F, the spiral cleavage pattern is distinct.

Fig. 4 in A fold in the visor: formation of the bivalved shell in Berthelinia singaporensis Jensen, 2015 (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa), with notes on spawning and development

Fig. 4. Hatched larvae of Berthelinia singaporensis. A, veliger larva shortly after hatching; large velar lobes with long cilia; B, newly hatched larva; long cilia on propodial margins as well as on velum; C, crawling veliger larva on Caulerpa (probably C. taxifolia); D, crawling larva from behind, with circular operculum (arrowhead).

Fig. 7 in A fold in the visor: formation of the bivalved shell in Berthelinia singaporensis Jensen, 2015 (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa), with notes on spawning and development

Fig. 7. Stages of shell metamorphosis in Berthelinia singaporensis. A–B, right and left side views of transitional stage with soft, flexible shell flared; C, dorsal view with fold and downwards bent right side of shell; D, right side view with tilted protoconch.

Fig. 10 in A fold in the visor: formation of the bivalved shell in Berthelinia singaporensis Jensen, 2015 (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa), with notes on spawning and development

Fig. 10. SEM micrographs of shell of Berthelinia singaporensis in metamorphosis stage. A, left side of visor-like shell and anterior flared fold; B, ventral view of visor with dried part of mantle fold in aperture; C, close-up of same showing fracture line (arrowhead) where hinge line will form; D, higher magnification of same. In A–C the narrow gap between larval shell (= protoconch) and juvenile shell is visible.

Fig. 6 in A fold in the visor: formation of the bivalved shell in Berthelinia singaporensis Jensen, 2015 (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa), with notes on spawning and development

Fig. 6. Stages of shell metamorphosis in Berthelinia singaporensis. A, initial growth of visor-shaped shell (arrowhead); B–C, pedi-veligers on Caulerpa with increasing visor; in C veliger shell is tilted; D, first appearance of fold in visor (arrow) looking like notch.

Fig. 9 in A fold in the visor: formation of the bivalved shell in Berthelinia singaporensis Jensen, 2015 (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa), with notes on spawning and development

Fig. 9. Juvenile development of Berthelinia singaporensis (continued). A, two specimens on Caulerpa; smaller white one with many brown pigment spots, larger specimen completely green with some brown spots; B, close-up of protoconch area of larger specimen showing green contents of digestive gland extending into protoconch.

Fig. 7 in A new genus and a new species of onchidiid slugs from eastern Indonesia (Gastropoda: Euthyneura: Onchidiidae)

Fig. 7. Reproductive system, Alionchis jailoloensis, Indonesia, Halmahera [5023] (UMIZ 00118). A, Posterior, hermaphroditic parts, scale bar = 3 mm; B, Anterior, male copulatory parts, scale bar = 3 mm. Abbreviations: dd, deferent duct; fgm, female gland mass; hd, hermaphroditic duct; hg, hermaphroditic gland; ov, oviduct; pb, penis bulb-like tip; ps, penial sheath; rm, penial retractor muscle; rs, receptaculum seminis; sp, spermatheca; v, vestibule.

Fig. 5 in A new genus and a new species of onchidiid slugs from eastern Indonesia (Gastropoda: Euthyneura: Onchidiidae)

Fig. 5. External morphology, digestive system, and nervous system, Alionchis jailoloensis. A, Ventral, anterior view, scale bar = 5 mm [5023] (UMIZ 00118); B, Ventral, posterior view, scale bar = 3 mm [5028] (UMIZ 00120); C, Digestive system (type III), dorsal view, scale bar = 4 mm [6084] (UMIZ 00118); D, Stomach, dorsal view, scale bar = 3 mm, same as C; E, Digestive system (type II), dorsal view, scale bar = 3 mm, same as B; F, Digestive system (intermediate between type II and type III), dorsal view, scale bar = 4 mm, same as A; G, Nervous system, dorsal view, scale bar = 1 mm [5093] (UMIZ 00118). Abbreviations: a, anus; ddg, dorsal lobe of digestive gland; e, esophagus; f, foot; fo, female opening; hn, hyponotum; i, intestine; lcg, left cerebral ganglion; lplg, left pleural ganglion; mo, male opening; oddg, opening of the dorsal lobe of the digestive gland; ol, oral lobe; opdg, opening of the posterior lobe of the digestive gland; ot, oral tentacle; pdg, posterior lobe of the digestive gland; pn, pneumostome; ppg, peripodial groove; r, rectum; rcg, right cerebral ganglion; rplg, right pleural ganglion; st, stomach; st1, stomach chamber 1; st2, stomach chamber 2; st3, stomach chamber 3; st4, stomach chamber 4; tb, transversal bump; vg, visceral ganglion.

Fig. 6 in A new genus and a new species of onchidiid slugs from eastern Indonesia (Gastropoda: Euthyneura: Onchidiidae)

Fig. 6. Radula, Alionchis jailoloensis, Indonesia, Halmahera. A, Rachidian and innermost lateral teeth, scale bar = 20 μm [5023] (UMIZ 00118); B, Lateral teeth with rachidian teeth, scale bar = 20 μm [5093] (UMIZ 00118); C, Left lateral teeth, scale bar = 50 μm, same as A; D, Right lateral teeth, scale bar = 50 μm, same as B; E, Outermost lateral teeth, scale bar = 40 μm,, same as B; F, Underside of lateral teeth, scale bar = 20 μm, same as A. Abbreviations: 1llt, first, left, lateral tooth; 1rlt, first, right, lateral tooth; 2llt, second, left, lateral tooth; 2rlt, second, right, lateral tooth; bls, basal lateral spine; hlt, hook of lateral tooth; lc, lateral cusp of rachidian tooth; mc, median cusp of rachidian tooth; rt, rachidian tooth.

Fig. 4 in A new genus and a new species of onchidiid slugs from eastern Indonesia (Gastropoda: Euthyneura: Onchidiidae)

Fig. 4. Live specimens, Alionchis jailoloensis, Indonesia, Halmahera. A, Dorsal view, 63 mm long [#1], station 208 (UMIZ 00118); B, Dorsal view, 48 mm long [5040], station 208 (UMIZ 00118); C, Dorsal view, holotype, 43 mm long [5137], station 218 (UMIZ 00117); D, Dorsal view, 64 mm long [5135], station 218 (UMIZ 00119); E, Dorsal view (the arrow points to the pneumostome), same as A; F, Dorsal view, 51 mm long [5039], station 208 (UMIZ 00118); G, Dorsal view, 61 mm long [5028], station 219 (UMIZ 00120); H, Lateral view, 69 mm long [6083], station 219 (UMIZ 00120); I, Ventral view, 33 mm long [5136], station 218 (UMIZ 00119); J, Ventral view, 45 mm long [5023], station 208 (UMIZ 00118).

Fig. 2 in A new genus and a new species of onchidiid slugs from eastern Indonesia (Gastropoda: Euthyneura: Onchidiidae)

Fig. 2. Phylogenetic tree showing relationships between individuals of Alionchis jailoloensis based on ITS2 sequences. Numbers above branches are the bootstrap values (Maximum Likelihood analysis) and below are the posterior probabilities (Bayesian analysis); only significant numbers (>80% and>0.9) are indicated. All other sequences serve as outgroups. Information on individually-identified specimens can be found in the list of material examined.