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Figure 1 in Mineralized-tissue histology reveals protracted life history in the Pliocene three-toed horse from Langebaanweg (South Africa)

Figure 1. Lamellar areas (white arrows) around primary osteons within the fibrolamellar bone in Eurygnathohippus hooijeri. A, PQL-12089, metacarpus. B, PQL-42484, metacarpus. C, PQL-21827, metatarsus. D, PQL-60788, metatarsus. E, PQL-20553, femur. F, PQL-9973, femur. Scale bars: 50 μm (in A–F).

Figure 7 in Mineralized-tissue histology reveals protracted life history in the Pliocene three-toed horse from Langebaanweg (South Africa)

Figure 7. Relationship between neonatal and adult body size in extant and extinct equids, with Eurygnathohippus hooijeri included for comparison. The perimeter of the neonatal line (NL; in millimetres) is plotted against body mass (in kilograms). Data on perimeter of the NL in Miocene European hipparionines come from the study by Orlandi-Oliveras et al. (2018), extant and extinct Equus from Nacarino-Meneses & Orlandi-Oliveras (2021). Body mass of Miocene European hipparionines comes from Orlandi-Oliveras et al. (2018), extant and extinct Equus from Ernest (2003) and Nacarino-Meneses & OrlandiOliveras (2021). A, metacarpi. B, metatarsi.

Figure 6 in Mineralized-tissue histology reveals protracted life history in the Pliocene three-toed horse from Langebaanweg (South Africa)

Figure 6. Enamel growth in Eurygnathohippus hooijeri. The schematic drawing (modified from Nacarino-Meneses, 2018) in the middle of the figure represents a hypothetical longitudinal section of an equid tooth, with a magnified view of the enamel band, and depicts the different crown and enamel areas under analysis. Colours: yellow, cusp; blue, middle crown; red, cervix; green, inner; purple, middle enamel; brown, outer. A, daily secretion rate (DSR) in the different crown areas. B, DSR in the different areas of the enamel. C, enamel extension rates (EERs) in the different crown areas. D, enamel formation front angles (EFFas) in the different crown areas. E, crown formation time (CFT) related to crown height. Red arrows indicate the end of crown formation of the almost unworn teeth, hence the inferred eruption time.

Figure 4 in Mineralized-tissue histology reveals protracted life history in the Pliocene three-toed horse from Langebaanweg (South Africa)

Figure 4. Histology of the metatarsi of Eurygnathohippus hooijeri. A, PQL-21827, transverse cross-section. Yellow dotted rctangles indicate areas of image magnification. B, PQL-21827, highly vascularized fibrolamellar bone, with two cyclical growth marks (white arrowheads). C, PQL-21827, large radial vascular canals (white arrows) connect multiple primary osteons. A neonatal line (black arrowhead) is found in the middle cortex. D, PQL-21827, dense Haversian bone. E, PQL- 60788, fibrolamellar bone with longitudinal vascular canals recording three cyclical growth marks (white arrows). Lamellar bone lines the subperiosteal area conforming the outer circumferential layer (OCL), which records three cyclical growth marks. F, PQL-60788, reticular fibrolamellar bone formed prenatally. Images show bone cross-sections observed under polarized light, A–D with 1/4λ filter. Black arrowhead indicates a neonatal line (NL). Black scale bar (in C): 1 mm; white scale bars (in B, D–F): 0.5 mm. Abbreviations: ant, anterior; cvc, circular vascular canal; FLB, fibrolamellar bone; lat, lateral;

Figure 1 in Filling the knowledge gaps of Paratelmatobius mantiqueira (Anura: Leptodactylidae): tadpole, acoustic repertoire, and life history traits

Figure 1. Breeding site used by Paratelmatobius mantiqueira observed in Reserva das Araucárias, municipality of São José dos Campos, São Francisco Xavier subdistrict, state of São Paulo, Brazil. (a) In site I, the puddles used for breeding were always below rocks and contained the sandy substrate without organic matter. (b) The area of site I is permanently muddy and has a spring between rocks in a rocky outcrop that retains water throughout the year. (c) At site II, the puddle they used for reproduction was in a sandy substrate with more organic matter accumulation. In addition, it was not located under rocks as in site I.

Figure 3 in Filling the knowledge gaps of Paratelmatobius mantiqueira (Anura: Leptodactylidae): tadpole, acoustic repertoire, and life history traits

Figure 3. Tadpoles of Paratelmatobius mantiqueira observed in Reserva das Araucárias, municipality of São José dos Campos, São Francisco Xavier subdistrict, state of São Paulo, Brazil. (a–c) Sequence of a tadpole ingesting atmospheric air from bubbles. Tadpoles swam quickly to the surface of the water, captured an atmospheric air bubble and released it shortly after sinking to the bottom of the puddle. (d) Tadpoles foraged in any substrate in the ponds: under leaves, branches, and rocks. (e) Tadpole alive in the aquarium and (g) post-metamorphic.

Figure 4 in Filling the knowledge gaps of Paratelmatobius mantiqueira (Anura: Leptodactylidae): tadpole, acoustic repertoire, and life history traits

Figure 4. Reproductive behaviour of Paratelmatobius mantiqueira observed in Reserva das Araucárias, municipality of São José dos Campos, São Francisco Xavier subdistrict, state of São Paulo, Brazil. (a) Individual 30 of P. mantiqueira vocalising at the reproductive site: a small pond (3 cm deep) under a rocky outcrop. (b) Axillary amplexus of unidentified individuals. Note the female's darker colour pattern and larger body size. (c) Egg clutch with six eggs. (d) Tadpoles of P. mantiqueira in the puddle; (e) the same puddle with the spawning and the male of Bokermannohyla luctuosa.

Figure 6 in Filling the knowledge gaps of Paratelmatobius mantiqueira (Anura: Leptodactylidae): tadpole, acoustic repertoire, and life history traits

Figure 6. Rose diagram representing the occurrence of Paratelmatobius mantiqueira throughout the year. The length and direction of the arrow indicate the amount of data concentration throughout the year, showing that the highest occurrence concentration is distributed in the rainy season. The solid circle in the centre of the diagram indicates the Rayleigh confidence interval for the length of the arrow.

Figure 2 in Filling the knowledge gaps of Paratelmatobius mantiqueira (Anura: Leptodactylidae): tadpole, acoustic repertoire, and life history traits

Figure 2. External morphology of Paratelmatobius mantiqueira tadpoles at stage 40: (a) lateral; (b) dorsal; and (c) ventral view (scale bar = 5 mm). (d) Detail of spiracular aperture, with yellow arrows indicating neuromasts (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (e) Right nare with an elevated marginal rim (scale bar = 0.1 mm). (f) Vent tube (scale bar = 0.2 mm). (g) Open oral disc (scale bar = 0.2 mm). Tadpoles were stained with methylene blue to highlight structures.

Figure 5 in Filling the knowledge gaps of Paratelmatobius mantiqueira (Anura: Leptodactylidae): tadpole, acoustic repertoire, and life history traits

Figure 5. Call repertoire of Paratelmatobius mantiqueira. (a) The advertisement call is composed of pulsed notes, with varied pulse intervals (voucher specimen ZUEC-AMP 24836). Generally, a shorter pulse interval was observed at the beginning and ending of the notes. (b) While in antiphony, the advertisement call had an increase in call rate due to a reduction in intercall duration, notes per call, and internote duration. (c) The release call was composed of pulsed notes and had a visible harmonic structure. (d) The aggressive call had a high number of pulses per note and variable pulse interval.

opencc-zeroNov 2022View details →

Demographic changes and life-history strategies predict the genetic diversity in crabs

Uncovering what predicts genetic diversity (GD) within species can help us access the status of populations and their evolutionary potential. Traits related to effective population size show a proportional association to GD, but evidence supports life-history strategies and habitat as the drivers of GD variation. Instead of investigating highly divergent taxa, focusing on one group could help to elucidate the factors influencing the GD. Additionally, most empirical data is based on vertebrate taxa; therefore, we might be missing novel patterns of GD found in neglected invertebrate groups. Here, we investigated the predictors of the GD in crabs (Brachyura) by compiling the most comprehensive cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) available. Eight predictor variables were analyzed across 150 species (16,992 sequences) using linear models (multiple linear regression) and comparative methods (PGLS). Our results indicate that population size fluctuation represents the most critical trait predicting GD, with species that have undergone bottlenecks followed by population expansion showing lower GD. Egg size, pelagic larval duration, and habitat might play a role probably because of their association with how species respond to disturbances. Ultimately, K-strategists that have undergone bottlenecks are the species showing lower GD. Some variables do not show an association with GD as expected, most likely due to the taxon-specific role of some predictors, which should be considered in further investigations and generalizations. This work highlights the complexity underlying the predictors of GD and adds results from a marine invertebrate group to the current understanding of this topic.

opencc-zeroNov 2022View details →

Ladybird beetles' life history traits

1. The balance between risk and benefit of exploiting resources drives life history evolution in organisms. Predators are naturally recognized as major drivers of the life history evolution of their prey. Although prey may also influence the life history evolution of their predators in the context of an evolutionary arms race, there is far more evidence of the role of predators than of prey. 2. The goal of this study was to investigate the role of prey in life history evolution of predators using ladybird beetle predators of aphids and coccids. These particular ladybirds and their prey were chosen because literature shows that the pace of life of aphids is faster than that of coccids and this difference is reflected in the life histories of the ladybirds that specialize on feeding on aphids or coccids. 3. Thirty-four species of ladybird predators of aphids and eight of coccids belonging to five different tribes were collected and reared in the laboratory. The females were weighed as well as their eggs, and their reproductive investment estimated as the number of ovarioles. Phylogenetic relatedness was controlled for in the statistical analyses. 4. Controlling for female mass revealed that ladybird predators of aphids lay bigger eggs than ladybird predators of coccids. This difference is not influenced by phylogenetic relatedness but only by the type of prey eaten. We suggest that ladybird predators of coccids lay smaller eggs because neonate larvae do not have to search, catch, and subdue prey. Both types of ladybirds have a similar reproductive investment relative to their body mass when phylogeny is controlled for. 5. Recognizing the influence of prey on the life history evolution of predators is important for understanding food web dynamics. From an applied perspective, this fine evolutionary tuning of prey-predator relationships should be used to guide and increase the efficiency of biological control programmes.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2022View details →

Why we cannot always expect life history strategies to directly inform on population sensitivity to environmental change

This repository contains information accompanying the manuscript  "Why we cannot always expect life history strategies to directly inform on sensitivity to environmental change" Rademaker et al. (2022, in progress).   The repository consists of a zip-file containing code and data to run the phylogenetic PCA, and a zip-file containing Matlab code to run the DEB-IPM population models.

opencc-zeroDec 2022View details →

Supplementary Data for: Life history in primate teeth is revealed by changes in major and minor element concentrations measured via field-emission SEM-EDS analysis

Overcoming the non-specificity of histological accentuated growth lines in hard tissues is an ongoing challenge. Identifying season at death and reproductive events has profound implications for evolutionary, ecological and conservation studies. Dental cementum is a mineralized tissue with yearly periodicity that continues deposition from tooth formation until death, maintaining a record spanning almost the entire life of an individual. Recent work has successfully employed elemental analysis of calcified incremental tissues to detect changes in extrinsic conditions such as diet and climate and to identify two important life history milestones: weaning and sexual maturity. Here, we employ field-emission scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis to measure the relative concentrations of calcium, phosphorous, oxygen, magnesium and sodium in the cementum of 34 teeth from seven male and female rhesus macaques with known medical and life history information. We find that changes in relative magnesium concentrations correspond with reproductive events in females and breastfeeding in infants. Additionally, we observe seasonal calcium patterns in 77.3% of the samples.

opencc-zeroJan 2023View details →

Data from: Observed and dark diversity dynamics over millennial time scales: Fast-life history traits linked to expansion lags of plants in northern Europe

Global change drivers (e.g. climate and land use) affect the species and functional traits observed in a local site but also its dark diversity—the set of species and traits locally suitable but absent. Dark diversity links regional and local scales and, over time, reveals taxa under expansion lags by depicting the potential biodiversity that remains suitable but is absent locally. Since global change effects on biodiversity are both spatially and temporally scale dependent, examining long-term temporal dynamics in observed and dark diversity would be relevant to assessing and foreseeing biodiversity change. Here, we used sedimentary pollen data to examine how both taxonomic and functional observed and dark diversity changed over the past 14500 years in northern Europe. We found that taxonomic and functional observed and dark diversity increased over time, especially after the Late Glacial and during the Late Holocene. However, dark diversity dynamics revealed expansion lags related to species' functional characteristics (dispersal limitation and stress intolerance) and an extensive functional redundancy when compared to taxa in observed diversity. We highlight that assessing observed and dark diversity dynamics is a promising tool to examine biodiversity change across spatial scales, its possible causes, and functional consequences.

opencc-zeroFeb 2023View details →

Repeated elevational clines of early life-history traits and their proximate mechanisms in brown trout

1. Climate warming imposes a severe threat to freshwater ecosystems, which are dominated by ectotherms such as fish and aquatic insects. To better predict the effects of climate warming on thermally sensitive ecosystems, information on how temperature affects individual traits within populations is fundamental. 2. Patterns of intraspecific variation in thermal reaction norms along geographic thermal gradients provide valuable information. Immediate temperature effects on individual traits can be inferred from the shape of the thermal reaction norm. The way that temperature and associated environmental conditions (to which populations have been exposed over generations) affect individual traits through transgenerational plasticity in, and/or natural selection on, these traits can also be inferred from patterns of trait variation along a geographic thermal gradient. 3. Many studies have documented patterns of intraspecific variation in thermal reaction norms along geographic thermal gradients. However, most previous studies cannot exclude the possibility that the observed geographic patterns are solely explained by random processes, such as isolation by distance, due to the lack of replication of geographic gradients. Here, we show consistent patterns in intraspecific trait variation along geographic thermal gradients using Salmo trutta (brown trout), which is an ecologically and economically important fish in alpine streams. 4. We kept trout embryos collected from 52 families from 14 populations along wide and replicated elevational gradients from three Alpine drainages (Danube, Po, and Rhine) in two temperature treatments (3.2 and 6.2 °C). Timing and body size at emergence from the nest, which are key early life-history traits of trout affecting their early growth and survival, were measured. 5. Besides faster embryonic development at warmer temperatures, we found that offspring from low-elevation parents took very slightly more days to reach emergence from fertilisation and were larger than offspring from high-elevation parents. Importantly, this was evident for all three drainages. Further analyses found that the higher number of days until- and larger body length at- emergence of low-elevation trout were mainly due to the larger eggs laid by low-elevation females, which had larger body size than high-elevation females. 6. Trout female body size, which is positively correlated with egg size, is susceptible to temperatures and associated environmental conditions. Consequently, climate warming may not only immediately accelerate development rate but also shift timing and size at emergence through egg-size-mediated maternal effects within a relatively short time scale.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2023View details →

Effects of food plants on life-history traits of the newly invasive fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda

Background:The fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae) has invaded Jiangxi Province, Southeast China for the past three years. Although the FAW displays a wide host range, its main host plants in Jiangxi Province is field corn. Understanding the population dynamics of the FAW on different host plants is critical for developing an appropriate control strategy. Objectives: This study investigated the effects of food plants (corn, peanut, soybean and sugarcane) on life-history traits of FAW and tested the leaf contents of the total flavonoids, reducing sugars, sucrose and C/N ratio of these host plants. Results: We found that the FAW fed on corn leaves exhibited significantly shorter larval and pupal development times, larger body weight, higher growth rate, lower weight loss, smaller sexual size dimorphism, shorter preoviposition period and higher fecundity than those fed on peanut, soybean and sugarcane leaves. The FAW showed a protogyny phenomenon because the pupal development stage was significantly longer in males than females. Food plants changed the relationships between larval development time and pupal weight and between fecundity and longevity. The corn leaves showed significantly higher contents of reducing sugars and sucrose, lower content of the total flavonoids and a moderate C/N ratio compared with the other leaves, suggesting that the corn leaf tissues are more nutritious. Conclusions: Our results provide the most comprehensive information about the life-history traits of this newly invasive pest. These findings may help us understand why the FAW mainly infests corn plants and may be critical for the development of strategies to predict infestation levels.

opennotspecifiedMay 2023View details →

FIGURE 2 in The life history of Hayesiana triopus (Westwood, 1847), with taxonomic notes on both present and former species of the genus Hayesiana Fletcher, 1982 (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)

FIGURE 2. Hayesiana triopus: A–B: male from Mengla County, Yunnan; C–D: female from Pingguo, Guangxi. A: male, upperside; B: male, underside; C: female, upperside; D: female, underside. Scale bar = 10 mm.

opennotspecifiedMay 2023View details →

FIGURE 10 in The life history of Hayesiana triopus (Westwood, 1847), with taxonomic notes on both present and former species of the genus Hayesiana Fletcher, 1982 (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)

FIGURE 10. Differential diagnosis of Hayesiana triopus and Dahira farintaenia in dorsal view. A: antenna detail of male Dahira farintaenia (Shaanxi, China); B: antenna detail of male Hayesiana triopus (Yunnan, China); C: abdomen tufts of male Dahira farintaenia (Shaanxi, China); D: abdomen tufts of male Hayesiana triopus (Yunnan, China).