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Fig. 5 in The soft-tissue attachment scars in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia
Fig. 5. Lateral attachment structures on Kachpurites cheremkhensis Mitta, Michailova, and Sumin 1999 shells from Late Volgian (Kachpurites fulgens Zone), Yaroslavl region, Cheremukha locality. A. MSU 113/3, whole shell with a scar at the middle section of the body chamber and a lateral sinus, which is located ventro-laterally not far from the aperture. B. MSU 113/10, shell with the apertural part of the body chamber not preserved, the scars are slightly asymmetric. C. MSU 113/36, fragment of the body chamber of ribbed macroconch, with scars on both sides of the shell. The scar demonstrate ventro-lateral projection on its front part. Asterisks mark the base of the body chamber. Photographs (A1–C1) and explanatory drawings (A2–C2).
Fig. 4 in The soft-tissue attachment scars in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia
Fig. 4. Lateral attachment scars on Kachpurites fulgens (Trautschold, 1861) shells from Late Volgian (Kachpurites fulgens Zone), Moscow region, Eganovo locality (A, B), and Mnevniki locality (C, D). A. MSU 113/30, shell with scars, showing several growth lines on the anterior part of the scar. The body chamber is fully preserved. Scars have a thin black anterior border (A1). B. MSU 113/21, posterior part of the body chamber with a bright scar. There are two growth lines on the anterior part of the scar. C. MSU 113/46, fragment of the body chamber with preserved outer shell layers; in lateral (C1, C2) and ventral (C3, C4) views. D. MSU 113/9, fragment of the body chamber with well-preserved scars on both sides of the shell; in ventral (D1, D2) and lateral (D3–D6) views. Asterisks mark the base of the body chamber. Photographs (A1, B1, C1, C3, D1, D3, D5) and explanatory drawings (A2, B2, C2, C4, D2, D4, D6).
Fig. 1 in The soft-tissue attachment scars in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia
Fig. 1. Maps of Central Russia (A) and Moscow area (B) with indicated localities (asterisks): 1, Eganovo (55°32'08.28"N; 38°03'10.47"E); 2, Mnevniki (55°46'4.12"N; 37°28'4.67"E); 3, Kuntsevo (55°44'40.83"N; 37°26'16.23"E); 4, Cheremukha (Mikhalevo-Ivanovskoe) (57°57'25.68"N; 38°43'7.36"E).
Fig. 11 in The soft-tissue attachment scars in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia
Fig. 11. Apertural parts of the anterior lateral sinuses of Kachpurites fulgens (Trautschold, 1861) from Late Volgian (Kachpurites fulgens Zone), Moscow region, Eganovo locality (B) and Mnevniki locality (A, C–F). A. MSU 113/24, lateral sinus line in the apertural part of the body chamber. B. MSU 113/7 see also Fig. 6B), apertural part of the body chamber with lateral sinuses. C. MSU 113/12 (see also Fig. 10B), lateral sinuses in the apertural part of the body chamber. D. MSU 113/23, apertural part of the body chamber with lateral sinuses. E. MSU 113/27, apertural part of the body chamber with a very bright lateral sinus. F. MSU 113/6 (see also Fig. 10C), apertural part of the body chamber. Apertural edge is not preserved. Photographs (A 1 –F 1) and explanatory drawings (A 2 –F 2).
Fig. 8 in The soft-tissue attachment scars in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia
Fig. 8. Abnormal lateral attachment scars and lateral sinuses on Kachpurites fulgens (Trautschold, 1861) shells from Late Volgian (Kachpurites fulgens Zone), Moscow region, Mnevniki locality. A. MSU 113/26, fragment of the body chamber with scars visible on both sides of the shell, normal shape scar A3, A4), anomalous scar-merged with anterior lateral sinuses (A1, A2). B. MSU 113/25, fragment of the body chamber with anomalous scars merged with lateral sinuses on both sides of the shell. C. MSU 113/2, body chamber with abnormal scars merged with lateral sinuses. The apertural part is not preserved. D. MSU 113/16, posterior part of body chamber. Visible two growth stages of scars: a later-formed with a sharp-edged border and an earlier-formed rounded inside the first one. Asterisks mark the base of the body chamber. Photographs (A1, A3, B1, B3, C1, D1) and explanatory drawings (A2, A4, B2, B4, C2, D2).
Fig. 7 in The soft-tissue attachment scars in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia
Fig. 7. Lateral attachment scars on Garniericeras catenulatum (Fischer, 1830) shells from Late Volgian (Craspedites subditus Zone), Yaroslavl region, Cheremukha locality (A, B), and Moscow region, Kuntsevo locality (C, D). A. MSU 113/45, shell with a fully preserved body chamber and clearly visible scars on both sides; in lateral (A1, A2) and ventral (A3, A4) views. Scars are wider than in the other specimens of the same genus, their shape is similar to the shape of scars on Kachpurites cheremkhensis shells. The aperture is partially preserved. B. MSU 113/44, scar on the shell. C. MSU 113/22, a part of the body chamber with a light-colored scar. D. MSU 113/13, fragment of the phragmocone with a light-colored trace of a scar. Asterisks mark the base of the body chamber. Photographs (A1, A3, B1, C1, D1) and explanatory drawings (A2, A4, B2, C2, D2).
Fig. 6 in The soft-tissue attachment scars in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia
Fig. 6. Lateral attachment scars and lateral sinuses on Kachpurites fulgens (Trautschold, 1861) shells from Late Volgian (Kachpurites fulgens Zone), Moscow region, Mnevniki locality (A), and Eganovo locality (B). A. MSU 113/1, fully preserved body chamber. Bright scars and lateral sinuses on both sides of the shell. Posterior parts of the scars visible near the last septum. B. MSU 113/7, complete body chamber with scars and lateral sinuses. It is clearly visible that lateral sinuses are located at a distance from the aperture. Asterisks mark the base of the body chamber. Photographs (A 1, B 1) and explanatory drawings (A 2, B 2).
Fig. 3 in The soft-tissue attachment scars in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia
Fig. 3. Lateral attachment scars on Kachpurites fulgens (Trautschold, 1861) (A, B) and Kachpurites subfulgens (Nikitin, 1881) (C) and shells from Late Volgian (Kachpurites fulgens Zone). A. MSU 113/5, Eganovo locality, Moscow region, shell with scars on both sides, specimen in lateral view. The shell is preserved without a phragmocone and an aperture. B. MSU 113/14, Mnevniki locality, Moscow, body chamber in lateral (B 1, B2) and ventral (B 3, B4) views. C. MSU 113/4, Kuntsevo locality, Moscow, shell with a fully preserved body chamber and an aperture. Asterisks mark the base of the body chamber. Photographs (A 1, A 3, B1, B3, C 1) and explanatory drawings (A 2, A 4, B2, B4, C 2).
Fig. 14 in The soft-tissue attachment scars in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia
Fig. 14. Reconstruction of two Late Volgian ammonites from Craspeditidae family, Kachpurites fulgens (Trautschold, 1861) (A), Garniericeras catenulatum (Fischer, 1830) (B). Ten arms are shown because Nautilus and representatives of Coleoidea exhibit five arm pairs in embryos, it can be a base number of arms in Cephalopoda (Kröger et al. 2011). Two long tentacles are very speculative. However, such tentacles for external-shelled cephalopods could be very useful for catching pray which is at a distance; since rapid jumping forward could be difficult for these mollusks. The large hyponome was shown because of the presence of a funnel-locking apparatus and hyponomic retractors, and also due to the shape of aperture edges with lateral apertural sinuses and the presence of a large round opening between lappets in some ammonites (Westermann 1990: fig. 2). The eyes were drawn similar to coleoid eyes because Ammonoidea and Coleoidea were sister taxons (Jacobs and Landman 1993). The dark transverse bands on the shells correspond to the most common ammonites' color pattern (Keupp 2000). The presence of such a color pattern in the Craspeditidae family is confirmed by findings of shells with transverse dark bands (AAM unpublished material). This picture, drawn by Andrey Atuchin, was based on the sketch of the author of this article.
Fig. 13. A in The soft-tissue attachment scars in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia
Fig. 13. A. Schematic reconstruction of the ammonite muscular system, lateral view. The mantle and organs in the body chamber are not shown. The size and shape of the arms and tentacles are highly speculative and drawn schematically. Arrow marks position of the schematic cross-section in B. B. Schematic cross-section of ammonite soft body. The cross-section is located in the first third of the body chamber starting from the aperture (arrow in A), only muscles-retractors are shown.
Fig. 12 in The soft-tissue attachment scars in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia
Fig. 12. Dorsal and ventral attachment scars on Kachpurites fulgens (Trautschold, 1861) shells from Late Volgian (Kachpurites fulgens Zone), Moscow region, Kuntsevo locality (A, C) and Mnevniki locality (B, E). A. MSU 113/37, dorsal scar, apical parts of scars are merged with an annular elevation (black line near the last septum). B. MSU 113/40, dorsal (B 1) and ventral (B 2) scars. C. MSU 113/38, dorsal scar with preserved growth lines (C 1), ventral scar (C 2). D. MSU 113/41, ventral attachment scar.
Fig. 10 in The soft-tissue attachment scars in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia
Fig. 10. Lateral attachment scars and anterior lateral sinuses on Kachpurites fulgens (Trautschold, 1861) shells from Late Volgian (Kachpurites fulgens Zone), Moscow region, Eganovo locality (A, E) and Mnevniki locality (B–D, F). A. MSU 113/20, shell with preserved scar and lateral sinuses. B. MSU 113/12, scars and lateral sinuses on the fragment of the body chamber. C. MSU 113/6, fully preserved body chamber with a scar and frequently located lateral sinuses. D. MSU 113/39, central part of the body chamber with a scar and bright lateral sinuses. E. MSU 113/47, fragment of the body chamber with a scar and clearly visible lateral sinuses. F. MSU 113/15, a part of the body chamber with a front end of a scar and clearly visible frequently located anterior lateral sinus lines. Sinuses are absent near the aperture. Asterisks mark the base of the body chamber. Photographs (A 1–F1) and explanatory drawings (A 2–F2).
Fig. 9 in The soft-tissue attachment scars in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia
Fig. 9. Posterior borders of the lateral attachment scars on the Kachpurites fulgens (Trautschold, 1861) (A–D) and Garniericeras catenulatum (Fischer, 1830) (E) shells from Late Volgian (Kachpurites fulgens and Craspedites subditus zones, respectively), Moscow region, Eganovo locality (A–D), Kuntsevo locality (E). A. MSU 113/29, apical part of body chamber with a series of posterior borders of scars very similar to the lateral sinuses. B. MSU 113/32, sinus-like lines on the posterior part of the shell, scars near the last septum. C. MSU 113/33, sinus-like lines on the posterior part of the shell, scars near the last septum. D. MSU 113/8, part of body chamber with scars and lateral sinuses. Scar has a series of clearly visible sinus-like posterior borders. The specimen is preserved without aperture. E. MSU 113/43, apical part of the body chamber, posterior border of a scar is visible on one side of this specimen at a distance from the last septum. Asterisks mark the base of the body chamber. Photographs (A 1 –E 1) and explanatory drawings (A 2 –E 2).
Fig. 2 in The soft-tissue attachment scars in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia
Fig. 2. Schemes of Kachpurites and Garniericeras muscle attachment scars. A, B. Kachpurites fulgens; lateral attachment scars with enclosed apical part (A, see also Fig. 10A) and without an apical border (B, see also Fig. 6B). C. Kachpurites cheremkhensis; lateral sinus and lateral attachment scars (see also Fig. 5A). D. Kachpurites subfulgens; lateral attachment scars and partially-preserved lateral sinuses (see also Fig. 3A). E. Garniericeras catenulatum with lateral (shifted to ventral side) attachment scars (see also Fig. 7B). F. United idealized scheme of the Kachpurites fulgens mantle attachment system. Asterisks mark the base of the body chamber.
Fig. 2 in The oldest isorophid edrioasteroid (Echinodermata) and the evolution of attachment strategies in Cambrian edrioasteroids
Fig. 2. Edrioasteroid Protorophus hispanicus gen. et sp. nov., Purujosa (Zaragoza Province, Spain). Holotype MPZ2009/1233 in adoral (A) and aboral (B) views; camera lucida drawing of the adoral view (C) with interpretation of major anatomical structures; camera lucida drawing of the aboral face (D). Note the base of the flooring plates. Scale bar is 1 mm for all specimens. Photographs are taken from latex casts whitened with NH4Cl sublimate. Abbreviations: LAO, left anterior oral plate; LBO, left branching oral plate; RAO, right anterior oral plate; RBO, right branching oral plate.
Fig. 4 in The oldest isorophid edrioasteroid (Echinodermata) and the evolution of attachment strategies in Cambrian edrioasteroids
Fig. 4. New edrioasteroid from the middle Cambrian of China (Zhao et al. in press). A. Adoral view of an adult specimen GM2103. B. Adoral view of a juvenile specimen GM1331 C. Aboral view of a juvenile specimen GM1670. B, C show a marginal ring. Photographs are taken from latex casts whitened with NH4Cl sublimate. Courtesy of Colin Sumrall.
Fig. 5 in Soft-tissue attachments in orthocerid and bactritid cephalopods from the Early and Middle Devonian of Germany and Morocco
Fig. 5. SEM micrographs of Bactrites, and Cycloceras of early Emsian age (Early Devonian) from Ouidane Chebbi (Tafilalt, Morocco). The specimens coated with carbon. A. Bactrites sp. C; PIMUZ 7272; A1, detail of the annular elevation; note the rugged surface of the adoral part as well as the right and the median lobe of the annular elevation; A2, dorsal view of the same, showing last formed septum and posterior portion of body chamber; note the tracking bands, the mural band, and the annular elevation. B. Cycloceras sp.; PIMUZ 7263; B1, lateral view of a part of the phragmocone; B2, B3, same specimen, details of the wrinkle layer; note that the wrinkles are asymmetric in cross section with the steeper slope pointing adapically. C. Cycloceras sp.; PIMUZ 7261; detail of the conchal furrow. D.?Bactrites sp.; PIMUZ 7269; D1, detail of the wrinkle layer; D2, same specimen detail of the wrinkle layer in a smaller scale, note the asymmetry; D3, same specimen, overview of the adoral part of the body chamber.
Fig. 2 in Soft-tissue attachments in orthocerid and bactritid cephalopods from the Early and Middle Devonian of Germany and Morocco
Fig. 2. Schematic outlines of the variability of the dorsal furrow in Acanthomichelinoceras commutatum (Giebel, 1852), showing the base of a chamber mould, with annular elevation dotted. Note the differences of the starting point of the dorsal furrow, sometimes within the mural area, sometimes within the annular elevation. A. NHW 56.9.05/402. B. NHW 56.9.05/404. C. MB.C.5366.4. D. MB.C.5366.1. Not to scale.
Fig. 1 in Soft-tissue attachments in orthocerid and bactritid cephalopods from the Early and Middle Devonian of Germany and Morocco
Fig. 1. Soft−tissue attachment structures in cephalopods from the Wissenbach Schiefer (early Eifelian). A. Bactrites gracile (Blumenbach, 1803), NHW 62.11/W−23/64, dorsal view, note the two different grayish bands (arrows) forming a lobe. B. Bactrites sp. A, NHW 402, dorsal view (B1), note two successive, slightly undulated grooves. Same specimen, lateral view (B). Same specimen, ventral view (B), note the small lobe in suture line. Same specimen, +
Supplementary movies for: "The mammalian membrane microenvironment regulates the sequential attachment of bacteria to host cells"
<p><strong>Supplementary Movie 1: Live visualization of bacterial attachment to host cells. </strong></p> <p>Microscopic visualizations of <em>E. coli</em> VHH adhesion to HeLa GFP. Maximum intensity projection of a 1-hour confocal microscopy time-lapse at 0.1 fps accelerated 100x. Overlay of bacteria (red) location of initial contact (circles) and their corresponding tracks (colored lines). Scale bar: 50 µm.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Supplementary Movie 2: High-speed visualization of bacterial attachment to host cells upon contact.</strong></p> <p>Close-up on microscopic visualizations of <em>E. coli</em> VHH <em>E. coli</em> adhesion to HeLa GFP. Maximum intensity projection of 5-minutes confocal microscopy time-lapses at 1 fps accelerated 10x. Overlay of bacteria (red) location of initial contact (circles) and their corresponding tracks (colored lines).</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Supplementary Movie 3: Attachment of <em>E. coli</em> VHH to GFP-coated coverslips. </strong></p> <p><em>E. coli</em> VHH in flow binding to the edge of a GFP-functionalized coverslip used as a substrate for a microfluidic channel. Maximum intensity projection of 5-minutes confocal microscopy time-lapse at 1 fps accelerated 10x. Scale bar: 50 µm.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Supplementary Movie 4: HeLa GFP cells actively pull bacteria towards their cell body. </strong></p> <p>Maximum intensity projection of a confocal time-lapse experiment at 0.1 fps accelerated 100x of <em>E. coli</em> VHH (red), HeLa GFP (CD80) (green) and 3 mm/s flow. Scale bar: 10 µm.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Supplementary Movie 5: Bacteria sequester GFP upon attachment. </strong></p> <p>Maximum intensity projection of 20-minutes epifluorescence microscopy time-lapse at 1 frame per minutes accelerated 60x. <em>E. coli</em> VHH were added on HeLa GFP under static conditions at an MOI of 200 for a couple of minutes and washed 3 times before imaging. Scale bar: 10 µm.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Supplementary Movie 6: Flagella promote unspecific transient binding. </strong></p> <p>Maximum intensity projection of a confocal time-lapse experiment at 6 frames per minutes accelerated 100x of flagellated <em>E. coli</em> VHH (red), HeLa GFP (CD80) (green) and 3 mm/s flow. Scale bar: 10 µm.</p>
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